Isingeniso: INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yamalungelo Amalungelo Omphakathi AseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, njengoba wagunyazwa ngo-1788, wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zamalungelo omphakathi. Kwadingeka iMpi Yombango echitha igazi elikhulu, ikhulu leminyaka lesiyaluyalu sezenhlalo, kanye nokudlondlobala okungapheli kwezishisekeli ezingenakubalwa ukuze kushintshwe ibhuloho lesizwe libe yisici senkululeko nesilinganiso sangempela somuntu siqu. Amalungelo omphakathi ancishiselwa kuMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nomthetho owenziwe ngokuguqula umthetho, kuye kwaguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo ngokundisa izakhamuzi ngokwenda, kuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, kususa ubugqila babantu, futhi kuvikela zonke izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingowesizwe, ubulili, noma isimo sezomnotho.

Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Bakha isisekelo esingokomthetho lapho wonke amalungelo omphakathi anamuhla akhelwa khona, kusukela esikoleni kuya ekuhlanganeni kwemvume yomshado kuya ekuvoteni. Lokhu kuhlola ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo okuyinhloko okuchaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi e-United States, ukuhlola amalungiselelo awo, umongo wawo ongokomlando, kanye nethonya lawo elihlala njalo ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Silandelela le nguquko kusukela ekuqedweni kobugqila ngo-1865 kuya ekukhuleni kwamalungelo okungokomthetho wokuvota kuma 1970, futhi sihlole umthetho wezwe ochaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi eUnited States, ukucwaninga ngamalungiselelo awo, ukulandisa kwawo okungokomlando, kanye nethonya kwawo okuhlala njalo ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Silandele le nguquko kusukela ekuncikelweni kobugqilaywayo kwezenzo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho - ngokomthetho.

Isichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuqedwa Kobugqila Nokungabuthandi Ukuzithandela

Ngo - December 6, 1865, iSichibiyelo se - 13 siwushintsho olulodwa olushintshela kuMthetho - sisekelo emlandweni waseMelika.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • [ Ukuqeda ubugqila [ kulo lonke elase-United States namasimu alo.
  • [ Isiqinisekiso sokuvala ukugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo[[QUL:1], ngaphandle njengesijeziso sobugebengu obulandela inqubo efanele.
  • [ Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho [ anikezwa ukumisa umthetho ofanele.

Ulimi lwenguquko lwalufinyele kodwa luguqukile. Ingxenye 1 imane ithi, "Abukho ubugqila noma ubugqila obungahlosiwe, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu obuzobe bubekwe icala, kuyakuba khona e-United States, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwegunya layo." Lesi sigwebo esisodwa sakhulula cishe izigidi ezine zama-Afrika aseMelika agqilaziwe futhi salahla isimiso somthetho esasiphathe abantu njengempahla.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo se-13 sasingesona ikhambi eliphelele. "ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu" izigaba zaveza igebe elibalulekile. Emkhawulweni weMpi Yombango, izifunda eziningi zaseNingizimu zamisa "Imithetho Emnyama" futhi kamuva "Jim Crow" imithetho eyathi yaphula amacala amancane futhi yaqasha abantu ababoshelwe ukulima, izimayini, kanye nezimboni ngokufaka isigwebo sokukhulula izinhlelo zezinhlelo. Lesimiso sathuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo uhlobo lwemisebenzi ephoqeshiwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka, ithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa amadoda aseMelika. Njengoba i- ibone ukuthi izinqolobane zezindawo zesizwe zikhona [[, ukugcinwa komthetho wokugcinwa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-OvilivFom', eyayifuna ukumelana nemithetho eqinile neya i-Blase-Blalption.

Umlando Nefa

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 sasiwumphumela wokulawula okukhulu kwezombangazwe phakathi nezinyanga zokugcina zeMpi Yombango. UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wayekhiphe i-Emancip Proclation ngo-1863, kodwa leso kwakuyisilinganiso sempi esasisebenza kuphela ezindaweni ngokuvukela futhi sasinomthetho-sisekelo ongakholeki. Ukulungisa kwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwezwe kuyoba okuhlala njalo futhi kuphele ezweni lonke. Kwadlula iSigele sangoApril 1864, kodwa kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima eNdlukeni kwaze kwaba sesiphelo sempi sikaLincoln sathola imvume yaso ngoJanuwari 1865. Ukuphela kwendlela yokungena kwempi kwaso ngonyaka ka-December.

Inguquko yabeka isisekelo esingokomthetho sazo zombili iziHlanziso ze - 14 ne - 15 futhi iye yacashunwa emacaleni eNkantolo yanamuhla ehilela ukugqilazwa ngokuzithandela emongweni osukela ekuboshweni kwezakhamuzi kuya ekugqilazweni ejele. Ifa layo liyinkimbinkimbi: kokubili kwafinyelela umgomo oyinhloko wokuthumba okungokomthetho futhi kwakha uhlelo lwesimiso sokuthumba abantu abaningi abasekela amalungelo omphakathi esiqhubeka sisusa futhi sixhaphaza imiphakathi ephazanyiswayo.

ISichibiyelo Se - 14: Ukuba Izakhamuzi, Ukuvikelwa Okulinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

I-ratived ngo-July 9, 1868, iSichibiyelo se-14 sibhekwa kabanzi njengesimo esiwumthelela omkhulu kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Sayford isinqumo esinesisekelo esiyisisekelo sawo wonke amalungelo omphakathi anamuhla.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • .Citinship Claus : Bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abakhishwe ngokwemvelo e-United States bayizakhamuzi zase-United States nasezweni abahlala kulo.
  • Ukuvikela u-Claus : Akukho mbuso ongaphika noma ubani ongaphansi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.
  • I-guerough Trough Process Claus: Akukho simo esingancisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.
  • [ Privileges noma ama-inmmunitunie Claus : Amazwe angase angawagodli amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-U.S.
  • [ Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho [ nokuncishiswa kwezimpawu zezwe eliphika amalungelo okuvota.

Ukuvikelwa KukaClaus Okulinganayo Okusebenzayo

I - Foundation Claus inguMkhandlu olinganayo wempi ephakathi yamalungelo omphakathi e-United States. Endabeni ephawuliwe ngo- 1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikeli sika Claus, ukugumbula "silinganisweni kodwa silingana" imfundiso esungulwe Prevel v. Ferguson (1996]. [[FL:]] Imilando yezekelelwa yesizwe] izinqolobane zezikole zezincwadi zomphakathi [] eyathiwe isinqumo esivumelanayo sithi izakhiwo zokufundisa zilingana, zikhonza njengezentelo yenhlangano yenkululeko yomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi.

U- u-Boren[[FLT:] usungulwe ngokuhlelwa kwezimiso zocansi ngokwezitho zocansi, u- u-Reed [771] kanye ne-[FLT] Craig v. Boren[ [197], eyamisa izinga lokuhlola eliphakathi kokuhlelwa kwezimiso zobulili. Muva nje, [[FLT:] [4] . Hodges v. [20], iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi i-Cexlimate Program Claus, iqinisekisa imibhangqwana efanayo-ex - elungele ukushada. Ukungaculisana kusetshenziswa ekubekeni inselweni kobuhlanga, abantwana abafoben, ezinye, futhi ezifundeni, ngokwezinsukculo, futhi ezithi.

Inqubo KaClaus Nokuhlobanisa Okufanele

I-Gast Process Claus ichazwe njengenhlanganise kokubili isivikelo sobuprocebral (izaziso, izinkantolo ezingakhethi) kanye nezivikelelo ezingaphansi (amalungelo enkolo angadweliswanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni). Ngemfundiso ye ekhetha ukuhlanganiswa , iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iSimemezelo seSimemezelo se-14 seSimemezelo soMklamo uClauske ukusebenzisa eziningi zeMiciso Yamalungelo ezindaweni, isivikelo sikahulumeni esanda ngokuphawulekayo senkululeko ngayinye.

Lokhu kuye kwaba indlela yokusebenzisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, nelungelo lokwelulekwa kuye kwasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imibuso nohulumeni bendawo. Ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo Se - 14 imibuso ibiyokhululeka ukuba ingayinaki ngokuphelele i - Bill of Rights.

ISichibiyelo Se - 15: Ukukhipha Inkululeko Yamalungelo Nokulingana Kohlanga Ebhokisini Lebhola

Ngo - February 3, 1870, iSichibiyelo se - 15 sasiyiSichibiyelo sesithathu seZichibiyelo Zokulungisa futhi sasifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amadoda aseMelika aseAfrika angahlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • Isiqinisekiso sokungavumelani nobandlululo lokuvota kwezinhlanga[: Ilungelo lokuvota ngeke linqatshwe noma livalwe ngenxa yobuzwe, umbala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili.
  • [ Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho [ ukumisa umthetho ofanele.

Ukulwela Ukuphoqelelwa

Naphezu kokucaca kolimi lwayo, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sagwenywa ngokulandela ukuhlaziywa kwaso cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Izifunda zaseNingizimu zasebenzisa uhide lwamasu okuhlukanisa, kuhlanganise nolwesibhadaba (ngokuvamile] (okuthi kusetshenziswe izimpawu zokukhipha amaBlack movents), [FLT:] izintela [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [i-athinta kakhulu ama-Aftkemin ampofu aseAfrika), ukthombo olukhulu [[FLT] [oct:5] (okuthiwakuhlupha labo okhokhokho babo ababeboshe impi yombawombangokwase), kanye [[FLD]] nama-SPromethisting ahlukene ahlukene e-Ediction. .

Ubudlova nokwesatshiswa, kuhlanganise nokulunywa kwe-Ku Klux Klan, kwacindezela futhi ukubhaliswa kwevoti yabamnyama nokuphuma. INkantolo Ephakeme, ezicabeni ezinjenge United States v. Cruikshank [1876] kanye [FLT] ne Geles v. Harris[[ [1903], ichaza amandla kahulumeni kancane ukuphoqesha imvume yokuphoqelela ukubuyisela inguquko, ishiya ukuphoqeqeshelwa kohulumeni abanoshelwa ubandlululo.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

ISichibiyelo se-15 ekugcineni sathola amandla angempela ngeVoing Rights Act ka-65 (VRA), i-Congress eyayilawula ngaphansi kwegunya layo lokugunyaza. Umnyango we VRA wenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, ukuhlola kokufunda nokuvimbela ukubhalisa nezinye izinqubo zokukhipha umlomo, futhi wadinga amagunya alawulayo nomlando wokukhetha ukuze uthole ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-ovential ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. [[FLT:]U.S. Umnyango wobulungisa uphawula ukuthi loMthetho ubhekwa njengenye yezingxenye eziphumelela kakhulu zemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi eyake yamiswa. Ezinyangeni ezithile, amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zabamnyama ezibhaliswe ekuvoteni.

Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 [i-Shelby County v. Hoder saqeda inqubo yokuhlanganisa imfuneko yangaphambi kokumiswa kwe-VRA. Kusukela ngaleso sinqumo, amazwe amaningana aye amisa imingcele emisha yokuvota ethinta abavoti abambalwa, ebonisa ukuthi umzabalazo wokuqaphela isithembiso seSichibiyelo se-15 usaqhubeka nanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19: Ukuhlasela Kwabesifazane Nokwanda Kwentando Yeningi

Iqiniswe ngoAugust 18, 1920, iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 saphetha umzabalazo wamashumi eminyaka wenhlangano yabesifazane yokuzifunela amalungelo okuvotela abesifazane. Simelela ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwamalungelo okuvota emlandweni waseMelika futhi ngokuyisisekelo saguqula isimo sentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • Ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota: Ilungelo lokuvota alisoze laphiwa noma lavinjelwa ngenxa yobulili.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla e-'FT'.'.

Inhlangano Ehlaselayo

Umzabalazo wokuthungatha abesifazane waqala ngentshiseko eSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848, ehlelwe nguElizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mott. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-70, ababhali bezincwadi basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganise nezishaya umthetho ezikhuthaza izishaya - mthetho, ukuphishekela amacala enkantolo, ukuhlela imibhikisho yomphakathi, futhi, ngaphansi komholi ka-Alice Paul no-National Women’s Party, behlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokulwa ngempi kuhlanganise nokuthatha iNdluthu i-White House kanye nokushaya indlala.

Inqubo yokucwilisela ngokwayo yayiyidrama yezombangazwe ehlotshaniswa nezipikili. Ukulungisa kwadlula iNdlu ngoMay 1919 neSigele ngoJune 1919, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba kuthathwe amazwe angu-36 ezwe ngalesosikhathi-48 ukuze athathe i-ravise. NgoAugust 1920, iTennessee yaba umbuso ophethe wama-36, lapho kuvota kwehlela kummeleli kazwelo-oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala uHarry Burn, owashintsha ukuvota kwakhe ngemva kokwamukela incwadi evela kunina emnxusa ukuba asekele le nguquko.

Imiphumela Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

ISichibiyelo sekhulu lekhulu saphindeka kabili ukuvota futhi saholela ekukhethweni kwabesifazane bokuqala ezindlini zombuso.

Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba futhi isisekelo sokulingana kwabobulili obubanzi ngaphansi kwe - Exlumence Protection Clause, kusiza ekugumbuleni imithetho yobandlululo emsebenzini, emfundweni, nasezindaweni zomphakathi zokuhlala.

ISichibiyelo Se - 24: Ukulahlwa Kwentela Yempova

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se - 15 sasinqabele ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, intela yokuvota yaqhubeka ingokomthetho ezizweni eziningi njengemfuneko yokungathathi hlangothi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa yokuba abavoti abampofu abampofu, kuhlanganise nabase - Afrika abaningi, kuhlanganise nabamhlophe abaningi abavoti abampofu.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • Isivumelwano sokukhokha izintela zokuvota: Ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni akumelwe ligunyazwe ekukhokheleni intela yokuvota noma enye intela.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla e-'FT'.'.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwe-ratiation, izifundazwe ezinhlanu kuphela (Alatima, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia) ezase ziyilondolozile intela yokuvota. Nokho, lezo mibuso yayisebenzisa intela ngokuphumelelayo ukukhipha ingxenye enkulu ye-votentium. ISichithi sama-24 seSichibiyelo sasebenza kuphela kukhetho lukahulumeni. Harper v. iVirginia Board of Evolutions [196], iNkanto ephakeme yandisa imvume yokuvota, intela yokuvota i-state i-state intengo elinganayo yeSivikeli sika-Excense se-14. Lokhu kuvikelwa okuqondile kweSimemezelo seSichithi se-Prence ye-24 sezentempliye-Prence kwabonisa ukuthi izivumelwano eziningi ze-Genesholsethi ye-Privement ingu-14 zisebenza ndawonye.

ISichibiyelo Se - 26: Ukwehlisa Inkathi Yokushibilika Kube Yiminyaka Engu - 18

ISichibiyelo sama - 26 sagunyazwa ngo - July 1, 1971, safinyelela izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engu - 18 nangaphezulu.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko

  • Ukuvota kubekwa ebudaleni obungu-18: Ilungelo lokuvota alisoze lancishwa ngenxa yobudala bezakhamuzi iminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla e-'FT'.'.

“Omdala Owanele Ukulwa, Omdala Owanele Ukuzwa Impikiswano ”

Ukulungiswa kwaba umphumela oqondile wenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam. Izigidi zezinsizwa zazibuthelwa ukuba zikhonze empini lapho zineminyaka engu-18 ubudala, kodwa zazingenakukwazi ukuvotela abaholi abenza izinqumo ngempi nokuthula. Isiqubulo esithi "Omdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba alwe, omdala ngokwanele ukuba alwe" wathatha amandla okuziphatha empi. Imizamo yangaphambili yokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota yayenzelwa isilinganiso sikahulumeni, ngempumelelo ethile, kodwa ukunwetshwa kwe-1970 kwamalungelo e-Voting Act kwazama ukumisa iminyaka yokuvota yesizwe ye 18, kuphela ukuba neNkantolo Ephakeme ithathe umthetho [[FL:0] owe-ogon. . UMitchells[[FLD:] [F1] [70]) leyo eyayingahlela iminyaka ye-ostation kodwa engekhona ukuvota kwezwe noma ukuvota.

Isivumelwano sonyaka esihlukene sokuvota seminyaka ehlukene yokukhetha sasingasebenzi. ISishaya - mthetho sasabela ngokumisa iSichibiyelo sama-26, esasusa yonke imingcele esekelwe ebudalani yabavoti 18 nangaphezulu kuzo zonke izinqumo. Inguquko yanikeza intsha elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-11 futhi iye yaba indaba yempikiswano engaguquki ngokuphathelene nomvoti, ukuthembisa kwezombangazwe, nendima yentsha ezinqubweni zentando yeningi.

Ngaphandle Kwezinqumo: Umthetho Oshintsha Amalungelo Omphakathi

Nakuba izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zinikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho, ngokuvamile ziye zafuna ukuba kumiswe umthetho ukuze uphumelele. Kuye kwadingeka imithetho eminingana ewuphawu lwemithetho ukuze kuguqulwe isithembiso sokubuyiselwa kube yinto engokoqobo ezakhamuzini zaseMelika.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 iwumthetho wesizwe ogcwele kakhulu kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha. Wadlula phakathi nokuphatha kukaMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson nangemva komphathi wesigebengu eside eSigeqeni, uMthetho uwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe ezindaweni eziningi. Izihloko zawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isihloko I: saveza ukungalingani kokusetshenziswa kwezimfuneko zokubhalisa (kwakhiwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu).
  • [ Isihloko II: ubandlululo lwabonakala ezindaweni zomphakathi njengehhotela, izindawo zokudlela, nezindawo zokubukisa (ezibekwe emandleni ezentengiselwano ze 14).
  • Title III: Umbuso owenziwe uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bendawo banqabela ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekucwaseni (iSichibiyelo).
  • Isihloko seIV: yagunyaza ukususwa kwezikole zomphakathi (ukuhlelwa Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo)).
  • [ Isihloko VI: ubandlululo lwavezwa ngezinhlelo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni.
  • Isihloko VII: ubandlululo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma ubuzwe futhi yamisa i-Ecomime Obportunity Commission (EOC).

ISihlokwana soMthetho VII siye saba isisekelo somthetho omkhulu wokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili, ukucwaswa kwabantwana, futhi, ngemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva, ubandlululo olusekelwe ekufunekeni kobulili nasobulilini (Bostock v. Clayton County, 2020]).

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngeSichibiyelo se-15, i-VRA ka-1965 yanikeza izimiso zokuqinisekisa ezazingekho iSichibiyelo se-15. Sayekisa ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala nezinye izinhlolo zokuhlola, izihloli zikahulumeni ezigunyaziwe ukuba zibhalise abavoti eziphethe, futhi kwadingeka ukuba uhulumeni ushintshe uhulumeni ekukhetheni kwezinguquko ezisezikhundleni zomthetho wokhetho nomlando wokucwaswa. I-Act yaveza imiphumela ephawulekayo: ngo-1968, ukubhalisa kwabankungumla eMississippippispe kwase kunyuke ngaphansi kwe 7% ngo-19649 kuya ku-99.

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

Idluliswa ngemva kokubulawa kukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr., uMthetho weFair Howar Act (Umthetho VIII we-Civil Rights Act ka-1968) wenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo ekuthengisweni, ekuqashweni, nasekuxhaseni izindlu ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ebala, enkolweni, ebuhlotsheni, ebulilini, nasekumeni okulandelayo, ukukhubazeka, nokuma kobulili. I-Act yakhuluma ngesimiso esiqinile sezindlu zokuhlala ezisekelwe yizimiso zikahulumeni, ukucwasana, ukucwasana ngokwezibo. Iye yaba ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuseleleni, ukuqondisa, neminye imikhuba yokuhlukanisa izigwebo, nakuba ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo kuseyimpikiswano ezindaweni eziningi zaseMelika.

Ukulwelwa Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nokwethembeka Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi okuxoxwe ngakho kulesi sihloko kumelela izibopho zomthetho-sisekelo zokulingana nenkululeko esaphikiswa futhi ifezeke. Isithembiso seSichibiyelo sekhulu se-13 senkululeko sibekelwe inselele yisimiso sokubopha abantu abaningi nezindlela zanamuhla zokusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi. Isiqinisekiso seSiphendu se 14 sesivikelo esifanayo sivivinywa yimpikiswano yokuvuma, amalungelo okuvota, kanye nokufuduka. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhla mahlanu nakweshumi nanye sibhekene nezimpi eziqhubekayo ezilwiwa phezu kwemithetho ye-ovoti, i-gerryderning, nokungena ebhokisini lokuvota.

Okufanayo ngalezi zinguquko ukuthi ziyimilungiselelo yokwephula ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zifune amalungelo azo. Zinika uKhongolo kanye nezinkantolo amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nobandlululo olusha abakhi bokulungiswa okungenakufakelwa kusengaphambili. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, kanye ne-Fair Hospital Act ka-1968 zonke zibonisa indlela ukuthatha inqubo yomthetho womthetho wokulawula okungafaka ngayo ukuphila embhalweni wemithetho-mthetho.

Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko akukona nje ukwazi umlando. Kuphathelene nokuqaphela amathuluzi angokomthetho akhona okuqhubekela phambili umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi onobulungisa nolunga. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sinqume ukuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 "ukuvikela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho" sidingani ngesikhathi saso. Njengoba izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziqhubeka zihlela injongo yala malungiselelo, futhi njengeSishaya-mthetho nesizwe ukumisa imithetho emisha ngaphansi kwegunya labo lokugcinwa kwemithetho, amalungelo omphakathi ahlala eyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso sokulingana sisebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Izivumelwano eziqhubekayo zokuvota zezentengo zomthetho, ukulingana kwezomnotho, ukulingana kwezizwe, i-LBTQ, kanye nelungelo labantu lokukhubazeka kwabo bonke kuchazwa engokomthetho kulo ngokomthetho, i-Gcomistrune, i-Constitudels ngokomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owembutho, iyakuqinisekiswa ngenxa yezimiso ezingokomthetho waso sonke sombuso, kodwa akuwona ezisekelwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi isizukulwane siyaqhubeka ngokusebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza ngoku