Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Izinqubo ezivelele emhlabeni wonke zihlanganisa [[FLT:] Phezulu-Past-Post (FP), [[FLT:] [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [i-procectal] ye-PRT [MMP] [[FLT] [[FLT]] [indlela ehlukile ye-PPT] [PFLT] [[FLT]] [indlela engaphezulu], [indlela ephawulekayo], [[FLT] ibuye ifake iziphakamela ezithizekelelwe [[FLT] [FFT] [FFFLT] [FFFFF:5], [3], [indlela eyodwa] yezombangazwe]

Isiqalo-Past-The Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP iyisimiso sokhetho esilula nesidala kakhulu esisasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ezifundeni ezihlanganyene, umvoti othola amavoti amaningi uyaphumelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphumelela yini kakhulu. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, eCanada, eNdiya, nasezindaweni eziningi ezazibuswa yiBrithani. I-FPP ithanda ukuba nezindawo ezinkulu, i-stative futhi ivame ukuveza uhulumeni owodwa weningi.

Izinzuzo Ze - FPTP

  • Imfundo:[ ikhetha umlandeli oyedwa; inqubo icacile futhi kulula ukuphatha.
  • Imiphumela esheshayo:[[FLT] Ukubala kucacile, kuvumela imiphumela phakathi namahora.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa okuhambisanayo: Isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli oyedwa, kudala ukuxhumana okuqondile kwendawo phakathi kwabavoti neMP yabo.
  • Ukuzinza kweGothi:[ FP ithambekele ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abaningi abangadlulisa umthetho ngaphandle kwezingxoxo zohlangane.

Izingozi Ze - FPTP

  • I-Dispropariation:[ Iqembu lingawina izihlalo eziningi ngedlanzana levoti ethandwayo, njengoba kuboniswa kukhetho lwe-UK lapho abavoti bawina khona i-UK bawina khona i-3,9% yamavoti kodwa 50.8% yezihlalo.
  • Yavota: ivoti yabalahlekelwayo noma umnqobi esihlalweni esiphephile ayiwuthinti umphumela, ukuphuma okudumazayo.
  • [ umthetho wokuzimela: Idla ngokuwina ngesilinganiso esingaphansi kwamashumi amahlanu% amavoti, okusho ukuthi abavoti abaningi abazange bamsekele onqobile.
  • Ukubekwa kwezigaba ezincane:[ Izihlalo zesithathu ziwina izihlalo ezimbalwa kakhulu kunemvume yokuvota kwazo ezihlanganyela imvume, ukunciphisa ukhetho lomvoti kanye nokumelelwa.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR zijonge ukwabela izihlalo zomthetho ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Party-pulder PR, ezisetshenziswa eSweden, eNetherlands, naseNingizimu Afrika, ziwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu. Amavoter akhetha uhlu lwezigaba, futhi izihlalo zihanjiswa ngokwesabelo sevoti. umqulu [ izinguqulo zivumela abavoti ukuba bathotye ukuthonya uhlelo lwezintambo zeqembu. PR i-partsssss ezihlukene futhi zidinga izivumelwano eziningi.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR

  • Ukunemba okumelelayo:[ Ukwakheka kommisi-mthetho izibuko ezithandwa yi-vétorate, kuhlanganise namaqembu amancane kanye namaqembu amancane.
  • [ Ukungavumelani:[ Abesifazane namaqembu abekwe phansi ngokuvamile athola izihlalo ezengeziwe ngaphansi kwePR ngoba izikhungo zingalinganisela izinhlu zazo.
  • I-Felle yachitha amavoti:[ Cishe yonke imivoti ifaka isandla engxenyeni yesihlalo seqembu, ikhuthaza ukuvota okuphezulu.
  • Ukuthembisa nokubambisana:[ Ohulumeni bamabhizinisi adinga ukuxoxisana okuxhumeneyo, okungaholela ezimisweni eziningi ezivumelanayo.

Izingozi Ze - PR

  • Izishaya-mthetho ezihlangene: Amaqembu amancane amaningi angangena ephalamende, okwenza kube nzima ukwenza imifelandawonye eqinile. I-Italy ne-Israel ziye zabhekana nokuwa kukahulumeni kaningi ngaphansi kwe-PR.
  • Amaqembu abonisa ukuphakama kobungcweti:[ PR inganikeza amapulatifomu emaqeleni angenayo angeqiniswa ngaphansi kwe FPTP. Ukwanda kwamaqembu aphezulu kakhulu emiklamweni eminingana yePR yaseYurophu kubonisa lengozi.
  • Ukuhlanganisana kwe-Weak: Izincwadi zingangebe nommeleli othile wendawo ongalandisa, unciphise ukusabela.
  • Ukulandelana:[ Amavoter kumele aqonde uhlu lweqembu, imigoqo, kanye nezici ezihlangene, ezingadida.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

RCV, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi I-Internant Votting emijahweni ethanda i-winner eyodwa noma i-Vote edluliselwa ngokushayelela (STV) ezifundeni eziningi, ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele izinqumo ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mfundi ofinyelela inani elikhulu lamavota okuqala, isibalo sokugcina sendawo esiqedwe, futhi amavoti abo abuye abuye athathwe ngokuthandwa okulandelayo. Lenqubo iphindaphindeke kuze kube yilapho omunye omfundi efinyelela inani. RCV isetshenziselwa ukhetho lukahulumeni e-Australia nasezindaweni zokuvota ezisendaweni enjengeSan Francisco naseMinapolis.

Izinzuzo Ze - RCV

  • [ ithumela umkhankaso oqondile: amakhasi afuna ukusekela kwesibili kophawu oluvela kubavoti babaphikisi, ukunciphisa ukuhlasela okungakhi.
  • Abanqobi abanoMajority:[ Umnqobi ophethe usekelwa ngaphezu kwe 50%, ugwema inkinga ye-FPTP yeqembu elincane.
  • IRecucus imiphumela elimazayo: Ivoter zingasekela ocela ukubhapathizwa omncane ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulimaza umjovo othandwayo, ngoba ibhola labo lizothutha.
  • Ukukhetha okukhulu kakhulu: Amasimu Abanzi kungenzeka ngoba ukwehlukana kwevoti kuyancishiswa.

Izingozi Ze - RCV

  • ukudideka kwevolute: Abanye abavoti balwa nabavoti abaningi abaphezulu, okuholela emazingeni aphakeme amabhola angonakalisiwe. Ukuhlolwa eSan Francisco kwathola cishe iphesenti elilodwa lamabhola ayengelungile ngenxa yamaphutha aphezulu.
  • Ukulandelana ukubala: I-Tablation ithatha isikhathi eside futhi idinga i-software eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
  • Imiphumela ebambekayo:[ Uma amavoti esephelile, imiphumela yokugcina ingase ingaziwa izinsuku noma amasonto, njengoba ama-posi angena e-collet edinga ukuhlelwa futhi kusetshenziswa izizungezo eziningi.
  • [ ukuvota:[ Ukucwaninga okuthile kusikisela i-RCV isengaveza ukuziphatha okufanelekile, ikakhulukazi emasimini aminyene.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

I-MMP ihlanganisa i-FPTP ne-PR ngokunika abavoti ababili: enye ye-votelthi ye-project futhi enye ye-partist. Ukhetho lwesinqumo sabawini besifunda (kakhulukazi nge-FPTP), futhi ivoti yeqembu inquma ukuthi isilinganiso sezihlalo singesonke ukuze kutholakale imiphumela elinganayo. Izihlalo ezingaphezulu zingase zenzeke lapho umkhandlu uthola izihlalo zesifunda eziningi kunesabelo sawo sokwehlukana, okuthi uma unezela izihlalo ezengeziwe. I-Jalimane ne-New Zealand zingabasebenzisi abavelele be-MMP.

Izinzuzo Ze - MMP

  • [ Izimpawu ezibhaliwe: Izikhombo zithola kokubili iMP yendawo kanye nokali oluphakathi, zishade nezingcono kakhulu kuzo zombili izimiso.
  • Wawalahla amavoti alahlwayo:[ Iqembu livota liqinisekisa ukuthi ukusekela amaqembu amancane kusabalulekile ekumeleni konke.
  • Imiphumela ye- Fainer:[ MMP iveza imiphumela elingana kakhulu kune-FPTP emsulwa kuyilapho ilondoloza ukumelelwa kwendawo.
  • I-Governation:[ Imikhosi ivame ukwenza imifelandawonye, kodwa ukuba khona kwe-MP yendawo kunganikeza ukuzinza.

Izingozi Ze - MMP

  • Amasigaba amabili amaMP: ama-MP asesifundazweni anobuhlobo obuqinile obubodwa kunohlu lwe-MP, okudala ukungalingani kokulandisa.
  • Ukulandela:[ Abavoti abaningi abaqondi ukuthi amavoti abo amabili ahlanganiswa kanjani ukuze anqume amaphesenti esihlalo. ENew Zealand, imikhankaso yemfundo yamavoti yayidingeka.
  • Izihlalo ezingaphezulu: Izihlalo ezengeziwe zingagcwalisa ubungakanani bephalamende, njengoba kuboniswa e-Bundestag yaseJalimane, eye yakhula yaba izihlalo ezingaphezu kuka-700 ngenxa ye-overhang nezihlalo zokulinganisela.
  • Ukuntengantenga kobuhlanga: njengoPR, MMP ingaholela kohulumeni abantekenteke abadinga ukuxoxisana okungapheli phakathi kwamaqembu.

Ukunciphisa Ukuphumelela Kwezimiso Zokusakaza Imikhiqizo

Ukuphumelela kwanoma isiphi isimiso sokuvota kungahlolwa ngokwezimfuneko ezine zentando yeningi: ukwenziwa , ukuphumelela [, [ ukuthatha isigaba [, kanye no-[FLT] ukulanda. Akukho hlelo olungcono kunakho konke okune, futhi-ohwebela-onqabela. Ukukhetha okulungile kuxhomeke esikweni sezombangazwe sezwe, umongo womlando, nombuso.

Umemo

Isilinganiso esiqondile esilinganiswayo ukuthi isiphambano somthetho siveza ngokuthanda kwe-vota. Izimiso ze-PR zithola isilinganiso esiphakeme kule-metric, ngokulandelana isihlalo sihlanganyela phakathi kwamaphesenti ambalwa evoti. IGlaghher Index, isilinganiso esivamile se-propotionetication, ibonisa njalo izizwe ezinjenge-South Africa ne-Netherlands ezinezingalo ezisezantsi. Ngokungafani, [ FTP[FLT][FF:3] ngokuvamile iveza i-proportigationationation, isibonelo, kuma-2019 ovotiventine, i-Libera iwina 33% ye-mvotiota kodwa izihlalo ze-Greasts, kuyilapho izihlalo ze-Greenne.[5][FF][5]

Nokho, ukumelelwa kuhlanganisa nokuchazwa kwencazelo − ukuthi izibuko zomthetho zikwazi kahle ukuhlukanisa inani labantu. Izimiso ze-PR zivame ukukhetha abesifazane abengeziwe namaqembu amancane ngenxa yezindlela zeqembu ezivumela ukuba babelwe ngamabomu. Ngo-2021, i-Riksdag yaseSweden yayiyi-4,5%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-24% eUK House of Commons.

Ukulondeka

Ukuhleleka kubhekisele ekhonweni likahulumeni lokubusa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle koshintsho oluvamile. FTP ngokomlando kuveza ohulumeni abaningi abaqinile abahlukene, abanesilinganiso sesikhathi eside kune-PR ezimisweni ze-PR. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK ibinokhetho olungu-20 kuphela kusukela ngo 1945, nenani elikhulu lohulumeni elihlala isikhathi esiphelele. [[FLT] PR ne MMP ngokuvamile iphumela kuhulumeni ababambene imifelandawo eyodwa abangase baphumele uma umngane esekela. Phakathi kuka 1945 no 2010, i-Italy yayinohulumeni abangaphezu kuka-60. Kodwa izinqubo zePR ezihlangeneyo zigcwele, futhi zinezinkathi ezinziwayo ezinde kakhulu ze-Sweden.

Ukuqina kuxhomeke futhi ekuqondiseni kweqembu, inani lamadili, kanye nezinqubo ezingokwenhlangano ezinjenge amavoti okungathembi [ (asetshenziswa eJalimane nase Spain), adinga ukubizwa esikhundleni ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni asuswe. Lokhu kunciphisa ukungahleleki ngisho nasezimisweni ezilandelanayo.

Ukuhlanganyela

I-votersup iyisilinganiso esibucayi sokuhlanganyela. Amazwe ane PR amahlelo athambekele ekubeni noguquko oluphezulu kunalawo ane- FTP[. Ngokwesilinganiso [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [i-IDEA] yezwekazi [, isilinganiso se-awumfucuclo yamazwe singu-77%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne 65% emazweni e-FPTPP. Umehluko ngokwengxenye ubangelwa ukuthi izinhlelo zePR zinciphisa ukuvota futhi zinikeza ithuba langempela lokuwina izihlalo, ukwenza ukuvota kubonakale kungokulinganayo. [FLD:][FFFFF]

Imithetho yokuvota ephoqelelwe, njengase-Australia (esebenzisa i-RCV yeNdlu yendlu), isunduza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90. Nokho, ukucindezelwa kuyinqubo ehlukile esimisweni sokuvota ngokwaso. Ukuhlanganyela kuhlanganisa inani lamaqembu kanye nokukhetha okukhona. Izimiso ze-PR zinikeza ukukhetha okwengeziwe, okungandisa ukuthembisana.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Ukulandisa kuqinisekisa abavoti ukuthi bangavuza noma bajezise ama-cumpns. FTP kunikeza ukulandisa okucacile: isifunda ngasinye sine-mumeleli okhethwe ngokuqondile abavoti. Lo mxhumanisi womhlaba ucacile. [ PR , ukulandisa kudluliswa ngenxa yokuthi abavoti bakhetha amaqembu kunokuba bafake uhlu oluvulekile. Izindawo zokuvota zikhona zikhona zikhona futhi zinomthwalo ohulumeni abacuphiwe ngokunyezela, njengoba amaqembu engasola omunye nomunye ngemithetho engathandeki. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ] ukulinganisela laba ababili ngokugcina i-MP ngesikhathi senezenezene-MP, kodwa nohlu olukhombayo olukhombayo.

RCV ithuthukisa ukulandisa kwabavoti abanokusekela okukhulu, kodwa inqubo yokudlulisa ingadida abavoti ngokubheka ukuthi ubani onecala lemiphumela yenqubo. Ezifundeni eziningi usebenzisa i-STV, ukulandisa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba abameleli abaningi abavela ezindaweni ezihlukene bakhonza indawo efanayo.

Izimiso Eziya Ngokuxubana Nezinguquko

Amazwe amaningana ahlola noma athatha izimiso ezixubile nezisunguliwe ukuze ahlanganise amandla ezithombe ezikhona. Isote edluliswa eyodwa (STV) ezifundeni eziningi, ezisetshenziswa e-Ireland naseMalta, zihlanganisa i-ocece nePR. Abathathi-sbeader basebenzisa ukusungula izingxebe eziningi. [STV] Imiphumela elandelanayo kuyilapho igcina ukukhetha nokumelela okuzimele. Izithina zayo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga izifunda ezinkulu, ezingalimaza ukuxhumana kwendawo yendawo.

Izinqubo ezimbili ezi-Rounds (TRS), ezisetshenziswa kukhetho lomongameli we-French nolwezishaya-mthetho, zihlanganisa umjikelezo wokuqala lapho noma imuphi umbhalisa engawufanelekela khona umjikelezo wesibili uma edlula emnyango. Lokhu kukhuthaza imiphakathi elinganiselwe kodwa ingabiza kakhulu futhi isebenzise isikhathi esiningi. Kwamanye amazwe, njengoMali no-Ukraine, i-TRS ithathelwe indawo endaweni yayo ngenxa yokuya phansi emizuzwini emibili.

Ukuvota okungavumelani kanye [FT:2] nokuvota] (okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvota okuhamba phambili) kuyazuza isithakazelo semfundo. Ukuvota okugunyaziwe kuvumela abavoti ukukhetha abaningi njengalokho abakuvumayo; ofuna ukuphumelela kakhulu. Ukuvota kuvumela ukuba umvoti ngamunye athathe izinga labavoti ngokwesilinganiso. Lezizimiso azinamukeleki kakhulu kodwa ziye zavivinyeka kakhulu kwezinye izivotelelo zendawo kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele.

Izinhlangano zenguquko ziyasebenza emazweni amaningana e-FPTP. . 2016 ikomiti yephalamende yatusa i-ovaler Vote exubeneyo, kodwa uhulumeni we-Liberal walahla inguquko. [ [FLT] [FLT]] waba ne-2011 semetax [FLT:] ekutholeni [[FLT:] ukuhlanganisa i-ARFM] i-octern Vote (AV) [[FFFT:5]] yendlu kaSom, eyanqotshwa i-32% [FFFFLT:6] [evot:], i-RVC isakazekele ngokuphumelelayo ku-50, kuhlanganise nokhetho olukhulu lwe-Acenset, [inani eliphakathi] lezizwe ezihlukene, [FT][5][4] i-FT] ikhuthaza kakhulu.[10] ukuguqula impumelelo ku-FT.[10]

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha isimiso sokuvota akunakuthatha hlangothi; amathonya awezwiwa ngokuqondile, indlela ohulumeni abakhiwa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezihlobene ngayo nentando yeningi. FTP kulokhu kuthandwa ngenxa yentengo yayo elula nezinzileyo, kodwa ukushiyeka kwayo kubhalwe kahle. [FLT]R [FLT] [] inikeza ukulingana okukhulu nokungalingani kwenani nokungaguquguquki okungathandeki. RCV [FL] [FLT] [iFLT] inikeza ukunqoba nokunciphisa impatho kodwa incithako. [[FLT:] [MP:]] Imizamo ephelele ngemiphumela ehlukene yezindlela ezihlukene. [indlela ezihlukene zezentengomlando, i-'interthromessss, i-'exmoseth facential, i-ssssssss, i-octives.[flighta

Ukuqonda lezi misebenzi kubalulekile kubafundisi, abakhi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ezibophelelekile. Imizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa izinhlelo emazweni amaningi ibonisa ukuthi izimiso zokuvota azikho lapho zikhona. Ziyashintsha njengemiphakathi ephinde ibhekene nezimiso zentando yeningi. Ukuqhubeka ifunda, i-ACE Ectoral Knowledge yolwazi olunzulu [[[ inikeza ulwazi olubanzi oluhambisana nohlelo lokuvota, futhi izifundo zemfundo ezidinga kokubili ukuklanywa komsindo nokuhlanganyela kwezemisebenzi.