Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyisici esiqinile somthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika, esisebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lomehluleli lokuhlola amandla amagatsha omthetho nomphathi. Ngaphandle kwawo, uMthetho-sisekelo uyoba yiseqeko seziqondiso ezifinyelelwe, uchazwe ngamagatsha ahloselwe ukunqanda. Ngokunika amandla izinkantolo ukuze zishaye imithetho nezenzo zobucukubhede eziphula umthetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elisebenza ngaphezu kwemingcele yalo emisiwe. Lenqubo ivikela umthetho, ivikela amalungelo awe-Framers, futhi igcina ukulinganisela okubucayi kwamandla aklalwe yizimiso zomthetho ezihlukene. Esimisweni sokwahlulela esihlukene, ukubukeza okubiza umthetho okubi, kungumthetho owenziwe njalo, futhi ukusebenza kwalo kuqinise indawo yesizwe esingokomthetho phakathi namakhulu amabili.

Ukuqonda Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Okungaphezu Kokuhlola Okulula

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunamandla enkantolo okuhlola umthetho, isivumelwano, noma isenzo sokuphatha futhi inqume ukuthi iyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Uma inkantolo ithola ingxabano, ingamemezela isilinganiso esiyize, iqede amandla ayo angokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Leligunya alinikezwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo ngokwawo; kunalokho, alinikezwanga ngokomthetho wencwadi nohlobo lwamandla okwahlulela. Umqondo ucacile: UMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi noma imuphi umthetho ophikisana nawo kumelwe ukhiphe. Ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bathatha isifungo sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, kumelwe bawuchaze futhi, lapho kudingeka, benqaba ukugcinwa kwemithetho ewuphulayo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zeFederal zingabukeza imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, neziqondiso eziphethe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso, ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wazo siqu, zisebenzisa amandla afanayo, ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ihleli eqophelweni eliphezulu lalesimiso, izinqumo zayo ngemibuzo engokomthetho ebophekile kuzo zonke ezinye izinkantolo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkanto engokomthetho iye yasebenzisa ukubukeza ukuhlelwa cishe kwazo zonke izingxenye zokuphila kwaseMelika (kusukela emalungelweni ezakhamuzi kuya enqubeni yezentengisweni yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, embubhini kuya kwezemthetho.)

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ababusi Bomthetho WesiNgisi Noweqaba

Nakuba .Madison [1] eyicala eliyisisekelo, umqondo wokuhlola akuzange kuvele emgodini. Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi waqaphela isikhathi eside ukuthi izinkantolo zingazenza ize izenzo zePhalamende ezaphula "umthetho ophezulu"" ("kuleyo mongo, umthetho wemvelo noma umthetho ovamile ngokwawo. Izinkantolo zamaKoloni zazibukeza umthetho wokungaguquguquki kwemithetho yamakoloni. I-Priviy Council eLondon yabuye yaphula imithetho yamakoloni eyayiphikisana nomthetho waseBrithani. Lemicimbiso yatshala imbewu yezokwahlulela kwaseMelika, kodwa yayingenakho uhlelo olucacile lomthetho wezomthetho olusemthethweni olubhalwe u-U.S.

I - Landmark Case: Marbury v. Madison

Inkathi echazayo yafika ngo-1803 lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall enikeza umbono ku- Marbury v. Madison, ekhona e-Oyez. UWilliam Marbury, umise uMongameli owehlayo John Adams, wayengazange athole umbono wakhe. Lapho uThomas Jefferson eba umongameli, unobhala weZwe, uJames Mandy, wenqaba ukulidlulisela. UMarbury wahamba ngqo eNkantolo Ephakeme ye-mandamus ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Judiary ka-1789. Marshall wabhekana nobunzima bezombangazwe: ukuhambisa izikhundlalo zakhe, ngesikhathi engazivulile.

Marshall wanquma ukuthi uMarbury wayenelungelo lokusebenza futhi umthetho wawunikeza ikhambi eliyikhambi, kodwa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yayingenagunya lokulalela icala ngoba iSiqesha se-13 se-Judiary Act ka-1789, okwakuthiwa inikeza igunya lokuqala lokulawula ama-writs, ngokwayo yayingenamthetho. UMarshall wacabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wachaza igunya lokuqala leNkanto, futhi iSishaya umthetho weNkanto ewumthetho awukwazi ukulinweba ngomthetho. Ngakho, iNkantolo kwadingeka ukuba ihlasele i-Rhavior i-kathi le-Romston, iseke izimiso ezintathu: umthetho uphakeme, i-judiary unesibopho sokuwuchaza, nomthetho owenyanyekayo. Icala [FLY:]

Izifundo Zokuqala Nokukhula Kwemfundiso

Ngemva kwe-Marbury, iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlola ngokuncipha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. uMartin v. U-Livern's Lespee (11816], iNkantolo yaqinisa igunya layo lokuhlola izinqumo zenkantolo zikahulumeni ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukuqinisa amandla kahulumeni. [[FLT:]] MClulloch v. Maryland[ [18] [18], iJaji eliyinhloko lisekela ukuviswa kwemithetho ye-ogracyism yeBhangesi yeSibili ye-United States, imisa amandla aqondiswe kakhulu athathwayo eMbandesheni. [kuyi-FLT:] ku-FLD [FFF] v [FLT] [54] v [184]) iveza umthetho wamuva enkantolo ye-New York York, ishond ye-omston ngesibonelo sokubukeza umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokwahlulela.

Indlela Imisebenzi Yokubukeza Ukwahlulela Esebenza Ngayo: Imishini

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akusebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Izinkantolo zingasebenzisa lomandla kuphela uma kuvela icala elifanele noma impikiswano. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iqembu kumelwe lime linengozi engukhonkolo ebangelwa umthetho ophikiswayo(/naye indaba kufanele ivuthwe ukuze ibukezwe. Izinkantolo ngeke ziphikise imibono noma zinqume izimpikiswano ezicatshangelweyo. Le mfuneko yecala noma impikiswano isekelwe eSigqeni III soMthetho-sisekelo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho kufanele kusetshenziswe kuphela uma kudingeka ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo.

Uma icala seliphambi kwenkantolo ngokufanele, ngokuvamile lenqubo ilandela izinyathelo eziningana:

  1. Ukufakwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Inkantolo iveza umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo obalulekile, isimo, umlando, nesibonelo. Lokhu kungahilela ukuhlaziya incazelo ecacile yamagama, injongo yokuqala yamaFrameter, noma i-societal directions.]
  2. [ Ukuvalwa komthetho ophikisiwe noma isenzo. Inkantolo ihlola umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha ukuze ithole injongo, izinga, nomphumela.
  3. I-comparison nempi. Inkantolo inquma ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo siyaphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo njengoba kuchazwe. Uma kungekho ngxabano, isilinganiso siyama. Uma kukhona izimpi, inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi ingawuqeda yini.
  4. Icebo. Uma isilinganiso singavumelani nemithetho, inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo. Ezimweni eziningi, umthetho uyawiswa, kodwa inkantolo ingakhipha nomyalo, isahlulelo sokususa igebe, noma (emacaleni angavamile) ikhambi lokwakha elifana nezinguquko ezihlelweni zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikaFederal zingasebenzisa futhi umbono womthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi wemithetho yezomnotho. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umthetho usekelwa ngaphandle kokuba umphikisi wawo ufaka inselele ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi uphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo liyahluka-hluka ngokomongo. Imithetho ethwesa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izigaba ezisolwayo (njengesizwe) ibhekene nokuhlolwa okuqinile, kuyilapho imithetho eminingi yezomnotho nezenhlalo ithola isisekelo esinengqondo. Lokhu kuthatha isilinganiso esiqinile yimiphumela yencazelo yokwahlulela futhi kubonisa ukuhlonipheka kweNkanto yecala ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi ezindaweni eziningi.

Uphawu Lwecala Eliphakeme Lamacala Enkantolo Abonisa Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Kuye kwabukezwa emacalani amaningi, kodwa amaningana abonakala ewumphumela wawo onamandla emthethweni nasemphakathini waseMelika.

Sandford (1857)

Mhlawumbe ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okunedumela elibi kakhulu, uDred Scott v. Sandford wabulala iMissouri njengenqaba, ephethe ukuthi uKhongolo lwalungenakubuvimbela ubugqila emasimini kahulumeni. INkantolo yanquma futhi ukuthi ama-Afrika ayengesona izakhamuzi futhi ngeke neze ibe yizakhamuzi. Isinqumo sabhubhisa umzabalazo omelene nempi yabese-Mongabe. Silokhu siyinganekwane yezehluleli, kubonisa ukuthi impi yezokwahlulela ingasetshenziselwa ukuphatha inkohlakalo engekho bulungisa futhi ingavikela amalungelo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, iNkantolo yazikhulula v. Ibhodi yemfundo, e-Oyez. Icala lathi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi akunamthetho, ukugumbuqela u-"kungalingani" imfundiso ye [[FLT:]] Plesty v.[FLT:] [[FLT] [186]] [186]). Brown wathembela ekuvikelelweni okulinganayo kweSiphendulo seSichithi se-Gagimethi se-Grametietieti (ikhulu le-145) futhi waphawula indawo yokushintsha emalungeni esizwe. INkanto yeNkantolo yokubonakalisa amandla ajulile emithetho ehleliwe yezo zokwahlulela ngisho nasebusweni lomphakathi.

URade (1973)

Isinqumo sanciphisa imithetho eminingi yokukhipha isisu futhi saqalisa isivikelo esiqhubekayo sezombangazwe nesomthetho. Nakuba [iNkantolo] yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mfantu lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokukhipha isisu eliqondiswe ekwakheni i-CYMCLE]. Isinqumo sazehlisa imithetho eminingi yombuso yokukhipha isisu futhi sabangela ukuba kuqhubeke ukuvikelwa kwezezombangazwe kanye nemithetho. AmaDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202] [202]) eqedweni le-Rod Roe, icala lihlala liyisibonelo esicacile sokubukeza umthetho wezokuvikela amalungelo omthetho owenziwe ngomthetho owenziwe ngomphakathi.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ku obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo yathi umshado oxubile uyisisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Ceed Programme ne-Unime Livice Clauss, ukugumbuqela uvinjelwa kwezwe lonke. Isinqumo sathembela kakhulu ekuqondeni okungaguquguqukiyo kwenkululeko nesithunzi, okubonisa indlela yokuphila yokuhlola.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Akuzona zonke izinqubo zokuhlolwa kokwahlulela ezithinta amalungelo; ezinye zilinganisela amandla kahulumeni. United States v. Lopez, iNkantolo yabulala umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela izibhamu eziseduze nezikole, iphethe ukuthi uKhongolo lwase ludlule igunya lalo lezentengiselwano Claus. Icala laphawula ukubuyiselwa okuphawulekayo kwamandla kahulumeni ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuchazwa kabanzi, okubonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungavikela futhi uhulumeni ngokumisa imingcele kuhulumeni wezwe.

Umphumela Wokubukeza Kokwahlulela Ngokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela mhlawumbe kuyisibonelo esinamandla kakhulu sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esisebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwaso, uMkhandlu ungadlulisa noma yimuphi umthetho ofisayo, futhi umongameli angaphoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho, engenayo indikimba ezimele ukuba iqinisekise ubukho basemthethweni. Izenzo zokwahlulela njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi, uqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izenzo zomthetho nezokuphatha zinamathela emthethweni ophakeme. Lokhu kuhlola kunemiphumela ejulile:

  • Imingcele esemthethweni: Izishaya-mthetho ziyazi ukuthi noma imuphi umthetho odlulayo ungahlotshaniswa nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuqaphela ngokuvamile kumisa umthetho, kukhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, uMkhandlu unikeza umthetho ngokukhethekile ukuze uhlole ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo, ubeke isigaba inselele yeNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukulandisa okufanelekile: Omongameli kanye namanxusa aphetheyo nakho kusebenza ngaphansi komthunzi wokubukeza kokwahlulela. Iziqondiso zokuqondisa, izenzo zokuqondisa, nokuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala konke kungabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme intsha i-Stown shop & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], esalulaza uMongameli uTruman ukuthunjwa kwensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, siyisibonelo esivelele sesikhulu sezokuhlola isikhulu se-judiary.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane: Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni abantu namaqembu angakwazi ukuthembela enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi uKhongolo nomongameli bayizinhlangano ezinkulu, bangacindezela amadlanzana angathandwa. Izinkantolo, kanye nabahluleli bazo abakhokhelwe ukuphila, zingangena ekuphoqeleleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo iningi elingase lingazimisele ukuwavikela.

Nokho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kudala futhi ukungezwani nezimiso zentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji angakhethwanga akufanele asho okokugcina ezindabeni zesimiso somphakathi. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha umthetho odluliswa isishayamthetho esikhethiwe, idlula intando yabantu. Lobu bunzima obuphikisanayo buye babhebhethekisa izimpikiswano ngokulawula kokwahlulela kanye nobukhulu obufanele bamandla okwahlulela.

Ukugxekwa Nezikhungo Eziphikisanayo Eziseduze Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Impikiswano eyinhloko iwumngcele phakathi kwencazelo engokomthetho nesenzo sokwahlulela. Abasekeli bemithetho yokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele amagatsha akhethiwe futhi zilahle imithetho lapho ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho kucacile. UMahluleli uFelix Frankfurter wasekela ngokudume kakhulu ukunqanda, exwayisa ngabahluleli ngokukhetha kwabo okusemthethweni kulabo abaphethe izishayamthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli bemithetho esebenzayo, njengoMahluleli William Brennan, uphikisa ukuthi izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukuchazwa okuvumelana nezimo eziguquguqukayo ukuze kuhlangatshelwe nezimo ezishintshayo. Igama elithi "umthetho wesimende livame ukuchaza ukuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho womthetho owenziwe noma amandla omthetho olinganiselwe, kodwa lokho omunye umbhedi oyisi othile akubizayo, kungabiza ukunamathela komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisana Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ihlobene kakhulu nempikiswano ephathelene nokuchaza indlela yokusebenza. I-xredinalist, njengoMahluleli wamuva uAntonin Scalia, iphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele anikezwe incazelo ayenayo ngesikhathi sokudilizwa. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela okusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezijikelezayo kumema abahluleli ukuba baphoqe amagugu abo siqu. Abahleli bemithetho engokomthetho, njengoMahluleli we-Stephen Breyer, baphikisa ngokuthi amaFramers abhala incwadi ebanzi, evumelana nezimo ezihloselwe ukukhuthazela, nokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso zazo ezingokoqobo zesimanje. Lamafilosofi aphikisanayo aveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu ezindabeni ezihilela isivikelo esizimele, namandla ombuso.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokungalungi

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubhekene futhi nezinselele ezihambisana nokumiswa kwamalungelo. Inqubo yokumiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni iye yabekwa ngokuqhubekayo, nezimpi zokuqinisekisa ezibonisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwemibono. Abanye bamangalela ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme imane iyindikimba yezombangazwe egqoke ingubo, inquma amacala asekelwe ekukhetheni kwabashokobezi kunokuba abe umthetho. Izikhulu ezihlukene ezisezinkantolo eziningi eziphakeme zinikeza le miqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo eziphansi ngezinye izikhathi zibhekene nokuhlaselwa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe eziphikisana nemithetho yazo, ezisongela inkululeko yokwahlulela. Ikhono lejajidicariary lokugcina ithemba emphakathini kuyilapho ukusebenzisa amandla emithetho epholile ukushaya umthetho kuyaqhubeka kuyindaba eqhubekayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Ngokulinganisa

I-United States yaqala ukubukeza ukwahlulela, kodwa ayiseyona ehlukile. Idemokrasi eningi manje inezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma izinkantolo eziphakeme ezinamandla okuqeda umthetho. INkantolo ePhakeme Yomthetho-mthetho yaseJalimane, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada, neNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya zonke zihlanganyela ekubukezeni kokwahlulela okuqinile. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ngokulingana, ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezinjongo zikahulumeni. ukucathula kwe-Britannica kokwahlulela kuphawula ukuthi amazwe amaningi aye amukela izindlela ezifanayo nezikahulumeni.

Nokho, isimiso saseMelika sihlala sihlukile ebukhosini baso obubili, − ifederal nezinkantolo zikahulumeni kokubili zihlola ukwahlulela. Kwamanye amazwe amaningi ombuso, njengeCanada neJalimane, inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo inegunya elikhethekile emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo. I-U.S. futhi ayinayo inkantolo esekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo; noma yiliphi ijaji likahulumeni lingakuzwa iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho. Lesibonelo esihloniphekile sivumela ukuba kuvele izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezinhlandlayo, kodwa futhi sakha nethuba lokuchazwa okuphikisanayo kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme izixazulu inquma.

Ikusasa Lokubukeza Kokwahlulela E - United States

Njengoba umphakathi uguquka, indima yokubukeza kokwahlulela iyoqhubeka iphikiswa. ukuthambekela nezimpikiswano eziningana cishe kuyothonya ikusasa lawo:

Imingcele Yamajaji ENkantolo Ephakeme

Ezinye izazi nezazi zezombangazwe ziye zahlongoza imingcele yemithetho yamajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu − ukuze kuncishiswe izisekelo zokuqinisekisa ukuphila futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zikhona njalo. Nakuba ushintsho olunjalo lungadinga ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho omusha, kungathinta indlela ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela okusetshenziswa ngayo, kungenza amajaji athathe indivalemu kakhulu emisebenzi emikhulu yamanje.

Izinguquko Zokwahlulela

Abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi lezi zinyathelo zingawenza ube owengeziwe umsizi wejaji, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ukuthi zidingekile ukuze zibuyiselwe ukulingana ngemva kokuqinisekiswa okuphikiswayo. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezinkulu zingaguqula ngokungenakugwenywa ukubukeza kokwahlulela okunamandla.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezomthetho Omusha

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iyakuphakamisa imibuzo ewumthetho-sisekelo edinga ukuphendulwa ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho. Impikiswano ethinta imfihlo ye-technic, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile eziteshini zezokuxhumana, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nokuhlola kakade sezifikile ezinkantolo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku Karperter v. United States[FLT] [2017]] [2017] [i-i-cell phone engenalutenziso olungenalumthetho] [indlela yokulandelela, ne-[FLT] Packingham v. Nyakatho (2017]), evikela ukufinyelela kwezokuxhumana, ebonisa indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela ebucukumeni obusha. Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyovivinya imingcele yesivikelo socingo olusemthethweni, futhi

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Ukumiswa komongameli wamajaji namafilosofi okwahlulela akhethekile kuyoqhubeka kulungisa indlela yokwahlulela. Ukushintshela ku-profession yakuqala noma umbhali wemibhalo eqoshiwe eNkantolweni Ephakeme kungaholela ekuchazeni amandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu ngokulinganiselwe (njengoba kuboniswa ezinqumweni zamuva ngokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, nezinhlangano zokuphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNkantolo iye yabonisa ukuzimisela ukusekela isivikelo esibanzi kwezinye izindawo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Inkululeko ende yesikhathi iyoxhomeka ekuqanjweni kwebhentshi yebhentshi nasemacaleni aphansi.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungaphezu kwenqubo ye-procedal; kuyi-linchpin yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngokunika i-jaji amandla okugawula imithetho nezenzo ezingavumelaniyo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yi-process. Kusukela ku[Fluct:0] ukubuthumba okungalawuleki. Madison kulelo gama lamuva kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa kokubili lamandla ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nokulungisa izigwebo zikamongameli. Kodwa ukubukeza okujulile ngedemo yentando yeningi, ngokomthetho, ngokusemthethweni, nangendima efanele yabahluleli emphakathini ozibusayo. Njengoba isilinganiso sezwe elisha sishintsha izinselele zezombangazwe kuqhubeke nokubukeza isilinganiso sekhono sokwahlulela somthetho we-justitude. ISisekelo simemezela ngokuhlakanipha ngomthetho omkhulu ngomthetho omkhulu.