Ziyini Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo?

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uye wasebenza njengencwadi eyisisekelo yomthetho yesizwe kusukela ekushintshweni kwayo ngo-1788, umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni namalungelo ezakhamuzi ayisisekelo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamakhulu amabili, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-7, inqubo ngayinye emelela ukushintshwa kwamabomu komthetho ophakeme wesizwe. Lokhu kulungisa akuzona nje izinguquko zobuchwepheshe; kungokomthetho, okuvumelana ngokomthetho okubonisa izindinganiso ezikhona, izinto eziza kuqala, neziza kuqala, nokuqondana kobulungisa emphakathini waseMelika. Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ilulazazisa ngamabomu, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho womthetho womthetho zingenzeka ngokusekela okusakazeka ezweni lonke. Iziphetho ezingase zingenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezingaphezulu ezikakhulu ezisemhlanganweni noma ngomhlangano wesifunda isifundazwe ngesifunda isifundazwe ngesifunda isifundazwe ngesifunda sombuso.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezigwebo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umlando wokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo uyindaba yokuncintisana kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika nemibono yaso yokusungulwa nokwandisa leyo mibono yokuhlanganisa abantu abengeziwe nokuvikela amalungelo engeziwe. Kusukela ezinsukwini zakudala ze-riphabliki kuya kwamanje, inqubo yokulungisa iye yasetshenziswa ekulungiseni ukungalungi, ukulungisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda uMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba ukuhlenga okuvela emongweni ongokomlando owenziwe ngombhalo kanye nendima yayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zikahulumeni, ezaziwayo njengeSikhathi samalungelo abantu, iNgxenye yemibuso ehlangene, yagunyazwa ngo1791, eminyakeni emithathu nje ngemva kokusebenza koMthetho-sisekelo. Lezizinguquko zaziyimpendulo eqondile ezinkathazweni eziphakanyiswayo phakathi nempikiswano yezikhululo zabalwisi abathenwa yizigebengu abasekelwe ezihlolweni zemibuso ye-Anti-Federalist, ababekhathazekile ngombuso wokuqala owanikezwa iziphakamiso zezivumelwano zesivumelwano nezincwadi zemibuso ehlukene, futhi ababekhathazekile ngokuthi isilinganiso samandla eSimiso sombuso wakhona nezincwadini ezizimele ezizimele, kanti iziphekelwe yinkululeko engekho ngokomthetho ezindaweni zonke ezizimeleyo kanye kanye nezingasombululweni zezingazomuntu. Inkululeko ephambili, uJames Macons Macons Macon, imvume yokuzinye izikhululo enkulu yenkululeko enikezwa yinkululeko ehunyulwayo kanye nenkululeko, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yenkolo ehlangene, imvume yomphakathi (inte, imvume yokudingizwe neya kuhulumeni embubhishisembuluko yomthetho yecala neya embusweni yezikhali neyase

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukunciphisa Inkululeko Nezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, neseshumi nanhlanu, esigunyazwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870, simelela ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu loMthetho-sisekelo kusukela eSikhamu Samalungelo Abantu. Leziziphendu zeSichibiyelo seSiphamiso saguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni, izifundazwe, nezakhamuzi. ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu saqeda ubugqila nokungaboshelwa kwenkululeko eUnited States, ekugcineni igcwalisa isithembiso sokuSimemezelo senkululeko yokuthi bonke abantu badalwa ngenkululeko. ISiphendulo seshumi nanethiwe sasine senzeka ngisho nangokwengeziwe, simisa imvume yobuzibulo, siqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi silindele inqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umuntu ancishwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma imfuyo encishisiwe ngokunciswa yimfuyo embulukweni wesizwe, isilinganiso esilinganayo yonke imibuso yesizwe, isilinganiso senkululeko esingokomthetho somphakathi esiqinile, i-ogcucucucutshelwe yimvume yeze i-ose. ISigeduse.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nezinqumo Zasekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lamashumi Amabili

Emashumini eminyaka angaphambili ekhulu lama-20 kwavela olunye ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, olwalushukunyiswa yiNkathi Yezentengiselwano eqhubekayo ngokonakala kwezombangazwe, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokuguqula izenhlalo. ISichibiyelo seSigamethi (1913) sagunyaza intela kahulumeni, sithathe indawo yesimiso sangaphambili sentela yezikhulu ze-stajistation nentela ekhutshwayo. Lokhu kwakuyindlela eqondile yokusekela izinhlelo ezidingekayo ezidingekayo zokusekela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho. ISinyuko seSinyuko seSinyuko sezwe (1913) sagunyaza ukukhethwa okuqondile kwe-U. S. Abameleli bagunyaza ukuvota okuthandwayo, baqeda isimiso sangaphambili esakhethwa yizibo abahlali bemithetho emisha yombuso. Lokhu kwakuyizinguquko eziqondiswe ngokuqondile ngemibandela engcono kakhulu ngokhetho olukhethekile lomphakathi wezembutho enyukayo. Imvume yokuhweba kwesizwe (19191919) yalesishiya imvume enkulu kakhulu, futhi imvume yesinye sesizwe esingu - sigaba esingu - ngokomthetho.

Izinqumo Zaphakathi Nezanamuhla

Ingxenye esele yekhulu lama-20 yathola ukuncishiswa kwemigomo eyengeziwe ebhekisa phambili izikhankaso zikahulumeni ezithile nenkathi yokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo se- Twentieth (1933) sifushanise inkathi phakathi kokhetho lukaNovember futhi lapho umongameli noMkhandlu uthatha isikhundla, eyaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yokunqunyelwa kwezikhawu ezizimele, isusa izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano kuya ku-January 3 (1961) kanye nenkathi kamongameli we-Sakhilo ku-S. ISimende seSimende esingu-Sinyu kuya ku-20 se-20 se-Sisivulo, lapho i-Rose-Aumendel'ston' i-Aurage (1964) inguquase inguqulwe kakhulu isilinganiso sohlelo lwezinhlalo kumongameli bambalwa kakhulu, i-Hungubokazi be-Hungudensi (2064) futhi incike yabe isilinganiso esincane kakhulu semishini esincane kakhulu sezimiso zezisebenzi zezelelwe isilinganiso sezezinye isikhulu seze

Ukubaluleka KweziNguqulo Zomthetho - sisekelo Embusweni WaseMelika Wentando Yeningi

Izinguquko ze-Constitution zingaphezulu kakhulu kokulungisa okungokomthetho; zimelela ukuxoxa okuphilayo phakathi kwezizukulwane zamaMelika ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, inkululeko, nokubusa. Inqubo yokulungisa yaklanywa yi-Daiated statings ukuba kube nzima kodwa okungenzeka, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungaguquka ngenkathi uhlala uqinile. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kokuzinza nokuzivumelanisa kungezinye zezici ezingcono kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo, futhi ukulungisa kuyinqubo okugcinwa ngayo lokhu kulinganisela. Ukubaluleka komthetho-andementmentments kungaqondwa kahle kakhulu ngemiphumela yabo emibalweni eminingana eyinhloko yokuphila nokubusayo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nabantu Ngabo Bonke

Indima ebonakala kakhulu negujwa kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kusukela ekuqinisekisweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma nenkolo kuya ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola nokuquleka okungenangqondo, nakukukunqanda kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu ukunqatshelwa kobugqizimva beSichibiyelo somthetho weSichibiyelo seshumi nambili, ukunqatshelwa kwesiqinisekiso sokuvikela kwabesifazane, ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nomthetho oweqikeleli nombuso. Lezi zisivikelo asizona nje izimiso ezithathelwanayo; ziye zaqondisa, izimpawu eziwusizo zokuphila kwansuku zonke kweMelika wonke. ISichibiyelo seGajimezi sezelo seSiphakamende seNkatho, ngokwesibonelo, siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo esingoko lwezinsikayo yonke isikole esigcina isikole, isiqinisekiso sokuvikela amalungelo emishayo, ukulingana kwemishaniso yemishaniso yemindezo yemindezo yemibili. Ngaphandle kwenqubo yemithetho yesizwe, kungenzeka ukuba inqubo yesizwe, ihlelwe

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uye wasuka ezomnotho zezentengiselwano zaseMelika waya embonini yezezimboni futhi manje waya embonini yolwazi lwezinombolo, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wadinga ukuvumelana namaqiniso amasha. Ukugunyazwa kweSichibiyelo sesithupha sentela yeholo kwasiza uhulumeni ukuba asekele izinhlelo zokusingatha izinselele zezomnotho zanamuhla, kuhlanganise neNyuselo ye-Medicara, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, nokutshala izimali. Ilungiselelo leSimemezelo seSinyunde seSinyuzi seSinyuzi seNguquko sokukhetha ngokuqondile sabasekeli sezentengiselwano liphendule inkohlakalo nethonya lezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. ISishaya-20-Sixtix - Swex Pheletimezini lokunciphiliza iqaphela indima eshintshayo yentsha emphakathini. Uhulumeni ngamunye walethwa ukulondoloza inqubo esemthethweni womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womhlaba wonke.

Isikhuthazo Sesikhathi Sokuhlanganyela Kwesigqi Nengxoxo Yomphakathi

Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile womphakathi ngokufuna ukuba kube nengxoxo yomphakathi nokuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo sisebenze. Uma ukuhlelwa kwenqubo kuhamba ngeKhomishane futhi kungene enqubweni yombuso, kwakha ingxoxo yasobala eqhubekayo ngemibuzo eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Le mpikiswano ifundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo azo nangesimo sikahulumeni wabo, ikhuthaza ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi, kanye namabutho akhetha abameleli ukuba bathathe izikhundla eziqondisweni ezicacile ezimthethweni ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane bakha umkhankaso wemfundo yomphakathi othatha amashumi eminyaka, ukunxusa, nokubhikisha okugcina kuphumele ekushisweni kwesigaba se-19797. Inqubo yokulawula umthetho wezomthetho wentando yentando yeningi, ifeza isikole sokufundisa kokubili izakhamuzi zezentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuqinisa Ukuqina Nokuqina Kukahulumeni

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zaklanyelwa ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile phakathi kohlu lukahulumeni, izinqubo zokukhetha, kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha. ISichibiyelo seTwelfth sakha inqubo yokhetho lukamongameli ngemva kophawulo luka-1800 lwasekholiji oluwujuqu lwabangela inkinga yomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo se-1970th sasusa inkathi ende enqubelene phakathi kokhetho kanye nokuqala kwemishosho emisha, ukunciphisa amathuba ezikhulu eziphumayo ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokulandisa. ISichibiyelo se-Fonda esingu-205 seSishaya - sanikeza izinqubo ezicacile ze-presidential Inclationss ne-presidential, siqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke sibe namandla phezu kwegatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuncitshiswa kwamandla akumelwe kubangele ukujabula okunyelwa obala ngokwabantu ngabanye, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kohulumeni baseMelika.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Naphezu kwezindlela eziningi ezinhle, inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ihlela futhi inemingcele ephawulekayo futhi inikeza izinselele eziqhubekayo ze-demokrasi yaseMelika. Ukuhlelwa kwezindlela eziphezulu kokubili ukusikisela nokulungisa inqubo okuhlongozwayo kusho ukuthi isiqephu esincane kuphela sezinhlelo ezihlongozwayo eziye zaphumelela, futhi le nqubo ingathatha iminyaka noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka. Le nqubo iklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo, kodwa ingayibhuntshisa imizamo yokuxazulula izinkinga zezehlakaniphisa. Inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-kamende kanye nezingxenye ezintathu zamazwe, okusho ukuthi ukuqedwa kwezihloko ezididalwa kwemikhankambiso yeze, ukulawula izibhamu, ukukhishwa kwezisu, noma imfihlolo yezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingekho ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba ingenza ngisho nokushintsha okukhulu kwendlela yokubusa kwendlela yomthetho omkhulu kakhulu.

Izinqumo Eziyehluleka Nebhizinisi Elingacimeki

Umlando wokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ukwehluleka okuningi kunempumelelo, futhi lezi ziphakamiso ezihlulekile zisitshela okuningi ngezindinganiso zaseMelika kanye nezinguquko zezombangazwe eziphumelelayo. ISiphendu se-Unimetic Rights, esasiyoqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo abesifazane, sahlongozwa ngo-1971 futhi sagunyazwa ngokushesha izifundazwe ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba kubekelwe imibandela emithathu nje edingekayo, futhi lemigomo ehlukene ephakathi kwezingalinganiyo ngobukhulu bemisebenzi yezesilisa ubulili kanye nemithetho engokwezombangazwe eqhubeka nokuncintisana kwezombangazwe. Ezinye izicelo eziphawulekayo zaziyo zihlanganisa ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi yabantwana, ukunikeza izifunda zeSithini saseColini saseColimpire, ukudinga imali elinganiselwe elinganiselwe, nokulinganisela kwemibandela efunwa amalungu eMhlanganweni weSikhundleni. Impikiswano eqhubekayo idinga ukumiswa kwezindaba zokukhokhela izikhulu zezentengosi, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho yezezombangazwe, ngezinye izikhathi, iyaqhubeka njalo ukuthi, inqubo yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho engokomthetho elawulayo iyaqhubeka iyaqhubeka iveza ukuthi, iyaqhubeka njalo njalo, iyaqhubeka inikeza ukuthi,

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ezingu-7 ezisemthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States zimelela izinguquko zeNkathi Yezinguquko zezombangazwe nezezomnotho ezingaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka emlandweni waseMelika, nezindinganiso. Ushintsho ngalunye lulandisa indaba yokulwa, ukuyekethisa, nentuthuko, kusukela kuSivikelo samalungelo ombuso wenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuya eSikhungweni sikahulumeni kuya eSikhungweni seSikhungweni sokubuyisela ubukhosi baseMelika futhi uguqukeke ubukhosi besizwe, kusukela ekuthuthukiseni kweNkaTshazinzo lwezombangazwe nezomnotho kuya ekuthuthukiseni isimiso somthetho wezomthetho wentando yeningi sanamuhla kuya ekuthatheni isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lokhu kunciphelo nohlelo lwezimo ngokomthetho womthetho womthetho wezwelo lwezwelo lwezwe, kokubili ekushintsheni kwesimiso esisekelwe ekushintsheni kwesimiso somthetho wentando yentando yeningi nesemuva. Abafundisi, ngokufanayo, inqubo yezemfundo yezemfundo yemithetho ebumbene, futhi isayensi yezengamele iqhubeke yengxoxo yeze-Melika.