Ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kuyisisekelo sezindawo zomphakathi zokuphatha, kuhlanganisa zonke izikhungo ezithengwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi eziseqenjini (ezisuka ephepheni lasehhovisi nase-IT kumisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezakhiwo ze-odoli ehlukahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi le zivumelwano zihilela izimali zokukhokha intela, izinqubo ezizizungezile kumelwe zingasolwa. Ukubona okuqondile nezimiso zokuziphatha kuyizimiso eziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kwenziwa ngokungakhethi, ukuthembeka, nokulandisa komphakathi. Uma lezizimiso zisekelwa, ohulumeni bangandisa imithombo yezimali, bakhuthaza ukuncintisana, futhi balondoloze ukuthenjwa kwezakhamuzi zabo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebucayi yokuthola inzuzo yokukhanya nokuthola imithetho kahulumeni, sihlola izimiso ezisekela izinselele eziqhubekayo, izinselele eziphambili zezindawo eziqhubekayo, namacebo omphakathi ozisekela ukugcinwa kobuqotho.

Ukuqonda Ukusetshenziswa Kukahulumeni

Imali kahulumeni ibhekisela kuyo yonke imfuyo yokuthola impahla, izinkonzo, noma imisebenzi yegunya lomphakathi. Ihlanganisa yonke into esukela ekuchazeni isidingo, ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokulungisa, ukucela, ukuphenya iziphakamiso, izibopho, izibopho zomklomelo, nokuphatha umsebenzi. Ukulungisa kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezibanzi:

  • [[UMTH:0] Izindawo ezinhle: Izinto, imishini, izimoto, nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izinkonzo:[ Ukuhlola, ukusekela, ukuphatha izakhiwo, ukunakekela impilo, nokuqeqesha.
  • Imisebenzi: Ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikole, nezinye izisekelo zesakhiwo.

Lezi zinqubo zilawulwa yizimiso zesizwe nezizwe eziyinkimbinkimbi eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okulungile, ukubaluleka kwemali, nokuziphatha okuhle. I-World Trade Organization’s Account on Government (GPA) neziqondiso ze-European Union ziyizimiso ezimbili ezivelele ezibeka izindinganiso zokubona ngokukhululekile nokungahlukanisi. E-United States, i-Federal Acquisition Regitiongation (FAR) inikeza imithetho eningiliziwe yezimiso zikahulumeni, kuyilapho imibuso nohulumeni bendawo belandela imithetho yabo siqu.

Ukubaluleka Kokubona Imibala

Ukubona bhakabha kusho ukuthi imisebenzi yokuthola imali ivulekele ukuba ihlolwe umphakathi. Ivumela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, kanye namaqumrhu aqondisayo ukuba zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani nokuthi imali yomphakathi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ngaphandle kokubona kahle, ngisho nezikhulu ezihloswe kahle azinakubekwa icala, futhi inkohlakalo ithola indawo evundile.

Ukulandisa Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Uma ukwaziswa okuthengwayo kutholakala obala, kungenzeka ukuba kulandelelwe wonke amaRandi kusukela ekuhleleni imali kuya ekuthunyelweni kokugcina. Lokhu kubukeka kunika amandla izinhlangano zenja, izintatheli, kanye nezakhamuzi zokuhlola ukungavumelani nokwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunyathelisa izivumelwano zemali nezizathu zokukhetha umthengisi othile kuqeda ukukhetha futhi kusize ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ezinqubeni eziqondile ezinjengentengo, izinga, nokwenza. Izimpawu zezimiso ezibonisayo ezibonisayo ezakhamuzini ukuthi iminikelo yazo isetshenziswa ngokufanele, ziqinisa ukwethembana ezikhungweni zedemokhrasi.

Ukulwa Nokonakala

Inkohlakalo ekuthengeni komphakathi ingaba ngezindlela eziningi: ukuxhasa izikhali, ukufumbathisa, ukufumbathisa, izimpi zesithakazelo. Inhlangano yezentengiselwano zeCo-operation and Development (OECD) ilinganisela ukuthi inkohlakalo yenezela ishumi nanhlanu ngamaphesenti ezimalini zezivumelwano zomphakathi. Ukubonisana kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu. Ukugunyaza izinqubo kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezikhulu ukubopha izivumelwano ezithandekayo ukuba zifake izivumelwano ezithandekayo ngaphandle kokuziqaphela. Ukuveza obanikazi ngenzuzo kunciphisa izingozi zezithakazelo ezifihliwe. Izizwe eziye zamukela inzuzo ekwamukeleni ukwaziswa okungamaphepha e-Slovakia naseParaguay, ziye zabona ukwehla okukhulu kwezempucuko.

Imishini Yokuvula Izibuko

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo zingahlela ukuba kube sobala ekutholeni izimali zikahulumeni:

  • uvula iziNkathi ze Biddes: Usebenzisa izinsalela zokuncintisana ```''''''''''''''ovula (noma imuphi umfakela ofanelekayo) noma ukukhetha (ohlelwe ngokufushanisiwe)(okanye)(okanye)(okanye))(izingci ezilinganayo). Amapulatifomu e-E-projectivesting avumela izilinganiso ukuba zingeniswe nge-elective, zenze indlela ekwazi ukubhadishwa.
  • I-Public Dislosure: Amasu okwaziswa kokunyathelisa, amabhukwana athambileyo, iziqondiso zokuhlola, imiklomelo, imiklomelo, nokulungisa emawebhukwini angokomthetho (noma emabhokisini emininingwane) kugcina izibambisi zitshelwe. I-Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS) inikeza uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lwalokhu kwaziswa.
  • Ukuthatha-kakhulu ukuthatha isigaba: abahloli abazimele, izinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nabaqondisi bomphakathi bangaqinisekisa ukuthobela. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi Lezimiso zikaHulumeni eUnited States neKhomishane yobuqotho yeKorea iqhuba izibukezo njalo.
  • I-Digal Platforms: Izimiso zanamuhla zokulungisa, njenge-European Single Profication Document Document Document Aunt (EPD) kanye namakhambi esizwe anjengePanama Compra noma Chile Compra, hlela umjikelezo wonke (ukusukela ekubhaliseni ukukhokhela) ukwenza ukwaziswa okufinyele nokungaselelwa.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha Ekuthuthukisweni Kukahulumeni

Izimiso zokuziphatha zihlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha eziqondisayo, ukuziphatha okuhle kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zifeza isithakazelo somphakathi kunokuba zifune inzuzo yazo siqu.

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kufanele zisekele zonke izigaba zenqubo yokuthola inzuzo:

  • [ Izikhulu kumelwe zithembeke futhi ziqonde. Kufanele zigweme noma yisiphi isenzo esibonakala singafanele, njengokwamukela izipho kubathengisi noma ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngaphakathi ukuze kuzuze umuntu.
  • Ubungcono:[ bonke abathelisi abafanelekayo kufanele babe nethuba elifanayo lokuncintisana. Izilinganiso zokuhlola kumele zisetshenziswe njalo, futhi akukho mceli ozothola impatho engcono.
  • Ukukhokha-mali:[ abenzi-zinqumo kumelwe bakwazi ukuthethelela ukukhetha kwabo. Amarekhodi abhaliwe okuhlola kanye nemikcaba yemiklomelo kubalulekile.
  • Ukukhetha:[ ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, noma ubandlululo akumelwe kuthonye imiphumela. Lesimiso sihlanganisa ukugwema izindinganiso ezimbili noma ukuhlukanisa okungazenzisi.
  • Ukusebenza okulindelekile: Izikhulu zinomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ifakthi, ukuqina kwezimali, kanye nokusebenza kwangaphambili kwabaceli ukuqinisekisa izimali zomphakathi ayisaphazwa kubaphathi abangaqeqeshiwe.

Impi Yokulawula Isithakazelo

Kuphakama ingxabano lapho izithakazelo zomphakathi zomuntu siqu noma zezimali zingathonya ngokungafanele izinqumo zabo zobuchwepheshe.Izibonelo zihlanganisa isikhulu esihlanganyela enkampanini efuna ukuthunyelwa, isihlobo esiqashwa umuntu ozokwakha, noma isikhulu esesathatha umhlalaphansi kamuva sijoyina inkampani esasiyiqondisa.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Izikhulu kufanele zimemezele noma yiziphi izingxabano ezingase zivele ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini yokuthola.
  • I-Recusal:[ Uma kutholakala izingxabano, isikhulu kumelwe sithathe inqubo yokwenza isinqumo.
  • I-posi-Employment Discriptions: Izifunda eziningi zipholisa inkathi yokuphola (isib., unyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili) lapho izikhulu ezazingatholi zingenakusebenzela khona izinkampani ezifaka izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom’s Transvension yezebhizinisi ifuna izikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhulile ukuba zifune ukwamukela ngaphambi kokuba zithathe izindima zangaphandle. Ngokufanayo, iHhovisi likaHulumeni le-U.S. liphoqelela ukulinganiselwa okuqinile ngemva komsebenzi.

Izinselele Zokubona Isilinganiso Nezimiso Ezifanele

Naphezu kwemikhuba emihle, kunezithiyo eziningana eziphikelelayo ezingase zinciphise ubuqotho.

Imithetho Eyinkimbinkimbi

Imithetho kahulumeni ingaba miningi futhi ibe yeyobuchwepheshe. Izikhulu zingazama ukuchaza izigaba ngokunembile, okuholela ekuphucweni ngokungahlosile. Ngokwesibonelo, iqoqo elincane lokuthola izincwadi ezifunwa umphakathi wasemaphandleni lingase lingayinaki imfuneko yencwadi ebotshelelweyo, ibangele isivumelwano ukuba sibekelwe inselele. Ubunkimbinkimbi yenza kube lula ngabadlali abaphambili ukuba basebenzise izikhalazo, njengokuhlukanisa isivumelwano esikhulu sibe esincane ukuze bagweme izikhawu zokuncintisana.

Ukuntuleka Kokuqeqesha

Izikhulu eziningi zithola imfundo elinganiselwe eqhubekayo ngezimiso zokuziphatha nokuthobela. Ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esifanele, ngisho nezisebenzi ezifuna injongo engcono zingasika amagumbi noma zingawanaki amafulege abomvu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2022 okwenziwa yi-World Bank kwathola ukuthi angaphansi kwengxenye yamazwe afikayo athola ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni kwezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi zokuthenga. Leligebe linzima kakhulu emazingeni kahulumeni endawo, lapho imithombo intuleka khona.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokwehlukana

Izikhulu eziqashelwe noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni eziziphethe kakhulu zingazama ukuqondisa izivumelwano ezihlangene nabasizi, abanikeli beminikelo, noma izimboni ezihlangene kwezombangazwe. Ukucindezela okunjalo kungaba okufinyele (imfuno eqondile) noma okungaqondakali (ukusebenzisa abathengisi abathandwayo noma izinto ezibalwayo). Kwezinye izindawo, ukuthengwa kwemali kusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokwethembeka okuvuzayo, okukhubaza ukukhetha okusekelwe ekukhohliseni kanye nokuphelisa inkohlakalo.

Ukungasetshenziswa Ngokufanele Kobuchwepheshe

Nakuba ohulumeni abaningi beye bathatha izimiso zokulungisa i-e-project, abanye basathembele ezimisweni ezisekelwe ephepheni. Ngisho nalapho amathuluzi emishini esetshenziswayo emishini ekhona, angase angahlangani nezimiso zokuphatha ngokwezimali, alinganisele ukubonakala. Ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso zokwaziswa okuvulekile kuvimbela ukutholakala komphakathi we-(-data) kungase kukhishwe kuma-PDF esikhundleni samafomethi ahlelwa ngomshini, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya izindlela zokusebenzisa imali.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ubuqotho

Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke baye basungula izindlela eziningi zokuxazulula le zinselele. izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa izinguquko ezingokomthetho, izakhiwo zezinhlangano, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nesibopho sezakhamuzi esiqinile.

Ukuqeqeshwa Okunesisekelo Nezatifiketi

Intuthuko eqhubekayo yobuchwepheshe ibalulekile. Izikhulu zezokulungisa kufanele zithole ukuqeqeshwa ngezimfuneko zomthetho, ukwenza izinqumo zezimiso, nokukhwabanisa. Izinhlelo zezemvume, njenge- Professional Public Bureser (CPPB) eUnited States noma i-Caretered Institute of Projective & Application ku-UK, isungula izincintiso ze-base.

Iziqondiso Ezicacile Nezivamile

Ukulula imigaqo yokuthola imithetho esemthethweni kunciphisa ngokucacile. Ohulumeni abaningi baye bathatha imithetho yokuthola iziqondiso zokulandelela. Ngokusibonelo, iKhomishane yeZizwe Ezihlangene eMthethweni we-International Trade Law (UNCTRAL) inikeza isilinganisi esithandwa kakhulu. Iziqondiso ezicacile zokugunyaza amaxwebhu, izingqwembe zokwaziswa, nohlu lokulawula izivumelwano zithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Public Procegitation Regative Authority Authority Authority ya Kenya iveza izincwadi ezilula ezinciphisa izinga lokusebenzisa imishini.

Ukubhoboza Okukhuthazayo

Izivikelo zokufutha ikhwelo eziphumelelayo zisiza abangaphakathi ukuba babike ukuziphatha okubi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Imithetho eqinisekisa ukungaziwa kwegama nesithiye ukuphindisela ibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho, ohulumeni kufanele bamise imizila elondekile yokubika, njengeziteshi ezishisayo, amahhovisi angaphakathi, noma amahhovisi e-ombustman angaphandle. I-Anti - Corruption ne-Poligation Commission isebenzisa isimiso sokukhipha impepho ebanzi esiye saholela ekuvuselelweni kwemali esetshenziswa kabi.

Ubuchwepheshe Bokuphehla Imali Nokulungisa I - E-project

Izindawo zokuthola imishini zingafaka ukukhanya nezimiso zokusebenza ngokuqondile. Izici ezisekela ubuqotho zihlanganisa:

  • I-Electronic Biddings: Yonke imivulo ifakwa futhi ivulwa ngokwezinombolo ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe, ivimbela ukuphazanyiswa noma ukwambulwa kwakuqala.
  • Umzila ocudiwe: Yonke imisebenzi] kusuka kuma-ngeno omsebenzisi kuya ku-accements(is u-win kanye ne-immutable.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo: [Izikhombi ezicacisiwe ezicacisiwe ezichazayo zinganciphisa ubandlululo lwezici.
  • Open Data publication:[ Izakhiwo zingazikhipha ngokuzenzakalela izaziso nemininingwane eholweni kumafomethi evumelana ne-Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS).

Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamapulani okuphatha okuqukethwe avumelana nezimo, njengaye Directus, zivumela ohulumeni ukuba basebenzise lezizici ngaphandle komthengisi we lock-in, okwenza kube lula ukuzivumelanisa nemithetho yendawo nokusebenza. Amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-Ukraine ne-Georgia, aye asebenzisa amathuluzi anjalo ekulungiseni futhi avule ukwaziswa kwawo, okuholela ekuzuzeni inzuzo engcono yokumelana nokonakala.

Ukuqinisa Umphakathi Wasedolobheni

Imishini yokuhlola nokuqapha amaqembu enjabulo yenza indima ebalulekile ekubekeni ohulumeni abanecala. Izinyathelo ezifana ne zivula i-Contraning international kanye ne [FLT] Transparency International[[ inikeza amathuluzi nokuqeqesha izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye ukuthengwa kokwaziswa. Abanye ohulumeni banezimiso ezisemthethweni zokwengamela umphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, i-Trendiya i-FLTrect ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele amarekhodi, nezinhlelo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali ezikhomba izimende ukuba zimemezele abamele ezenzeni zesinqumo.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekukhanyeni Ukubona Izimiso

Ukuhlola izindlela eziphumelelayo zokufeza umsebenzi kunikeza izifundo ezingokoqobo zenguquko.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: I - agenda Ebona Kahle Yase - United Kingdom

I-UK yamisa i-ULT u-Agenda ngo-2010, idinga ukuba yonke iminyango kahulumeni ephakathi ikhiphe izivumelwano futhi isebenzise ukwaziswa kuyi-inthanethi. Ukungeniswa kwe-Contracts Fieper plat directy kuveza izimemo zezaziso namapatroli, futhi uhulumeni ugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-OCDS. Lokhu kuholele ekuqeqesheni ukukhushulwa nokuqondiswa kwezimiso zezelule imicimbi (i-Smes) engaphezulu-ekhompyutheni (amaPress) manje ifuna izivumelwano zomphakathi ngoba zingathola amathuba kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UK’s's Inkonzo ye-Cornications [FOLT:3] futhi iphumelela kakhulu. Imboni engcono kakhulu iveza ukuphumelela kwemisebe yezenyunyana.[FFFFFoctivess]

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Isimiso Sezimiso Zokufundisa SaseCalifornia

Ingxenye ye-Edicts Proclact of General Services yasungula uhlelo lwe-Ethics olubanzi oluhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni zaminyaka yonke kuzo zonke izisebenzi ezithola izinhlelo, icacile izingxabano-zokusiza, nesikhulu sezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha. Uhlelo luhlanganisa futhi “inkathi yokuphuma” yezisebenzi ezishiya umnyango ukuze zihlangane nezisebenzi ezake zabekwa isoshadiliya. Ingxenye eyinhloko iwukusetshenziswa kwesimiso seze-e-projective, i-Calitiontion nohlelo lwe-Platformation (Iprojective) olukhonjiwe ngokwezi.[FLT], oluhlolwayo, nokuncitshiswa, nokuhlelwa kwe-Hofisi ye-Hulumenter. I-UR.

Ukutadisha I - Case 3: Uhlelo Lwe - proZorro Lwase - Ukraine

I-Prozorro ye-e-projectum yase-Ukraine ye-Protro yesimiso sokulungisa, eyaqaliswa ngo-2016, ibonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe nokungashintsha ngayo indawo ezungezile eyonakele engokomlando. I-proZorro isebenza eSikhungweni soMdanso Ovulekile futhi yenza konke ukugunyaza ulwazi lomphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela. Ihlanganisa “imoduli” ephoqelela ukuncintiswa kwempi, kanye nebhodi eliphakathi lokuhlola elisetshenziswa yizishisekeli zezentengiselwano. Abahlaziyi be-ntengi bezwe bathola ukuthi isimiso sinciphisa izingozi zenkohlakalo ngeminyaka emithathu yokuqala futhi sisindisa uhulumeni cishe izigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-6. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-prozorrobase i-codensiclo ivulekile, ivumela amanye amazwe ukuba asebenze. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi izikhali zezombangazwe zihlangene, futhi ziveza ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukubona ngcono nezimiso zokuziphatha akuzona izinto ezithasiselwa uhulumeni ngokuzikhethela, ngokuphambene, yizinsika zokwakha lapho kusetshenziswa khona imali elungile nephumelelayo emphakathini. Uma izinqubo zokuthola imikhiqizo zifinyele noma zincishiswa ngokokuziphatha, imiphumela iphehla phakathi komphakathi: ukungcola kwemithombo yemali, izimakethe ezisontekile, ukuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, nokuncishiswa komphakathi. Ngokuphambene, ohulumeni abafaka izimali zokukhokha ngokusemthethweni, iziqondiso ezicacile, ukuqeqesha okuqinile, izikhungo zokufuthamisa impempe, kanye nokulungiswa kwemivuzo yesimanje bavuna imivuzo engokoqobo yemali egciniwe, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho, nokufaneleka komphakathi.

Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuzibophezela okuqinile okuvela kubaholi bezombangazwe, ochwepheshe bezezimali, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Ngokufunda ezifundweni eziphumelelayo zezezimali nangokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo amathuluzi nemikhuba ekhuthaza ubuqotho, ohulumeni bangaqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amadollar asetshenziswa ezimpahla zomphakathi nasezinkonzweni aletha inani elikhulu kakhulu () nokuthi umphakathi ungawethemba isimiso esiphatha imali yawo.