Ukubusa okusemthethweni kuwumqondo oyisisekelo olawula indlela imiphakathi esebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nezinhlangano zayo ezibusayo. Ekujuleni kwayo, ukufaneleka kubhekisela elungelweni lendikimba ebusayo lokubusa nokwamukela lelolungelo ngokulawulwa. Lokhu kwamukelwa akuwona nje ongenzi lutho; kuyisimiso senkolelo esisebenzayo esisekela ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, ukuvumelana okungokomthetho, nokuzinziwa kwezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokusemthethweni, ngisho nokubekwa kahle kwezimiso zomthetho nezimiso okungcono kakhulu kubhekiselwe phambili, ukuneliswa, futhi ekugcineni kwehluleka. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo esinemikha ezindaweni eziningi zobuninimandla ebukhosini, ukubaluleka kwaso okungokongalawuleka, imiphumela engokokungabikho kwayo, nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuyisekela. Ukuqonda inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana nokuchuma, izakhamuzi, ukuphumelela kwezentengo yomphakathi, ukukhula kwayo, imiphumela ewumphumela yokungabikho, kanye neyo.

IZisekelo Zobufundisi

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani kunezici ezibaluleke kakhulu, kuyasiza ukuhlola kuqala izisekelo zayo eziyisisekelo ezicatshangelwayo. Umqondo uye wahlolwa kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Isazi sezenhlalo saseJalimane uMax Weber wanikeza esinye sezici ezinamandla ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu ezifanele zegunya elingokomthetho: elingokwesiko, elinamandla angokwemvelo, nelingokomthetho. Igunya lendabuko lisekelwe emasikweni athathelwe ifa nezakhiwo zamandla, njengenkosi noma izikhulu zezizwe. Igunya lomuntu lithola ezimfanelwe yimfanelo ezikhethekile zomholi − qhawe abo, umbono, noma ubungcwele obubhekwa ngabalandeli abaqashelwayo. (asebusweni obungokomthetho, ukuthatha igunya eliyinhloko ezizweni zanamuhla, lisekelwe esimisweni semithetho engekho somthetho nezimiso ezilawula kakhulu.) kodwa, ngaphansi kokulawula okungokomthetho (intengok.) kodwa, izici zezezezezeze zezombangazwe. (i.).

Esinye isici esiyinhloko sokucabanga, Jürgen Habbermas, sandiswa ngokusemthethweni ngokugcizelela indima yokuxhumana nenkulumo yasobala. KuHabermas, ukuqashelwa akunakubekwa phezulu; kumelwe kukhiqizwe ngokuvula, ngokungenamdlandla, nangokuzindla phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Lomqondo uhlobana ngokuqondile nenqubo yentando yeningi, yokwenza izimiso ezihlukene, kanye nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Uhulumeni ongafuni ukuhileleka engxoxweni eqotho nabantu bawo siqu. Lemibono ecatshangelwayo igcizelela ukuthi ukwahlulela okungakona nje okusemthethweni, noma ukhetho; kuyinto engokwenhlalisayo engokwenhlalo nomqondo okumelwe ihlaziswe kakhulu.

Kuyisayensi yanamuhla yezombangazwe, ukuqapha kuvame ukulinganiswa ngokuhlola kombono womphakathi, ukuthemba ama-digist, kanye nokulawula izikhombo. I-World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Divitiess (WGI), ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa isilinganiso “igama nokulandisa” okuthatha ukuqonda kokuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekukhetheni uhulumeni wazo, kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuhlangana, nokunyathelisa. Lemigomo inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kokuqhathanisa ukwethembeka nakushintsha amazwe nokulandela izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. IBhangendlela yokulawula yezwe

Imithombo Yomthetho: Ngalé Kohlobo Lwe - Classical Types

Njengoba sakhiwa nge - Weber’s typology edumile, izazi ezibusayo zangalesosikhathi ziye zathola eminye imithombo ewusizo echaza indlela okufaneleka ngayo nokusekelwa ngayo emiphakathini yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukufaneleka akukona okukodwa; kungatholakala emithonjeni eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukuba Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

Umthetho osemthethweni wentando yeningi usekelwe ekuvumeni kokubuswa, okuvame ukuvezwa ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho. Uma izakhamuzi zinethuba lokuvotela abameleli bazo futhi zibone ukukhetha kwazo kuboniswa kuhulumeni, cishe ziyobona isimiso njengesasemthethweni. Nokho, ukuvotelwa komthetho womthetho womthetho wodwa akwanele. Kufanele kuhambisane nesivikelo samalungelo amancane, umshini okhululekile, nezindlela zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe. Amazwe amaningi athatha ukhetho kodwa antula izinhlangano zentando yeningi, eziholela ekutheni “intando yeningi yentando yeningi” lapho ingujuqu lapho umsebenzi wezizwe ezimele ukubusa. [FLT]] uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe njengensika ye-omkhampatho.

Ukuba Isekela Lemithetho Esebenzayo

Ukugunyazwa kwemisebenzi kubhekisela ekhonweni likahulumeni lokunikeza izakhamuzi zakhe imiphumela esobala: ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukulondeka komphakathi, izakhiwo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo. Loluhlobo lobugunya lubaluleke kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka lapho amandla ombuso elinganiselwe khona. Uhulumeni ohluleka njalo ukunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo − noma ophatha kabi izinkinga ezinjengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izifo eziwubhadane − ngokuphazima kweso ulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Umthetho ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi “ukufaneleka,” ngokungafani“ nokufaneleka okungalawuleki” okugxile ezinqunyweni zentando yeningi. Zombili ziyagxeka; uhulumeni owedemokhrasi owe-demoriyo kodwa ongaphumeleli kakhulu ungalahlekelwa ilungelo lokungalawule uma ungenakuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo.

Isimiso Sobufundisi Nesokubusa Kwama - Bureaucracy

Ukuba umbhali kubuye kutholakale futhi ekuqondeni kwezinqubo zikahulumeni. Uma imithetho yenziwa ngokuzinqumela, ngokungazifuni, nangokungaziphathi izinqubo ezivulekile, phela kunamathuba okufakwa komphakathi nokubukezwa kokwahlulela, "abakwa-zimboni basengozini kakhulu ukwamukela imiphumela, ngisho noma bengavumelani nezinqumo eziqondile. Lokhu kungenza ukuba izinkantolo ezizimele, izinhlangano ezimelene nezentengiselwano, kanye nokufaneleka kwenkonzo yomphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni ukufaneleka.

Ukuphamba Nomthetho Ongokwesiko

Nakuba ingekho imibuso yanamuhla evelele kakhulu ezifundazweni zanamuhla, imithombo engokwezimo nengokwesiko isebalulekile. Abaholi bamacharism bangakhuthaza ukwethembeka okujulile nobuzwe, kodwa loluhlobo lobubuqotho aluzinzile ngokwemvelo ngoba luxhomeke ezimfanelweni zomholi. Ukuqamba umthetho kuyaqhubeka embusweni womthetho-sisekelo (umzk., i-United Kingdom, iJapan) nasemiphakathini lapho umthetho wesiko uhlala khona unegunya eduze nomthetho wezwe ongokomthetho.

Okwenza Ukuba Oqotho Kuyimfanelo Yomphakathi

Ukubaluleka kokufaneleka kwamalungelo kudlulela ngalé kwenkolelo - mbono ecatshangelwayo yezombangazwe.

Ukubambisana Nokuthula

Uma izakhamuzi zibheka uhulumeni wazo njengowufanele, zithambekele kakhulu ekuzihlanganiseni nesizwe futhi zibambisaneni nezakhamuzi ezikanye nazo phakathi kokungezwani okuhlukene. Ukungagunyazi kuthuthukisa umuzwa wokufa ngokwesivumelwano futhi kunciphisa amathuba okungavumelani ngokohlanga, okungokwenkolo, noma okungokwemibono. Emiphakathini lapho uhulumeni ubhekwa njengowesihluku noma ongekho emthethweni, amaqembu ahlukene angalahla igunya ngokuphelele, liholele ezinhlanganweni zobandlululo, impi yombano, noma ukungahleleki okungapheli. Ukuhlola kwezwe ngokwesiko kunciphisa uhlu “ukungabi namthetho ongokomthetho” njengomshayeli oyinhloko wempi.

Ukunamathela Ngokuzithandela Emithethweni

Enye yezinzuzo eziqondile zobugunya ukuthi ikhuthaza ukuthobela imithetho nezimiso ngokuzithandela. Ohulumeni abanegunya eliphakeme bachitha imali engaphansi kakhulu ekuqiniseni − ukuphonsa, amafa, izimiso zasejele − ngoba izakhamuzi zilalela imithetho ngenxa yomqondo womsebenzi, hhayi ukwesaba. Lokhu kuvumelana kwemithetho yentela, imithetho yezimoto, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Phakathi nocwaningo lweCOVID-19, amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokuthembana kuhulumeni abona ukunamathela okukhulu ezindinganisweni zezempilo zomphakathi njengezibophelelo zesivikelo sobuso nokungalawuleki kwezenhlalo, okunganciphi isilinganiso sokungenwa kwezifo nokufa. Izwe Lowethu lokuhlola iCOVID-19 [FOVD [FLD:1] [i]

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali

Ukubusa ngemithetho kunguzibuthe wokuzibekela kokubili imali egciniwe yasekhaya neyangaphandle. Amabhizinisi adinga indawo esemthethweni ebekelwe isiqinisekiso, amazinga aphansi enkohlakalo, kanye nezivumelwano ezigunyaziwe − zonke ezixhomeke ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho. Uma abanikazi beqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni awumthetho noma uzimele, bafaka isici “ekwenyusa izindleko” ezikhuphula inhloko yezimali futhi baqede izibopho zesikhathi eside. IBhange Lenze ibhizinisi linemibiko yezentengiselwano ne - International Countment Risk Guide Idevice Guide kubonisa ukuthi ibusa izinga, ihlangene kakhulu ne GDP ngokwenani elingu-206.

Ukudluliselwa Kwenkonzo Yomphakathi Okuphumelelayo

Ukuba semthethweni kuthuthukisa futhi ukusebenza kahle kwezinkonzo zomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba ukuthi imali yazo yentela isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo nangokwethembeka, zizimisele kakhulu ukukhokha izintela nokusebenzisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimweni eziphansi ezingalawuleki, izakhamuzi zigwema imizila engokomthetho, ziphendukela ezimakethe ezinsundu, abaxhasi abangekho emthethweni, noma ababalekela ukukhokha intela ngokuqondile. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo onzima: inzuzo ephansi iholela ezinkonzweni ezingekho semthethweni, eziqhubeka zinciphisa ukufaneleka.

Imiphumela Yokungalungi

Ukuwohloka kwamalungelo abantu kungabangela imiphumela emibi eminingi esongela umphakathi.

Ukungahlaliseki Nokungalawuleki Komphakathi

Uma ukufaneleka kwemithetho kuncipha, izakhamuzi zizwakalisa ukunganeliseki ngokubhikisha, ukugadla, ukungalaleli komphakathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokuvukela kobudlova. Ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Spring kwango-2010-2011 kuyisibonelo esinzima: amashumi eminyaka okubusa kwempoqo, ukonakala, nokungalawuleki kwezomnotho ayeseye aqeda ukufaneleka kwemibuso eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika. Uma nje ukubhikisha kwaqala, kwasakazeka ngokushesha, kwabhidliza ohulumeni abaningana. Ngisho nokungalawuleki okungapheli kungaholela emazingeni aphakeme obugebengu, ukuphaphaphazamiso, nokumelana kwemibuso yansuku zonke.

Ukuncipha Kwesikhathi Sokwethembana Nesokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Izakhamuzi ezibheka uhulumeni njengezingekho emthethweni ngokuvamile ziyaqhela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Ziba mancane amathuba okuvota, ukujoyina amaqembu ezombangazwe, amavolontiya, noma ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kulahla umbuso wentando yeningi futhi kwakha indawo ye-populist, izinhlangano ezimelene nesimiso sezokusebenza ezilulazamisa izinhlangano. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni ```Precine, imetho, izinkantolo, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuyekelela ndawonye, ukwenza “izikhawu zokwethembana.”

Ukonakala Nokufuna Imali

Ukungagunyazwa kuvame ukuhambisana nenkohlakalo egcwele. Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zingazizwa zinecala emphakathini, zithambekele kakhulu ekusebenziseni kabi amandla ukuze zizuze. Inkohlakalo ibuye iqede umbuso, ibangele ukuvuselelwa okunzima ukukuqeda. Ama-sethi angenagunya elifanele aphinde abone “ukuziphatha okungafunwa” lapho abantu namaqembu bezama ukuthatha imithombo kahulumeni ngokufumbathisa, ngokuphehla, noma ngokusekela imishini yezentengiselwano, kunokuba kube ngemisebenzi ezuzisayo yezomnotho.

Izinselele Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Okokugcina, ukuqanjwa ngokomthetho okuphansi kungaholela ekuphazanyisweni kwentando yeningi − ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwezimiso zentando yeningi, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nokubusa komthetho. Abaholi bangasebenzisa kabi ukudungeka komphakathi ekubekeni amandla, ekucindezeleni ukuphikiswa, nasekunciphiseni inkululeko yemithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kwenzeka emazweni amaningana namuhla, lapho ohulumeni ababebhekwa njengabalawula idemokratistiki abaqinile manje bebhekene nezinkinga ezithembekile. Ukubuyiswa komthetho akudingi nje izinguquko ezingokwezimo ezisemkhakheni kodwa ukwakhiwa kabusha kokwethemba phakathi kwezwe nomphakathi.

Ukwakha Nokusekela Umthetho

Izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi ukuba semthethweni akusona isici esimisiwe; kungahlakulelwa ngamasu ahlosiwe nangezenzo ezingaguquki. ohulumeni nezinye izindikimba ezibusayo kumelwe basebenze ngokubambisana ukuze bazuze futhi balondoloze ukwethenjwa abantu babo.

Ukubusa Okuhlanganisayo Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlanganyela izakhamuzi ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwakha umthetho. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokhetho ukuze kuhlanganiswe imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ngezikhathi ezithile, ukubuza umphakathi, izijaji zomphakathi, ukuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela, namapulatifomu okunikeza impendulo. Uma abantu bebona ukuthi izwi labo linendaba, futhi ukuthi ukufakwa kwabo kuholela ezinguqukweni ezisobala. Amazwe anjenge-Brazil ne-Iceland aye azama ukusebenzisa imali ehlukene nemithetho ehlukene, ngokulandelana, ngempumelelo ephawulekayo ekuthuthukiseni ukuthenjelwa kwezakhamuzi.

Imininingwane Ebona Kahle Nevuliwe

Ohulumeni bangakha umthetho ngokuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni ukwaziswa ngezenzo zabo, uhlelo, nemisebenzi. Izindlela zikahulumeni ezivulayo ezisakaza imininingwane ephathelene nemali, ukuthengwa, nemiphumela yenkonzo zivumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba zibeke abaholi icala. Ukubona okubona kuvimbela ukonakala ngokukhuphula amathuba okuchayeka. Ohulumeni abaningi manje “banelungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa” kanye nokuvula amathekisi awe okwenza ukuba kubonakale kakhulu. I-opengaterreastry Government Office [ iyisinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sembulunga yonke esekela lemizamo.

Ukusekela Umthetho Namalungelo Ayisisekelo

Awukho uhulumeni ongasho ukuthi usemthethweni uma ungahloniphi umthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zomphakathi; ukuthi izinkantolo zizimele futhi zilungile; nokuthi izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukubhekana nobulungisa. Ukusekela amalungelo abantu (_inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, nenqubo efanele) nayo iyadingeka. Uma abantu bebona ukuthi umthetho uyabavikela futhi uyabajezisa abenzi bobubi, bathambekele kakhulu ekubhekeni umbuso njengongokomthetho. Amabhulomende aqinile nemithetho ezimele amaqembu enkantolo ayisisekelo salendlela.

Imiphumela Emangalisayo

Umthetho wokusebenza udinga ukuba ohulumeni banikeze izithembiso zabo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kumelwe baphumelele kukho konke ukuzama, kodwa kumelwe babhekwe njengabafanelekayo, abasabelayo, futhi bagxile ekuzuziseni komphakathi. Ukukhokha ngezemfundo, ngemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, nokulondeka okungalawuleki ngokuphumelelayo futhi okungaguquguquki. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kwenhlekelele kungaqinisa ukufaneleka uma kusingathwa ngokukhanyayo nangozwela. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele (njengenkinga yamanzi eMichigan, USA) kungabangela umonakalo ohlala njalo ekuthembeni kwenhlangano.

Ukuzimela nokulandisa

Ukulwa inkohlakalo mhlawumbe kuyindlela eqondile yokwakha kabusha ngokomthetho. Lokhu kudinga izinhlangano eziqinile: izinhlangano ezizimele ezimelene nokukhohlakala, isivikelo sokufutha ikhwelo, izimiso zemali, nokuhlola izikhali. Amasu okulandisa abonisa ukuthi izimali zikhona. Njengezobungameli bephalamende, amahhovisi e-ombudsperson, kanye nezingcaphuno zezakhamuzi zokuthi izikhulu ziyaziphendula izinqumo zazo. Ngisho nentuthuko eqhubekayo ekunciphiseni ukonakala ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqonda komphakathi. Amazwe anjenge-Georgia ne-Singapore aye abonisa ukuthi imizamo elwa nokonakala eqhubekayo ingaguqula kokubili amandla nokwethenjwa komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa ngokusemthethweni akuyona into ephambili; kuyisidingo nganoma yimuphi umphakathi olangazelela ukuthula, ukuchuma, nesithunzi sabantu. Kusebenza njengengcina ehlanganisa abantu abahlukene, ikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokubambisana kanye nesinqumo sokuthula sokulwa. Imithetho ikhuthaza ukuzithoba kokuzithandela, ukukhuthaza ukukhuliswa kwezomnotho, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yomphakathi ifinyelele labo abayifunayo. Ngokungafani, iletha izinxushunxushunxushunxushu zezenhlalo, ukonakala, nokukhukhuleka kwezimiso zedemokramende. Nakuba ukwakha isilinganiso sesikhathi eside kudinga ukubopheka okunganqamlezi naphambili kwezindawo eziningi, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuphelele ekulawuleni umthetho, futhi kunezinzuzo ezinkulu. Izinhlangano ezisekela ukubambisana nokusekela ukubambisana kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi, kodwa zithola ukuthengwa kwemisebenzi ezindaweni zonke.