Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo umi njengencwadi ephakeme engokomthetho eyakha isimiso sombuso kahulumeni wezwe nomphakathi womphakathi. Imisa izimiso eziyisisekelo, izinhlangano, nezinqubo ezilawula indlela izwe elisebenza ngayo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ivikela amalungelo efa nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zalo. Izimiso ezingokomthetho, nazo zimelela izimiso ezibanzi lapho imithetho isungulwa, ichazwe, isetshenziswe, futhi iphoqelelwe ukuba igcine ukuhleleka nobulungisa emphakathini. Ukuqonda kokubili uMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho kudingekile kuyisa isakhamuzi ngasinye esifisa ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni waso osebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo aso avikelwa ngayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola ukuhlobana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, uhlola indlela lezizisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ukuze zakhe idemokrasi eqinile, esebenzayo futhi ilawule imiphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma uyisakhamuzi esinelukuluku lokwazi, lesi sihloko sizokunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwalemiqondo ebucayi ebumba ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke futhi ivikele inkululeko yethu eyisisekelo.
Ukuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo: UMthetho Ophakeme Wezwe
Umthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengohlobo oluphakeme lomthetho ezweni, umisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zezombangazwe kanye nezimiso zikahulumeni okufanele zonke ezinye imithetho zivumelane nazo. Ukwakha ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni ngokuchaza imibuso, imisebenzi, nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo umisa ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zakhe. Lomthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengesivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo, uchaza lokho uhulumeni angakwenza futhi ungakwazi ukukwenza kuyilapho uqinisekisa amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa abantu.
Amabhukwana oMthetho-sisekelo ahluka kakhulu emazweni, kusukela ku-system emifushane kuya kweminingi yemithetho ebanzi. Amanye ama-constitution, njengalawo ase-United States, ayimibhalo efingqiwe engazange ishintshwe kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, incike ekuchazeni kwendlela yokwahlulela ukuze ivumelane nezimo zanamuhla. Amanye, njengoMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, agcwele kakhulu futhi aningiliziwe, akhuluma ngokucacile ngemisebenzi kahulumeni namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ubude bawo noma ukuthi ayini, yonke imithetho yemithetho-mthetho ihlanganyela injongo efanayo yokumisa igunya elingokomthetho elingokomthetho kuyilapho ilinganisela lelogunya lokuvimbela ubushiqela nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
Intuthuko Engokomlando Kahulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo
Umqondo kahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo uye wavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane, izimpande zilandela izimpucuko zasendulo. IMagna Carta ka - 1215 eNgilandi yamelela isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni womthetho - sisekelo, imisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho namakhosi ayengaphansi kokubusa komthetho. Lencwadi yabeka isisekelo sokulinganisela amandla azimele nokuvikela amalungelo athile, imiqondo eyayiyothonya kakhulu intuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.
Inkathi yokukhanyiselwa ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 yaletha ukucabanga okuguquguqukayo mayelana namalungelo emvelo, izivumelwano zezenhlalo, kanye nendima efanele kahulumeni. Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseau zasungula izinkolelo-mbono ngenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kanye nobukhosi obuthandwayo obuyoba yisisekelo somqondo wanamuhla womthetho-sisekelo. Lemiqondo yathonya ngokuqondile iNguquko yaseMelika kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-Constitution ye-United States ngo-1787, eyaba yisibonelo sentando yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho emhlabeni wonke.
ISimemezelo seNguquko yaseFrance neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu nesaseSintu ngo-1789 sathuthukisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, sigcizelela ukulingana, inkululeko, kanye nobuhlanga njengezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Kulo lonke ikhulu le-19 nelama-20, uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo wasakazekela emhlabeni wonke, nezizwe ezamukela imithetho ebhalwe phansi eyabonisa kokubili izimiso zendawo yonke nezimiso ezihlukile zempucuko, ezingokomlando, nezombangazwe. Inkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II yabona ukwanda kwemithetho emisha, abaningi bafaka isivikelo samalungelo abantu nentando yentando yeningi ngenxa yezenzo zentando yeningi.
Izinjongo Nemisebenzi Eyinhloko Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani imithetho - sisekelo ibhekwa njengesisekelo semiphakathi yanamuhla yentando yeningi nokuthi kungani izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zivikelwe futhi ziphikiswane ngonya kangaka.
Ukumisa Umsebenzi Kahulumeni
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wanoma yimuphi umthetho-sisekelo uwukumisa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo nokuhlela kukahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakha amagatsha ahlukahlukene kahulumeni, ukuchaza amandla awo nemithwalo yemfanelo, nokumisa izinqubo asebenza ngazo. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi yanamuhla imisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: igatsha lomthetho, elidala imithetho; igatsha eliphethe, elimisa imithetho futhi liphoqelele; negatsha lokwahlulela, elichaza imithetho nokuxazulula izingxabano.
Loluhlelo lokwakha lunikeza ukucaca nokubikezela ekubuseni, luqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimisiwe nangezindlela ezimisiwe hhayi ngezindlela ezizihambelayo noma eziguquguqukayo. Ngokumisa ngokucacile isimo sikahulumeni, imithetho ehlela izinhlangano ezingazinza ngaphezu kwabaholi ngabanye noma kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe, zinikeza ukuqhubeka ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi zoshintsho lwezombangazwe noma inhlekelele.
Ukusebenzisa Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela
Esinye sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Lomqondo, owadunyiswa kakhulu nguMontesquieu, uveza ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kufanele ahlukaniswe phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe noma isiphi isici esisodwa ukuba singenise igunya elingaphezu kwele. Ngokusakaza amandla emagatsheni amaningi, imithetho engokomthetho idala isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingahlola futhi lilinganisele khona, kuvinjelwe ukubusa nokulondoloza inkululeko.
Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingasebenza lingaphathiwe ngacala ngaphandle kokuqondisa noma ukulinganiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho-mthetho, igatsha lomthetho-mthetho limisa imithetho, kodwa umphathi angase abe namandla phezu komthetho, kuyilapho ijaji lingahlola imithetho yokulalela umthetho. Ngokufanayo, nakuba umphathi angamisa abahluleli noma izikhulu, isikhulu sendlu yomthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe siqinisekise lokhu kumiswa. Lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwengamelana luveza izinga elinamandla elivikela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kuyilapho usavumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nenkululeko
Mhlawumbe umsebenzi odunyiswa kakhulu womthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izindleko zomthetho-sisekelo zamalungelo noma izimemezelo zamalungelo ayisisekelo zimisa inkululeko ethile uhulumeni angenakuyiphazamisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iningi noma icebo elingokwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yenhlangano, nezindaba, kanye namalungelo enqubo efanelekile, isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kanye nesivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeliyo nokuquleka.
Ngokuhlanganisa lamalungelo embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, aphakeme ngaphezu komthetho ovamile futhi avikelwe ekulungisweni kalula noma ekususweni. Lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ayinakususwa ngezikhulu zesikhashana zezombangazwe noma izisusa zempoqo. Isivikelo samalungelo amancane ngokumelene nobushiqela obuningi simelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idemokrasi ayinciphisi ukubusa kwesixuku lapho amalungelo amaqembu angathandwa engancishwa khona.
Ukumisa Ukubusa KoMthetho
Imithetho-sisekelo imisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ngokwakhe ungaphansi komthetho, hhayi ngaphezu kwawo. Lomqondo, owaziwa ngokuthi umthetho, usho ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokwezimiso ezimisiwe zomthetho nezinqubo kunokusebenzisa umthetho ozimele noma owentando yomuntu siqu. Ukubusa komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, bazolandisa ngaphansi komthetho nokuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zikhanya ngokungenakuguqulwa, zikhona futhi zisetshenziswa ngokulinganayo.
Lesisimiso siveza ukufaneleka kwesenzo sikahulumeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngegunya elingokomthetho kunokuba asetshenziswe ngamandla.
Ukuchaza Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kohulumeni Besizwe Nabezizwe Ezingaphansi
Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho ifeza indima ebalulekile yokwahlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nezifunda. Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni sivumela kokubili ubunye nokuhlukahluka, sivumela isizwe ukuba silondoloze ukuhlangana kuyilapho kuphathelene nokungafani kwezifunda futhi sivumele ukuba indawo izimele. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo achaza ukuthi yimiphi imibuso engohulumeni besizwe kuphela, ohulumeni besifunda, futhi abahlanganyelwa noma abahlangane.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwegunya kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukumiswa kwegunya ngokweqile kuyilapho kugcinwa igunya lesizwe elanele lokusingatha izindaba eziqeda imingcele yendawo. Amalungiselelo esizwe anganakekela abantu abahlukahlukene ngezidingo, izindinganiso, nokukhetha okuhlukahlukene, kuvumele izindawo ezihlukahlukene ukuba zamukele izimiso ezivumelana nezimo zazo ezithile kuyilapho kugcinwa ubulungu emphakathini omkhulu wezombangazwe.
ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokuchazwa Kwaso
Nakuba imithetho-sisekelo iklanyelwe ukunikeza uhulumeni izimiso eziqinile, ezihlala njalo, kumelwe futhi bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, izindinganiso ezishintshayo, nezinselele ezintsha. Lokhu kuvumelana kufinyelelwa ngezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinqubo ezihleliwe zokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo
Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okulungisa okusemthethweni, nakuba lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuba zibe nzima kakhulu kunomthetho ovamile. Lo mnyango ophakeme wokulungisa uveza isimo esikhethekile somthetho-mthetho futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo azishintshwa kalula noma ngenxa yezinkanuko zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Izinqubo zokulungisa zihluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezihlukene zomthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ezizinze ngokulinganayo kuya ezimfunekweni eziqinile.
Eminye imithetho-mthetho idinga ukumiswa kwemithetho emikhulu kusishaya-mthetho, imvume ngezikhathi eziningi zokushaya umthetho, ukuhlaziywa ohulumeni bezizwe, noma ukuvunyelwa ngokuqondile nge-astendemum ethandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Constitution idinga ukuhlongozwa ngama-35 azo zombili izindlu ze-Congress noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ama-partimes amabili-3 omthetho-intshi, alandelwa ukuhlaziywa ngo-3-sine bamazwe. Lenqubo enzima iphumele ekuncipheni kwezinguquko ezingu-7 kuphela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, ebonisa ukuqina nokuqina komthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.
Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, imithetho yemithetho ishintsha ngokuchazwa kwezahlulelo. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi izinkantolo ezingokomthetho-sisekelo noma eziphakeme, zinendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni incazelo nokusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngamandla okwahlulela, izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, ezisebenza njengabaqaphi bezimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngokumelene nomthetho-mthetho noma impambano yesikhulu.
Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihilela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo ziphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele aqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala ngesikhathi sokutholwa, kuyilapho abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo bephikisa ngokuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwezindinganiso zesikhathi kanye nezimo. Ababhula ngemibhalo-mfashini bagxila ngokuyinhloko encazelweni ecacile yolimi lomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ababheki bobupursitist becabangela izinjongo ezibanzi nezimiso ezingaphansi kwemiyalo yomthetho-mthetho. Lamafilosofi ahlukene achazayo angaholela eziphethweni eziphawulekayo eziqondeni ezihlukene ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nangendlela yokusebenza.
Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela ngokwawo awavezwanga ngokucacile emithethweni eminingi kodwa asungulwe ngokugomela nokwamukelwa kokwahlulela. Icala elivelele likaMarbury v. Madison eUnited States lamisa isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo zinegunya lokuhlola ubunjalo bomthetho-mthetho wezenzo zomthetho-mthetho nezobuphathi, amandla aye asetshenziswa ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Leligunya lokwahlulela liveza ukuhlola okubalulekile emagatsheni ezombangazwe kuyilapho futhi liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene negunya lentando yeningi uma amajaji angagunya agunyaziwengagunyazwanga angazilawula izinqumo zabameleli abakhethiwe.
Ukuqonda Izimiso Zezomthetho: Isisekelo Sobulungisa
Izimiso zomthetho zimelela izimiso ezibanzi zokuhlela nokuhlela okuthi ngazo imiphakathi idale, ichaze, isebenzise, futhi iphoqelele imithetho. Lezi zimiso azihlanganisi imithetho engaphansi nje kuphela elawula ukuziphatha kodwa futhi nezinhlangano, izinqubo, nezisebenzi ezihilelekile ekuqondiseni okungokomthetho. Isimiso somthetho esisebenza kahle sibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, ukuvikela amalungelo, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa.
Izimiso zomthetho zihluka kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene, zibonisa intuthuko engokomlando ehlukahlukene, izindinganiso zamasiko, amasiko enkolo, namafilosofi ezombangazwe. Naphezu kwalokhu mehluko, zonke izimiso zomthetho zinezici ezithile ezifanayo nezinjongo, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha, izindlela zokuxazululwa kwempikiswano, izinqubo zokugunyaza ukugunyazwa, nezinhlangano zokuqondisa ubulungisa. Ukuqonda izakhi nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zomthetho kunikeza ukuqonda indlela imiphakathi ehlukene ezihlela futhi igcine ngayo ukuhleleka.
Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Zezimiso Ezingokomthetho
Zonke izimiso zomthetho, kungakhathaliseki izici zazo ezithile noma amasiko, zinezakhi eziningana eziyisisekelo ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe uhlelo olusebenzayo lomthetho nobulungisa. Lezi zici zakha isimiso esihlangene lapho isici ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile kodwa ehlangene.
Umthetho Oyinhloko: Imithetho Yokuziphatha
Umthetho olawulayo uhlanganisa imithetho nezindinganiso ezingokoqobo ezibusa ukuziphatha nokuchaza amalungelo nezibopho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umthetho wobugebengu, ochaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi onikeza isijeziso; umthetho womphakathi, olawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu abantu; umthetho womthetho-sisekelo, omisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni futhi uvikele amalungelo ayisisekelo; nomthetho wokuqondisa, olawula izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nokusebenzelana kwazo nezakhamuzi.
Imithetho eyimfihlo ingatholakala emithonjeni ehlukahlukene kuxhomeke esimisweni somthetho. Kwezinye izimiso, umthetho owenziwa izindikimba ezimele ubumba umthombo oyinhloko womthetho. Kwezinye, izinqumo zokwahlulela nezandulela zinendima ebalulekile. Imibhalo yenkolo, imikhuba, nemibhalo yezazi ingase futhi isebenze njengemithombo yomthetho ongekho emthethweni emasikweni athile angokomthetho. Okuqukethwe yizimiso ezingaphansi kwe-social social, izimiso zokuziphatha, amalungiselelo ezomnotho, namafilosofi ezombangazwe, njengoba lezizici eziyisisekelo zishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umthetho Ongokwesimiso: Imithetho Yenqubo
Nakuba umthetho ongaphansi uchaza amalungelo nezibopho, umthetho wezemfundo umisa izinqubo lawomalungelo aphoqelelwe ngazo futhi izibopho zinqunywe ngokunqunywa. Imithetho yezimiso ilawula indlela amacala aqalwa ngayo, indlela obungaqoqwa futhi adluliselwe ngayo, indlela ukulingwa okuqhutshwa ngayo, nendlela ukunxusa okuhlelwa ngayo. Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ngokulunga, ukungaguquguquki, nokusemthethweni emithethweni engokomthetho.
Izivikelo ze-procedical, njengelungelo lokuqaphela amacala, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi be-axistamine, ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho, nelungelo lokudlulisa izinqumo ezingezizo ezingokomthetho, ziyisisekelo senqubo efanelekile nomthetho. Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile, ngisho nemithetho engaphansi nje ye-octal ayinakuveza imiphumela ewujuqu. Ngakho umthetho we-procedtura usebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi esinzima ekusebenziseni imithetho engokomthetho engekho ngokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zomthetho zikhanya, zicacile, ziqondakale, futhi ziyafinyela.
Izinkantolo Nezinhlangano Zokwahlulela
Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zokuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuphatha ubulungisa. Izimiso zokwahlulela zihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zezinkantolo ezinezikhundla nemisebenzi ehlukene. Izinkantolo ziqala ukuzwa amacala, zinqume amaqiniso futhi zisebenzise umthetho ukuze zifinyelele izinqumo. Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi zamaphutha angokomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokulunga ekuchazeni umthetho. Izinkantolo eziphakeme noma zomthetho zenza izinkantolo eziyinhloko njengezinkantolo zezinhlenganiso zokugcina, zixazulula imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwencazelo engokomthetho.
Isimiso nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zenkantolo kuhluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezihlukene zomthetho. Abanye baqasha izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinhlobo zezindaba ezithile, njengezinkantolo zomkhaya, izinkantolo zezentengiselwano, noma izinkantolo zokuphatha. Ukukhetha kanye nokuqondisa kwamajaji kuyahluka, ezinye izimiso ezisetshenziswa iziphathimandla eziphethe noma zemithetho, ezinye zisebenzisa ukhetho ngokuvota okuthandwayo, futhi ezinye zisebenzisa izimiso zezekhono zobujaji. Ukuzimela ngokwahluleli, isimiso sokuthi amajaji kufanele akhululeke ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle noma ekunqumeni izindaba, ziqashelwa kabanzi njengesidingo sokuphatha ubulungisa ngokungakhethi.
Ochwepheshe Nabaqondisi Bezomthetho
Izimiso zomthetho zixhomeke ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe abaqonda futhi abakwazi ukusebenzisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nezinqubo. Abameli bamelela amacala angokomthetho, banikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho, amaphepha angokomthetho, futhi basekela izithakazelo zamakhasimende abo. Abashushisi bamelela umbuso ekwahlulelweni kobugebengu, kuyilapho abameli bevikela amalungelo ommangalelwa. Abahluleli baqondisa izigijimi zomthetho, bachaze futhi basebenzise umthetho, futhi banikeze izinqumo.
Izemthetho zilawulwa ngokusemthethweni ukuze ziqinisekise ikhono nokuziphatha okuhle. Izindawo eziningi zidinga abelaphi abasemthethweni ukuba baqede imfundo ekhethekile, badlulise izivivinyo ezifanele, futhi banamathele ezimisweni zokuziphatha ezikhokhelwayo. Imithetho engokomthetho ilawula ukuziphatha kwabameli, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yokufihla imfihlo, izingxabano zesithakazelo, nezibopho zezinkantolo nabathengi. Lezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zisiza ukuba kugcinwe ubuqotho besimiso somthetho nokuthenjwa komphakathi ezikhungweni ezingokomthetho.
Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho
Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zinomthwalo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuhlola izenzo zobugebengu, nokuthumba labo abephula imithetho yobugebengu. Amaphoyisa, izinhlangano ezihlolayo, nezinhlangano zokuqondisa izigwegwe konke kudlala indima ekusebenzeni kwezimiso zomthetho. Lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho okuklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho kwenza ukuba umthetho usebenze kahle.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezindawo abasebenza kuzo bubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele izimiso zomthetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho kudinga ukubambisana nokwethenjwa umphakathi, okuxhomeke ekusebenzeni kwamaphoyisa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho nasekuphatheni bonke abantu ngokungakhethi nangenhlonipho. Ukungameleli kwabantu, njengokuhlola izindaba zangaphakathi, nokuhlola izenzo zomthetho, kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izinhlangano eziphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho zihloniphe imingcele engokomthetho enegunya lazo.
Izimiso Zokulungiswa Nezokuphoqwa
Izimiso zokuqondisa zinikeza izijeziso zokwephula umthetho, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa, ukugwetshwa, ukugwetshwa nezinye izijeziso. Lezi zimiso zifeza izinjongo eziningi, kuhlanganise nokujeziswa kwabenzi bobubi, ukunqatshelwa kobugebengu esikhathini esizayo, ukunqatshelwa kwabantu abayingozi, nokubuyiselwa kwezaphula-mthetho. Izimiso ezihlukene ezingokomthetho nezindleleni zefilosofi zigcizelela lezi zinjongo ezihlukahlukene ngamazinga ahlukene, okuphumela ekufinyeleleni izindlela ezihlukahlukene ekujeziseni izigebengu.
Ifilosofi yesimanje yokulungisa iqaphela ukubaluleka kokulungisa nokubuyisela isimilo, hhayi nje ukujezisa kodwa ukusingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kobugebengu nokulungiselela izaphulamthetho ukubuyela emphakathini ngempumelelo. Izijeziso ezihlukile, njengenkonzo yomphakathi, ukulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa, nezinkantolo zokuphatha izidakamizwa, zibonisa ukuqonda okungaqondakali kahle kokusingatha ubugebengu kuyilapho kuhlonishwa abantu futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi.
Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Ezingokomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke
Izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke zingahlukaniswa zibe imikhaya noma amasiko amaningana amakhulu, ngalinye elinezici ezihlukile, imisuka engokomlando, nezindlela zokusebenzisa izindlela. Ukuqonda lamasiko ahlukahlukene angokomthetho kunikeza ukuqonda ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zomthetho nobulungisa emiphakathini yabantu.
Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile
Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ezaqala eNgilandi ephakathi futhi zasakazwa ngokubekwa kwamakoloni kwaseBrithani, ziphawuleka ngendima eyinhloko yezinqumo zokwahlulela nesibonelo ekuthuthukiseni komthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, abahluleli abasebenzisi imithetho ekhona nje kuphela kodwa bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekudaleni umthetho ngezinqumo zabo. Imfundiso yokugqoloza amehlo, noma isibonelo, ifuna izinkantolo zilandele izinqumo zokwahlulela zangaphambili ezindabeni ezifanayo, zidala ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela kuyilapho zivumela umthetho ukuba uzenzeke ngokulandela icala ngecala.
Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zitholakala ngokuyinhloko emazweni anefa laseBrithani, kuhlanganise ne-United States, Canada, i-Australia, iNew Zealand, i-Indiya, namanye amazwe amaningi angaphambili aseBrithani. Nakuba umthetho ufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho zanamuhla, izinqumo zokwahlulela zihlala ziwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezivumelwano, amathoyisi, nempahla. Inqubo yomthetho evamile igcizelela ukuqulwa lapho amaqembu aphikisayo enikeza khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano phambi komahluleli noma amajaji, anquma khona amaqiniso futhi asebenzise umthetho ukuze afinyelele isinqumo.
Ukuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho kuvumela ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho, njengoba abahluleli bengalungisa noma banikeze izimiso zomthetho ukuze baxazulule izimo ezintsha. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana kungadala futhi ukungaqiniseki, njengoba umthetho ungase ungaqiniswa ngokucacile kuze kube yilapho inkantolo ibusa indaba ethile. Ukuncika enqubeni yesibonelo kusho ukuthi ukucwaninga ngokomthetho ezimisweni ezivamile kudinga ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwezinqumo zangaphambili zokwahlulela ukuqonda imithetho yamanje engokomthetho.
Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi
Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi, ezaziwa nangokuthi i Romano-German, zilandela umsuka wazo ngomthetho wamaRoma futhi ziphawuleka ngemithetho ebanzi ehlela imithetho engokomthetho ehlelekile. Ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi, umthetho uwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho, nezinqumo zokwahlulela zidlala indima yesibili. Abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi ngokuvamile babhekwa njengosebenzisa imithetho ekhona ngaphambi kokuba ifike kunokuba bakhile umthetho omusha ngezinqumo zabo.
Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zigcwele ezwekazini le-Europe, i-Latin America, izingxenye ze-Asia ne-Afrika, nezinye izindawo ezithonywe ukubekwa kwamakoloni aseYurophu noma ukubekwa ngokomthetho. Lezi zimiso zivame ukuhlanganisa izimiso ezibanzi ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezinkulu zomthetho, njengemithetho yesizwe elawula ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, imithetho yobugebengu echaza amacala nesijeziso, nemithetho ehleliwe emisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho. Inhlangano ehleliwe yemithetho yomphakathi ibonisa izifiso zokukhanyiselwa komthetho, ukugqama, nokutholakala komthetho.
Inqubo yomthetho womphakathi ivame ukuba inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala kunokuba ithathelwe isigwebo, uma abahluleli befeza indima ekhuthele ekuphenyeni amaqiniso nokubuza ofakazi. Imfundo engokomthetho ezimisweni zomthetho yezomthetho igcizelela ukuqonda okuhleliwe ngamalungiselelo emithetho nezimiso zomthetho kunokuhlaziya. Nakuba izinqumo zokwahlulela zingabophanga izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, bangase babe negunya elithonyayo, futhi imikhakha yezinqumo engaguquki ingathonya ukuchazwa nokwenziwa komthetho.
Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Ezingokomthetho
Izimiso ezingokwenkolo zomthetho zithola igunya lazo nokuqukethwe yimibhalo engokwenkolo, amasiko, nezincazelo.
Umthetho wamaSulumane, isimiso somthetho senkolo esakazeke kakhulu, usekelwe kuyiQuan, iHadith (amazwi nemikhuba ye-MuProfethi Muhammad), kanye nokuchaza kwezazi nokuvumelana. iSharia ayibusi nje kuphela ubuhlobo obungokomthetho kodwa futhi nemisebenzi engokwenkolo, ukuziphatha, nokuziphatha komuntu siqu. Izimiso zomthetho wamaSulumane zihluka kakhulu emazweni ahlukene nezikole zokucabanga, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kukaSharia kuya ekusetshenzisweni okulinganiselwe ezindaweni ezithile njengomthetho womkhaya nefa.
Izimiso ezingokwenkolo zibhekene nezinselele ezithile emiphakathini exubene nabantu abanezinkolo ezihlukahlukene noma abangakholwa. Amazwe amaningi anamasiko angokwenkolo aye asungula izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa umthetho wenkolo nezimiso ezingokomthetho zezwe, ngezinye izikhathi esebenzisa umthetho wenkolo emalungwini emiphakathi ethile kuphela noma emikhakheni ethile yenkolo. Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho wenkolo nowezwe buphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukulingana, nendima efanele yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi.
Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezingokwesiko
Izimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko zisekelwe emikhubeni namasiko akudala aseke amukeleka njengemiyalo ebophayo emiphakathini ethile. Lezizimiso, ngokuvamile ezitholakala emiphakathini yabomdabu noma engokwesiko, zithola igunya emiphakathini engokomlando nasemphakathini ukuvumelana komthetho ongokomthetho noma kombhalo wenkolo. Umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni ngokuvamile awubhalwanga, udluliselwa ngomlomo ngezizukulwane, futhi uphoqelelwa ngezimiso zomphakathi kunokuba utholwe ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni.
Amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Pacific, aqaphela umthetho wesiko kanye nomthetho wezwe, adala izimiso zomthetho ezihlanganisa abantu abaningi lapho imibuso ehlukene engokomthetho ikhona. Umthetho wesiko uvame ukubusa izindaba ezinjengokuthatha indawo, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, kanye nesinqumo sokuphikisana phakathi kwemiphakathi engokwesiko. Ukuqashelwa komthetho wesiko kubonisa ukuhlonipha ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko namalungelo abomdabu, nakuba kungadala izinselele lapho imikhuba engokwesiko ingqubuzana namalungelo omthetho noma nezindinganiso zomthetho wesizwe.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko nezingokwesiko zikahulumeni kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokusetshenziswa komthetho osemthethweni emadongeni amaningi, amalungelo empucuko, kanye nokufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba umthetho wesiko unganikeza izimiso zobulungisa ezifaneleke nezifinyelelekayo, eminye imikhuba engokwesiko ingase ingqubuzane nezimiso zokulingana kwabesilisa, amalungelo abo, noma ezinye izindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Ukulinganisela inhlonipho ngamasiko amasiko kanye nesivikelo samalungelo omhlaba wonke kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo ezimisweni yomthetho eminingi.
Izimiso Zemithetho Ezixubile Noma Ezixubile
Amazwe amaningi anezimiso zomthetho ezixubene noma ezixubene ezihlanganisa izici ezivela emasikweni ahlukene angokomthetho. Lezizimiso zingavela emlandweni wamakoloni, lapho izimiso zomthetho zaseYurophu zabekwa khona emiphakathini enamasiko angokomthetho akhona, noma emizamweni yamabomu yokuhlanganisa izici eziwusizo ezithathwe ezindleleni ezihlukene ezingokomthetho. Izimiso ezixubile zingahlanganisa umthetho ovamile nomthetho wezwe, noma umthetho wezenkolo, noma uxube umthetho wesiko nowezwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, iLouisiana e-United States igcina isiko lomthetho wesizwe emthetho wasese kuyilapho isebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho wezwe saseMelika. Amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ahlanganisa umthetho wamaSulumane nemithetho yomthetho kahulumeni ethathwe emifanekisweni yaseYurophu. I-South Africa ihlanganisa umthetho we-Roma nowe-Dutch, umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, nomthetho wesiko. Lezi zimiso ze-projekthi zibonisa ukuguquguquka kwamasiko angokomthetho kanye nokusungula izindlela ezihlukile zokwakha izimiso ezithile ezivumelana nezimiso ezithile zezenhlalo.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Komthetho - sisekelo Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho
Umthetho womthetho nezimiso zomthetho zikhona ebuhlotsheni obungekho emthethweni lapho isakhiwo ngasinye futhi sicindezela esinye. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo phakathi kwalo isimiso somthetho esisebenza, sichaze imithombo yomthetho, izakhiwo zegunya elingokomthetho, nemingcele yegunya elingokomthetho. Ngokungakodwa, isimiso somthetho siveza umphumela ezimisweni zomthetho ngendalo, ukuchaza, nokugcinwa komthetho.
Amalungiselelo omthetho amisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwesimiso somthetho, kuhlanganise nokuhlelwa kwezinkantolo, ukumiswa nokubekwa kwamajaji, nezinqubo zokwakha nokulungisa imithetho. Amalungelo omthetho-mthetho nezimiso kulawula ukuthi yimiphi imithetho engenziwa nokuthi ingaqiniswa kanjani, iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele evikela inkululeko eyisisekelo futhi silondoloze ukubusa komthetho. Izinkantolo, njengengxenye yesimiso somthetho, ukuchaza nokusebenzisa imigaqo engokomthetho, ukunika incazelo ecacile yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-gekhomba ngomthetho.
Ukusebenza kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho. Ngaphandle kokuba izinkantolo ezizimele zizimisele futhi zikwazi ukuphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho, ngaphandle kochwepheshe abangokomthetho abaqonda futhi abasekela amalungelo omthetho, futhi ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwezimiso ezihlonipha ukuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlala ebhalwe ephepheni.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zomthetho Nezomthetho
Izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho - sisekelo zanamuhla zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo, nokusongela okuvelayo kokubusa kwentando yeningi.
Ukungavumelani Kwezobuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ezimisweni zomthetho eziklanywe ngaphambi kwenkathi engaphambili. Izindaba ezifana nemininingwane yezokwaziswa, ukungaguquguquki kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuqamba umthetho, nomthetho wezenhlalo wezokuxhumana zidinga izisekelo ezingokomthetho ukuze kuxazululwe izenzakalo abahleli bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ababengeke bazilindele. Imibuzo ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo angokomthetho wesiko emongweni we-tekthsture . Izengathi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukuphehlwa kwamandla okungaqondisiyo emininingwane yezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yezezinombolo, noma indlela izimiso zeSimemezelo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezisebenza ngayo eziteshini zezezindaba zezenhlalo nezimiso zezezimiso zomthetho-clomfal.
Ubuchwepheshe bembulunga yonke bezobuchwepheshe buyibekela inselele futhi imibono engokwesiko yokulawula indawo nobukhosi. Uma ukwaziswa kunqamula imingcele ngokushesha, lapho ubugebengu bungathathwa kude noma kuphi emhlabeni, nalapho amapulatifomu esebenza ngamazwe ngesikhathi esisodwa, izimiso zomthetho zilwa kanzima ukumisa igunya nokuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokuhlanganiswa kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho kuba okudingekile ngokwengeziwe, kodwa kunzima ukufinyelela izithakazelo zezizwe ezihlukahlukene namasiko angokomthetho.
Izinkinga Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezemithetho Engokomthetho Ethunyelwa Ezweni Lonke
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubuphekula emhlabeni wonke, ukufuduka, izimakethe zembulunga yonke nemisebenzi yezinhlangano zamazwe amaningi konke kudinga ukusabela okuhlangene kwezizwe zonke okungase kungqubuzane nemiqondo engokwesiko yobukhosi bezwe negunya lomthetho - sisekelo.
Umthetho wezizwe zonke nezinhlangano zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izindaba zezizwe, ngezinye izikhathi zidala ukungezwani nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuhlobana komthetho wezizwe nomthetho - sisekelo wezwe, ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke kuhlala kunezingxabano. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zihlanganisa umthetho wezizwe zonke, kanti ezinye zigcina ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile nokubeka kuqala igunya lomthetho sisekelo wezwe.
Ukusekela Intando Yeningi Nezinselele Zokusekela Intando Yeningi
Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokuthambekela kokuphambana ngentando yeningi emazweni ahlukahlukene, lapho abaholi abakhethiwe belulaza khona iziphakamiso zomthetho - sisekelo, benza buthaka izinhlangano ezizimele, bavimbela inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi bagxilise ingqondo. Lezenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sodwa asinele ukugcina intando yeningi ngaphandle kokuzibopha okuqhubekayo okuvela kubaholi bezombangazwe, izinhlangano, nezakhamuzi ukuba zisekele izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.
Abaholi abanezinhloso zobucukubhede baye basungula amasu ayinkimbinkimbi okululaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho begcina imbonakalo ewumthetho, njengokupakisha izinkantolo nabaqotho, ukusebenzisa imithetho esemthethweni, ukulinganisela inkululeko yezokuxhumana, nokusebenzisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho ekuhlukumezeni abaphikisi. Lezi zinselele ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kwempucuko eqinile yentando yeningi, umphakathi oqinile, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, kanye nokuqapha kwezakhamuzi ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho nje ezingokomthetho.
Ukushintsha Komphakathi Namalungelo
Ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokuqonda amalungelo kudala izinselele eziqhubekayo zezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho. Izindaba ezifana nomshado oxubile, amalungelo okuzala, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kufanele sidluliselwe kumalungelo asanda kuqashelwa noma aphikiswa. Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene nezimiso zomthetho zisabela kulezi zinselele ezihlukahlukene, ziveza izindinganiso ezihlukene namasiko omthetho.
Ubunzima phakathi kokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo budinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela. Imithetho-sisekelo kumelwe iqine ngokwanele ukuba inikeze ukubonelela nokumelana nezinkanuko zesikhashana, kodwa ivumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze ivumelane nokushintshana kwangempela kokuqonda nokubaluleka kwezenhlalo. Izinqubo zokushintsha komthetho-sisekelo (ngoba kungenziwa ngokulungisa okungokomthetho, ngokuchaza, noma ngokushintsha kwenqubo yokwahlulela, funa ukuchaza indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisabelayo ezingashintsha ngayo izenhlalo kuyilapho zilondoloza ubuntu bazo obuyisisekelo.
Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa Nokungalingani Okungokomthetho
Naphezu kokulingana okungokomthetho okungokomthetho, ukwehluka okuphawulekayo ekutholeni ubulungisa kuyaqhubeka ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho. Izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa komthetho, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo zomthetho, kanye nokungalingani kwempahla phakathi kwamaqembu kungaphumela ekulinganiseni kobulungisa lapho imiphumela ixhomeke kakhulu engcebweni nasebukhulwini kunasebusweni obungokomthetho.
Ukusebenzisa ubulungisa kudinga izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zosizo olusemthethweni, izinqubo ezilula, ezinye izinqubo zokuxazulula impikiswano, nezinguquko ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amakhambi angenzeka ngesinqumo sempikiswano ye-inthanethi, izinkonzo ezingokomthetho eziqondiswe ngemishini, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kolwazi olungokomthetho, nakuba futhi kufaka izingozi zokwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zokungalingani phakathi kwalabo abanezimiso nokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.
Indima Yezakhamuzi Ezimisweni Zomthetho Nasemthethweni
Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho ngokuvamile kuxoxwa ngazo ngokuphathelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nochwepheshe bezomthetho, izakhamuzi zifeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni lezi zimiso. Ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo wentando yeningi ekugcineni kuxhomeke enqubweni yolwazi, yezakhamuzi eqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, esebenzisa amalungelo ngendlela efanele, futhi egcina uhulumeni enesibopho emithethweni engokomthetho.
Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho kubalulekile ukuze kube nempumelelo ekwakheni imibuso yentando yeningi. Imfundo yeCivic isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo, ziqonde indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ukubhala ngomthetho - sisekelo kwenza izakhamuzi ziqaphele lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zeqisa imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo futhi zisekele ngokuphumelelayo izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ngeshwa, izakhamuzi eziningi azinalo ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho, zilinganisela ikhono lazo lokusebenzisa amalungelo ngokuphumelelayo noma zigcine uhulumeni unecala. Ukuqinisa imfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni, ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi engokomthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa okufinyelelekayo mayelana namalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho nezinqubo kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zisebenza njengomlondolozi ophelele wezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba ngisho nezakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo ezimiswe kahle kakhulu zingenakuyivikela inkululeko ngaphandle kokuba izakhamuzi zizimisele futhi zikwazi ukuzivikela.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi
Izakhamuzi zilondoloza idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngokuzikhandla, kuhlanganise nokuvota, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, ukuhlela amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla, nokungenela isikhundla. Ukuthatha iqhaza kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli abazosebenzisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi nokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho. Phakathi nokhetho, izakhamuzi zingathonya isimiso ngezicelo, ukubhikisha, izinkulumo zasobala ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, nezinye izindlela zokuzibopha izakhamuzi.
Isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo samalungelo ezombangazwe njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nesicelo sikhona ngokunembile ukuze sikwazi ukwenza lesisakhamuzi sikwazi ukubusa. Lamalungelo awazona nje inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kodwa ayizici zokwakha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi ezenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni futhi zithonye isimiso somphakathi. Ukusebenzisa lamalungelo ngokunengqondo nangempumelelo kudinga ukuqonda kokubili izinga lawo nemingcele yazo, kanye nokuzinikela ezimisweni zentando yeningi zokubekezelelana, ukuphikisana, nenhlonipho ngemibono ephikisanayo.
Inkonzo Yamajukunci Nokuhlanganyela Ngokomthetho
Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho ngenkonzo yamajaji. Amajaji ezakhamuzi ezivamile anquma amaqiniso emacaleni obugebengu nasemphakathini, esebenza njengesehlo embusweni kahulumeni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izindinganiso zomphakathi zazi imiphumela engokomthetho. Inkonzo kaJury imelela olunye lwezindlela eziqondile zokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwezakhamuzi, ibeka umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile ezandleni zabantu abavamile ukuba baphathe ubulungisa ngokungakhethi nangokungakhethi.
Ngaphandle kwenkonzo yamajaji, izakhamuzi zisebenzelana nezimiso zomthetho njengamaqembu amacala, ofakazi, izisulu zobugebengu, nakwamanye amakhono ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuxhumana kulololonga izizimo zomphakathi zobugunya obungokomthetho nokuphumelela. Uma izakhamuzi zibhekana nezinqubo ezingokomthetho njengezilungile, ezifinyelelwe, futhi ezilungile, zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlonipheni igunya elingokomthetho futhi zivumelane nemithetho engokomthetho.
Izimiso Zomthetho Eziqhathanisayo Nezomthetho
Ukuhlola izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho emazweni ahlukahlukene kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zezinselele ezivamile kanye nokuhlobana phakathi kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho nemiphumela yezenhlalo. Ukuqhathanisa kwembula ukuthi ayikho indlela eyodwa elungile yokuhlela uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo noma izimiso zomthetho, kodwa kunalokho izindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo ezibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukile, izindinganiso zamasiko, namafilosofi ezombangazwe.
Amapalementi aphikisana nezimiso zikamongameli
Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zihluka kakhulu endleleni ezihlela ngayo ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Izimiso zikamongameli, njengalawo ase-United States, ziveza ukukhethwa okuhlukene kwesikhulu esiphethe nesishaya umthetho, umongameli ekhonza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha izibopho zentando yeningi ezihlukene zegatsha ngalinye nezihlolo eziqinile, kodwa futhi kungaveza i-readrock lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene.
Izimiso zePhalamende, ezivamile eYurophu nasezindaweni ezazibuswa amaBritane, zihlanganisa amandla aphetheyo nawomthetho, lapho kuvela isikhulu (umphathi wecala nekhabethe) esiphuma futhi sisalokhu silandisa kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlangana kungaveza ukubusa okunempumelelo nokucaciswa, njengoba iqembu elibusayo lilawula kokubili imisebenzi yezemithetho nezikhulu. Nokho, lingase linikeze ukuhlola okubuthakathaka okubuthakathaka kakhulu kumandla amaningi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso zobumongameli. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezixuba ingxubevange noma ezinezici ezihlanganisa izici zombili zezindlela, afuna ukuthatha izinzuzo zomthetho womthetho womthetho kanye nokwehlisa ubuthakathaka bawo.
Amahlelo eUnitary v. Federal System
Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziyahluka futhi endleleni ezisakaza ngayo amandla ngokwendawo. Izimiso ze-Unications zigxilisa igunya kuhulumeni wezwe, ongase anike ohulumeni besifunda noma bendawo amandla athile kodwa agcine igunya eliphelele. Izimiso zomphakathi zihlukanisa amandla esizwe nesifunda ngomthetho ngokomthetho, ngesilinganiso ngasinye sinamandla athile akhethekile noma ahlangeneyo elinye elingawashintshanga nhlobo.
I-Federalism ingahlanganisa abantu abahlukahlukene nabakhethayo, ivumele ukuhlola izimiso, futhi ivimbele ukugxiliswa ngokweqile kwamandla. Nokho, ingadala futhi ubunkimbinkimbi, ukuhluleka, nokungalingani ezifundeni zonke. Izimiso zobumbano zingaba eziphumelela kakhulu futhi zingathakazeleli kakhulu kodwa zingathathi hlangothi olufanayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukukhetha phakathi kwezakhiwo ezihlukene zomphakathi nohulumeni ngokuvamile kubonisa izimo ezingokomlando, ubukhulu bendawo, kanye nesilinganiso sokwehlukahlukahluka kwenani labantu ezweni.
Ukusingatha Izindlela Ezihlukene Zokuvikela Amalungelo
Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziyahluka endleleni ezivikela ngayo amalungelo ayisisekelo. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa izikweleti zamalungelo ezibanzi nemininingwane eminingi yenkululeko evikelekile, kuyilapho eminye inikeza isivikelo esivamile. Ezinye izimiso zivumela ukulinganiselwa okulula kwamalungelo ngomthetho ovamile, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa nokuhlolisiswa okuqinile kwemingcele yamalungelo.
Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omthetho kuyahluka futhi. Ezinye izimiso zokwahlulela zinikeza ukubukezwa okuqinile okuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zinciphise ukuphulwa kwamalungelo, kuyilapho ezinye zithembele kakhulu ezinqubweni zezombangazwe ukuze zivikele amalungelo. Eminye imithetho engokomthetho ihlanganisa amalungelo alungile adinga ukuthathwa nguhulumeni, njengamalungelo emfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma indawo yokuhlala, kuyilapho ezinye zigxila ngokuyinhloko emalungelweni angemahle avimbela ukungenela kukahulumeni. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene zibonisa amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngendima efanele kahulumeni, isimo samalungelo, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nenhlala - ntlalonye.
Ikusasa Lezimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezomthetho
Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nomthetho - sisekelo kumelwe zivumelane nemisebenzi yazo eyinhloko yokulinganisela amandla, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Izenzakalo nentuthuko eziningana cishe ziyololonga ikusasa lalezi zimiso emashumini eminyaka azayo.
Ubuchwepheshe obusunguliwe buzoqhubeka bubekela imiqondo engokwesiko engokomthetho futhi budinga izinqubo ezintsha zokusingatha izindaba ze-apply. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezisavelayo ziyophakamisa imibuzo ewubuhlakani neyomthetho edinga ukusabela okunengqondo okuzodinga ukulinganisela ukusungulwa kokuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Izimiso zomthetho zidinga ukuthuthukisa ikhono kakhulu lobuchwepheshe kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bufeza ubulungisa kunokuba bubunciphise.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nezinselele zezizwe zonke cishe kuyobangela ukubambisana okungokomthetho okwandayo nokuvumelana kwezizwe zonke, okungabangela ukungezwani nemibono engokwesiko yobukhosi besizwe nenkululeko engokomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelezizwe zonke, phakathi kwezimiso zendawo yonke nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo, kuyohlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo edinga ikhono lokuxhumana nokwakha izinto ngokomthetho.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kungase kubangele ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo amasha omthetho-sisekelo nezibopho zikahulumeni ezihlobene nokuvikela indawo ezungezile nokugcinwa. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kakade seziwaqaphele amalungelo endawo enempilo noma imisebenzi yokuphatha indawo ezungezile, futhi lokhu kuthambekela kungase kubhebhebhethekise njengoba izinselele zendawo ezungezile zikhula. Ukucabangela indawo ezungezile ngokwezimiso zomthetho nomthetho kuyilapho ukulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo nezithakazelo kuyoba okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko ehlala ikhona.
Izinguquko zesayensi yokuphila kwabantu, kuhlanganise nenani labantu asebegugile emazweni athuthukile kanye nentsha ehlala emazweni asathuthuka, kuyodala izinselele ezintsha zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezidinga ukusabela okungokomthetho nokungokomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuzinziswa komthetho - sisekelo wentando yeningi kuyoxhomeka ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ukwahlulela ngokulunga, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, nokuvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo esivela kubaholi bezombangazwe, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi ukuze basekele izindinganiso zomthetho futhi baqinise izinhlangano ezingokomthetho.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwezimiso Zomthetho Nezomthetho
Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho zimelela imizamo yabantu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuhlela ukuphila kwabantu bonke ngokwezimiso zobulungisa, inkululeko, kanye nokubusa komthetho. Lezi zimiso zinikeza izisekelo lapho imiphakathi izibusa khona, ixazulule izingxabano, ivikele amalungelo, futhi iphishekele izinjongo ezifanayo. Nakuba izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho ngokomthetho zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi namasiko ahlukene, zihlanganyela izinjongo ezifanayo zokulinganisela amandla omthetho, ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisetshenziswa ngokwezimiso ezimisiwe zomthetho noma izinhloso nje.
Ukusebenza kwalezi zimiso akuxhomekile nje kuphela ezimisweni zazo ezingokomthetho kodwa nasezivumelwaneni zabantu zokulondoloza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Ukuhlelwa kahle komthetho-mthetho nomthetho kuyadingeka kodwa akwanele ukulunga nenkululeko; kumelwe kusekelwe ngokwesiko lentando yeningi, izinhlangano ezizimele, izakhamuzi ezibophene, nabaholi abazinikele ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Uma lezi zici ziwumthetho nezimiso zomthetho zinganikeza ukuma okuqinile, ukubusa okungokomthetho okuvikela amalungelo, okuthuthukisa ubulungisa, futhi kwenza abantu bachume.
Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho-mthetho nezomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuba yisazi, othembise ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo ngokuphumelelayo nokubeka uhulumeni icala. Njengoba lezizimiso zibhekene nezinselele ezintsha kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nezinsongo zokubusa kwentando yeningi, isidingo sokufunda nokuzibophezela komthetho-mthetho wemithetho esemthethweni siya silokhu sibucayi. Ikusasa lesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nomthetho owenziwe ngokuzimisela kwesizukulwane ngasinye ukuqonda, ukuvikela, nokuqinisa lezinhlangano nezimiso ezibalulekile.
Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo izimiso zomthetho-mthetho nezomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. [[FLT]] United States Courts website inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, kuyilapho [FLT][5]] Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School [[[FLT]] inikeza izincazelo ezifinyelelekayo zomthetho womthetho nezimiso ezingokomthetho. [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FFFFF:9] [FF] izimvume eziqaphele ezisemthethweni] [ezinye izizwe eziningi][FUniverse:[10] [FFF]] [1]]
Ngokuhlanganyela kulemithombo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi, izakhamuzi zinganikela ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho - sisekelo ezivikela inkululeko, ziqinisekise ubulungisa, futhi zenze ukuba kube nomthetho olawulwa ngentando yeningi. Ukulondolozwa kwalezizimiso zezizukulwane ezizayo kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, imfundo, kanye nokuzibophezela kwawo wonke amalungu omphakathi ezimisweni zentando yeningi nezomthetho.