Ukuqonda Amalungelo Ezomthetho: Ukubukeza Okungamanga Angokomthetho Namacala Ezigebengu

Amalungelo angokomthetho akha itshe lesimiso somthetho waseMelika, aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuphathwa ngokufanele noma umangalelwa ngobugebengu noma uhileleke engxabanweni yangasese. Lamalungelo ayahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezemthetho nomthetho, kodwa zombili lezi zigaba zisekela isimiso esiyisisekelo senqubo efanelekile. Kunoma ubani ohamba ngesimiso somthetho (ngowaba ummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, noma isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo) ukwazi amalungelo akho angokomthetho akusizi; kubalulekile. Lesiqondiso esikhudlulwayo sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamalungelo angokomthetho ezinkantolo zomphakathi nezezenzo zomthetho, umthetho owemithetho, nezincazelo zenkantolo. Sizohlola amalungelo akhethekile atholakala kubantu ngabanye, izindlela eziwusizo, nokungafani okunzima phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili.

ISisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samalungelo Angokomthetho

Isisekelo samalungelo angokomthetho e-United States siseMthethweni weSiphendulo kanye nokulungisa kwayo. I-Bill of Rights .Iziphetho zokuqala eziyishumi zimisa izixwayiso eziningi ezisebenza ngokuqondile ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidlulisela lezi sivikelo kulelozwe ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa. Izinqandelo zihlanganisa iSimemezelo sesine (ukuvikelwa kokuphehlwa okungenangqondo nokuqubuka), iSiphendundulo sesihlanu (ilungelo lokuhlala sithulile, izingozi eziphindwe kabili, inqubo efanele), iSiphendulo sesithupha (ilungelo lokuthatha ukuvinjelwa okusheshayo nokuququlwa komphakathi, ukunikezwa kwecala, ukunikezwa kwecala okungokomthetho okungokomthetho, nokuvunyelwayo konke ukumiswa okungokomthetho.

Ukuze ungene juqu emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo, vakashela i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ukucaciswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo .

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Ecala Lesigebengu

Lapho umuntu emangalelwa ngobugebengu, babhekene namandla amakhulu alelizwe. UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza iqoqo eliqinile lamalungelo aklanyelwe ukuthobisa inkundla yokudlala nokuvimbela izinkolelo ezingalungile. Lamalungelo asebenza kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala nangalé kwalokho.

Ukufanelekela Ukuthula

Mhlawumbe ilungelo elaziwayo kakhulu, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela abantu ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba babe ofakazi abamelene nabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo evela kumthetho nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Miranda v. Isinqumo esidumile [ sifuna izikhulu ukuba ziqaphele ukusolwa ngalokhu kuphenywa kwamalungelo phambi kokuvinjelwa. Okubalulekile ukuthi, ukuhlala ungasho lutho njengobufakazi becala. Ngisho noma ukhetha ukukhuluma ekuqaleni, ungamisa noma nini futhi ucele ilungelo lakho lokuthula. Lokhu kuvikela futhi ezinzweni eziphoqelelwe ukuba kwenziwe izimpawu zemali, nakuba kungagubuzeli ubufakazi obungokoqobo obufana neminwe yegazi.

Ilungelo Lokuthola Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuthi kukho konke ukumangalelwa kobugebengu, ummangalelwa uzoba nosizo lweseluleko sokuvikela. Uma ungakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, umbuso kumelwe unikeze lowo muntu ngaphandle kwezindleko (_i-] Gideon v. ISiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seSithathu . Ilungelo lisebenza kusukela esikhathini sokuqupha ukuqulwa kwezehlulelwa, kuhlanganise nangemva kokuboshwa naphakathi kwemigqale yamaphoyisa. Usizo olunezene lweseluleko lisho ukuthi ummeli wakho kumelwe enze ngendlela efanelekile futhi asekele ngokunenkuthalo ngenxa yakho. Ukuba nommeli ubeke imithetho enzima ngenxa yokuthi bangakhipha izicelo, ukunxusa, futhi baqinisekise amalungelo akho ahlonishwa. Abavikeli bomphakathi bavame ukuhlonishwa, kodwa abaqeqeshiwe, kodwa abaqeqeshiwe; ngaphandle kokuqashelwa kwakho.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISiqeshamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa futhi ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo nokungakhethi. “Ijubane” lisho ukuthi isimo asinakulibali ngokungenangqondo ukukuletha ecaleni; ukubambezela ngokweqile kungaholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala. Icala likawonke” liqinisekisa ukubonakala futhi livimbele izenzakalo eziyimfihlo. Icala lisho ukuthi abahluleli abahluleli kumelwe bakhululwe futhi bamelelwe umphakathi. Phakathi kokukhetha kwabahluleli (ukungakhohlisi), zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselelelo ezinokwenzeka zembangela noma ukusebenzisa izimanga zokususa abanye. Icala kumelwe liqhutshwe kahle, umahluleli owe njengelungu lejaji elithatha icala njengelungu lomthetho. Ukuqulwa kumelwe kubonise zonke izici zomthetho. [FOT:] [FK:]

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

Elinye ilungelo leSiqesha - nyakathu yikhono lokubhekana nofakazi abamelene nawe kanye nobufakazi obungakhohliswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wena (noma ummeli wakho) ungabuza ofakazi abagxekayo enkantolo, ubekela ukuthembeka kwabo inselele, futhi ukhombe ukungavumelani. Futhi u-Bhaxanisi u-Claus uvame ukuvala ukusetshenziswa kweheader − izinkulumo ezibhalwe umuntu ongekho ukuze ahlole i-athonsi, ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe okuhlukile. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buvivinywe ngaphansi kwesifungo futhi buncishwa phambi kwabahluleli, kunciphisa ingozi yokuthembela emasimini angathembekile.

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

IsiHluzi sesihlanu senqabela ukuqulwa kabili kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa okungokomthetho noma ukuvunywa kwecala. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba amangalele umuntu ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba azithobe noma athole isiqinisekiso ngemva kokuhluleka kwangaphambili. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayisebenzi kuhulumeni abahlukene (umz., ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni), noma ezicaleni zomphakathi ezibangelwa ukuziphatha okufanayo, ngaphandle kokuba isijeziso sesizwe sinqunywa ngemvelo.

Inqubo Efanele Ezicathulweni Zezigebengu

Inqubo efanelekile, esuswe eMthethweni wesiHlanziso sesihlanu neseshumi nane, ifuna ukuba izinqumo zomthetho zibe ezilungile futhi zilandele imithetho emisiwe. Emthethoni wobugebengu, lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso samacala, ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwakala, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, nelungelo lokungathathi hlangothi. Inqubo efanelekile yangaphambi kweZinqumo zekomiti ilawula futhi ibangela izinqubo ezifana nokubangela ukuzwa, izinqumo zemali, nenqubo enkulu yamajaji (ezehlakalo zikahulumeni). Inqubo efanelekile efanelekile yokunikeza uhulumeni imingcele yekhono lobugebengu eliyisisekelo sokwenza inkululeko yomuntu siqu, njengezinqumo ezijulile. U. U. U.U.U.U.U.U.U. u- Justite of Justicer. ichaza izimfuneko ezifaneleyo ekwenziweni yayo [[FOct: 0]]

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Ecala Lasemphakathini

Izindaba zombango zihilela izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano — ngokuqhathaniswa ngemali, impahla, noma ukukhululeka okungathandeki. Nakuba izigxobo zingezimbi kakhulu kunesijeziso sobugebengu, amalungelo ahilelekile asabalulekile ekuqinisekiseni isinqumo esilungile.

Ukuya KuSue

Noma yimuphi umuntu noma inhlangano eye yalimala ngokomthetho − njengokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, ukucwaswa, noma ukulimala kwempahla − inelungelo lokuletha icala enkantolo yomphakathi. Lelilungelo aliphelele; kumelwe lisekelwe emfundisweni eqanjiwe engokomthetho futhi i-paltiff kumelwe ukuba ime (inxeba eliqinile elibangelwa ummangalelwa). Imithetho yokulinganiselwa iphoqelela ukuba ifakelwe izithuba ezimisiwe. Ilungelo lokukhokhisa icala liyisici esiyinhloko sokufinyelela enkantolo, ukuvumela abantu ukuba bafune imbuyiselo, izivumelwano, noma ukuvala ukuziphatha okulimazayo.

Ilungelo Lokuzwa Izindlebe Ezinhle

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izigaba zinelungelo lokuqulwa ngokungakhethi phambi kwamajaji angakhethi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, futhi ukwenza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. ISichibiyelo seSeventh secala lomthetho siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi lapho imali ephikisanayo idlula ama-R2 (nakuba kuyenzeka, imibuso eminingi iphakamisa lomnyango). Ngisho nasezicaleni zebhentshi (ukwahlulela kuphela), inqubo kumelwe ingabi nabandlululo noma ubandlululo. Imithetho ye-procedial jal jal metal metary metagess (njengelawo abusayo ahlulelwayo, i-kampatho, i-mpatho, kanye nobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba elilinganayo lokuzwakala. Izinqubo zokudlulisa i-jaji.

Ilungelo Lokuthola Lokho

Ukuvubukulwa kuyisici esiyingqayizivele nesinamandla sokuthola incazelo yomphakathi. Kuvumela abachaphazelekayo ukuba bathole ukwaziswa okuhlobene nalokhu phambi kokuqulwa kwecala, bavimbele izimangaliso nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhuthazayo. Izindlela zokuthola izinhlelo zihlanganisa uphendlo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), ukubuza (okanye imibuzo engaphansi kokufushaniswa), izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, nezicelo zokuvunywa. Ububanzi bento etholakalayo bubanzi: noma yiziphi izinto ezingahlobene nento ethile yeqembu noma isivikelo. Nokho, izinkantolo zingalinganisela ukutholwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukunyezwa noma izindleko ezidlulele. Ukutholakala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwakhiwe icala nobufakazi obungase butholakale ezandleni zeqembu eliphikisayo. Ukufushaniswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, bona [FLD] [FL: 0]

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Izimemezelo ezilahlekelwayo ekuqulweni kwecala ngokuvamile zinelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zisekelwe emaphuthani omthetho − hhayi ekungavumelani nemiphumela eyiqiniso yamajaji (ngaphandle kokuba lokho okutholakele kunephutha). I-apulander kumelwe ibhale isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi kwesikhathi esimisiwe futhi inikeze iziqu ezichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yenza iphutha. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ilungise, noma ilungise icala. Ezinye izikhulu zivumele ukudluliswa kwemithetho ethile yesinqumo esithile sangaphambi kwe-triast. Ilungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho angalungiswa futhi umthetho uyaqhubeka.

Izinhlobo Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngokuvamile amacala angaphakathi ahilela ukuzisholo ngaphansi kwemithetho evikela amalungelo athile.

  • Imithetho ephikisanayo: nemithetho kahulumeni inqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, nezinye izici ezivikelekile emsebenzini, endlini, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Izisulu zingamangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo nokukhululeka.
  • [ Imithetho enjengeFair Devort Prevolutions Act, iQiniso kuLight Act, nemithetho ehlukahlukene yokuvikela abathengi inikeza abathengi ilungelo lokumangalela amabhizinisi ngenxa yezenzo ezingalungile.
  • [ Izamalungelo:[ Ibeka izingxabano phezu kobunikazi, imingcele, ukudambisa, kanye nobuhlobo bomnikazi wendlu buxazululwa ngokumangalelwa kwesizwe.
  • [[[IQUTY:0] Imvuthuluka yomuntu siqu (amathoyi): abantu banelungelo lokufuna isinxephezelo ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa ukunganaki kwabanye noma izenzo zenhloso, njengezingozi zemoto, i-sprip-sell, noma ukuhlanjalazwa.
  • [ I-Protract Rights: Izinsuku zingamangalela ukuphoqelela izivumelwano ezibhaliwe noma ezidluliselwa ngomlomo nokubuyisa umonakalo wokwephulwa kwesivumelwano.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nezobugebengu

Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo angokomthetho ahluke ngayo phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekumangalelweni.

Indlela Esiyiyo Lesi Simo

Amacala ezigebengu alethwa uhulumeni (umshushisi) ngokumelene nomuntu ophule umthetho wobugebengu. Umgomo yisijeziso `ukujeziswa'."Inhlawulo, amahlawunhlo, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Amacala angokomthetho aqalwa amalungu azimele (achaza) afuna imbuyiselo noma isenzo esithile, hhayi isijeziso. Nokho, amanye amacala angase ahlanganise isijeziso esiklanyelwe ukujezisa ukuziphatha okungalungile.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Ezimweni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa kumelwe babonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo , indinganiso ecishe ibe khona. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, i-pasttiff kumele ifakazele icala layo ngecala [ lokungaqondi ubufakazi[ (cishe kunezimo, noma, ngokwezimo, ngobufakazi obukholisayo [[]] [[FLT]]]] (ngenxa yokukhohlisa noma ezinye iziphakamiso). Lokhu kuveza izigxaxamathela ezisemthethweni zobugebengu.

Imiphumela

Izinkolelo zobugebengu zingaholela ekulahlekelweni yinkululeko (ijele), ukulahlekelwa amalungelo athile (ukukhipha isibhamu), kanye nomlando wobugebengu obuhlala njalo. Izahlulelo zombango ngokuvamile ziphumela ekulimaleni kwemali noma ekuqondiseni kwenkantolo (ukukhululeka). Ukukhishwa kwenkantolo kungaholela ekuboshweni, kodwa ngokuvamile imiphumela yomphakathi ingeyokwezimali noma elinganayo.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ummeli uma ummangalelwa engenamali. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, alikho ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo leseluleko senkululeko, nakuba kukhona amanye amacala ahilela ukuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali.

Isivikelo Esikabili Sobuhlungu

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu. Umuntu angamangalelwa ngomphakathi ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okwaholela ekubeni isela likhululwe (isimo, iSimpson isigebengu esilahliwe asizange sivimbele ukumangalelwa ngokungafanele kwecala lokufa likahulumeni). Nokho, uma ummangalelwa onecala ebekwe icala, icala lomphakathi elilandelayo lingase lilinganiselwe ngokuvala icala ngokuvala icala kwezinye izindaba.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Nakuba unelungelo lokuzimelela enkantolo (i-pro se), cishe akuhlakaniphile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isimiso somthetho siyinkimbinkimbi, sinemithetho eqinile ecacile, izindinganiso ezicacile, nezandulela. Ummeli onolwazi angahlola icala lakho, aqoqe ubufakazi, izimpikiswano zomthetho zobuciko, ukuxoxa ngalezi zindawo, nokuvikela amalungelo akho kuzo zonke iziteji. Ezimweni zobugebengu, izingozi zokuzimela zona ziphakeme kakhulu: ummangalelwa osebenza njengommeli wabo siqu angase alahle amalungelo noma aphule izimpikiswano ezigxekayo. Emacaleni ezivamile, ngisho nezimpikiswano ezilula zingahilela ukuthatha imigomo enzima, ukusungula, ukufinyelela, nokunxusa. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izimali ezisemthethweni, njengaleyo [[FLD:0] US.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Angokomthetho

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo ezizosetshenziswa ezintshontsheni nasemphakathini:

Uma Umangalelwa Ngobugebengu

  • Hlala uthule futhi ucele ummeli ngokushesha.
  • Ungavumeli ukufuna ngaphandle kwemvume (kukhona izimo ezingaqondile).
  • Yiba khona kuzo zonke izinkantolo; uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, cela umahluleli ukuba amise u - jaji.
  • Landela iseluleko sommeli wakho ngokuphathelene nezicelo nezindlela zokuqulisa icala.
  • Kubhale phansi konke ukuxhumana nabaqaphi bomthetho.

Uma Uphucwa Umthetho Noma Ucatshangelwa

  • Xoxa nommeli ngaphambi kokubhala noma ukusabela esikhalo.
  • Gcina wonke amaphepha abalulekile kanye nokuxhumana (ungabususi ama-imeyili noma ubhubhise ubufakazi).
  • Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinto ozishintshanisa ngakolunye uhlangothi.
  • Sabela ekutholeni izicelo eziyiqiniso nezifike ngesikhathi; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekujezisweni.
  • Uma ungamtholi ummeli, hlola imitholampilo yosizo engokomthetho noma izikhungo zokuzisiza enkantolo yendawo yakini.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo angokomthetho ezinkantolo zomphakathi nezezezigebengu awona awezinto ezingaqondakali − amathuluzi anamandla avikela abantu futhi aqinisekisa isimiso sobulungisa asebenza ngokulunga. Kusukela elungelweni lokuthula nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ezinkantolo zobugebengu, kunelungelo lokuqulwa kanye nelungelo lokuthola icala ezindabeni zomphakathi, lezisivikelo zibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene necala lobugebengu noma ukuxazulula impikiswano yangasese, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho kungenza umehluko phakathi komphumela olungile noyingozi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi funa iseluleko esingokomthetho ngezindaba zakho ezithile, futhi khumbula ukuthi umthetho ukhona ukuze ukhonze wena futhi uvikelwe.