Isingeniso: Uhambo Olungasheshi Lwe - American Sfuffin

Ilungelo lokuvota liyikho konke ukubusa kwentando yeningi. E-United States, ukudalula akukaze kube ilungelo elizimele kodwa kube yindawo ephikiswa kakhulu, eklanywe yizinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wesici, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nokungaguquguquki kwezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuthembeka kokhetho nokungenela kwevota namuhla. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwamalungelo enkantolo yokuvota kanye nenguquko, sidwebela intuthuko yesizwe ekulawuleni idemokhrasi ebanzi kuyilapho sisamukela ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwezentengiselwano ezimele ukuvota eMelika. Indaba yokuvota eqhubekayo ihlangabezana nokuphikisa okuhleliwe, ukushukuma kwezwe kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo.

Isisekelo Sokwehluleka Okulinganiselwe

UMthetho - sisekelo Nesithuthi Esihlotshiswe Umbuso

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugunyazwa ngo-1788, wakha uhlelo lokhetho lukahulumeni ngaphandle kokunikeza noma yiliphi iqembu elithile lezakhamuzi amalungelo okuvota. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokunquma izimfanelo zokuvota wanikezwa imibuso ngokuphelele, ukuhlehla okwagunyaza ukukhishwa okubanzi. Kuyirepublic yakuqala, abavoti babevunyelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa ukuba babe abamhlophe, abanikazi bempahla yabesilisa. Izimiso ezingokomthetho nezenhlalo zavimbela abesifazane, ama-Afrika (kukho kokubili inkululeko nezigqila), amaMelika oMdabu noMadabund, nasemazweni amaningi, amadoda amhlophe ayengahlangani nempahla noma izimfuneko zokukhokha intela.

I-Naturation Act ka 1790 yahlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwenguquko yemvelo ngokulinganisela "abantu abamhlophe abakhululekileyo," ukufakwa kwezindinganiso zobuhlanga kuyo kanye incazelo yobuhlanga. Nakuba ezinye izizwe zasenyakatho ekuqaleni zavumela amadoda amaBlack ukuba avote, lelilungelo lanqunywa ngezindlela ezihlelekile ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1990. Abesifazane base-New Jersey abahlukene ngokusemthethweni nabase-Afrika, kuyilapho iPennsylvania yasusa amalungelo okuvota amaBlack ngo-1838. Ngokuqala kweMpi Yombango, cishe wonke amazwe avimbela ama-Afrika ase-Afrika eMelika ebolobhelethiki, ebonisa ukuthi umbono weRepublicbation wakwa, wawuyisenzo, ilungelo elimhlophe.

Inkathi KaJackson: Ukwanda Kobumhlophe Obusayo

Ukhetho luka-Andrew Jackson ngo-1828 lwafanekisela ukushintshwa okukhulu kwempucuko yezombangazwe yaseMelika. Inkathi kaJackson yabona ukususwa okusakazeke kakhulu kwezimfanelo zempahla kubantu abamhlophe, iqhutshwa yimibono "yabantu abavamile" nokukhula kwamaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe. Phakathi kuka-1810 no-1850, cishe wonke amazwe asusiwe noma akhokhe intela edingayo ukuze amadoda akhethe, ngokuphawulekayo anwebe ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, lenhlangano, yayinobuhlanga obucacile. Njengoba amazwe anweba abamhlophe, ayehlanganisa amaBlabhulack Sucre, njalo ayekhipha imithetho yawo echaza "emhlophe" njengemfanelo yokuvota. Ukwanda kweqembu elilodwa lentando yentando yeningi kwakhiwe ngokuqondile, indlela eyayizophinde ihlanganise umlando wonke waseMelika.

Ukwakha kabusha: Isithembiso Esiphelele Nempi Enobudlova

ISichibiyelo Se - 15: Ukuncintisana Kwezinhlanga Okusekelwe Ekuphikiseni Imithombo Yezigelekeqe

IMpi Yomphakathi kanye nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwenkathi eyalandela yamelela ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu lwezigebengu zaseMelika. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwemisebenzi ye-1967, kwadinga ukuba kunikezwe amalungelo okuvota kubantu abamnyama njengesimo sokubhalisa i-Union. Lokhu kushintsha okuguqula kwahlanganiswa kumthetho-sisekelo kanye nokumiswa kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-15 ngo-1870, esamemezela ukuthi ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokuvota alikho ukuncishwa noma ukumiswa kwe-script "ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila." Imiphumela yashesha futhi yajula. Phakathi nokwenza i-Reconstanton, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamadoda aseAfrika abhaliswayo ukuba avote, akhethe izinkulungwane zezikhulu zendawo, isifundazwe, namahhovisi ezwe, futhi ahlanganyela ekubuthweni kwesizwe esisha sesizwe, nezikolo ezikondliwe.

Umbhalo ogcwele weSichibiyelo se-15 ukhona eMgqonyeni weSizwe.

UJim Crow Nokwakhiwa Kwesimiso Sokuhlaziywa KweSichibiyelo Se - 15

Isithembiso sentando yeningi sathatha isikhathi esifushane. Ukuhlehlela emuva kuka-1877 kwaphela ngokuphumelelayo uhulumeni we-constructionon, kwasusa amabutho e-Afrika eNingizimu futhi kwashiya amaMelika awela ohulumeni abamhlophe "UMvuselelo". Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka alandela, amazwe aseNingizimu ahlanganyela emkhankasweni ohleliwe wokuqeda iSichibiyelo se-15. Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinyathelo ezingokomthetho nezezinga elingaphezulu, akha umshini oyinkimbinkimbi wokulahla i-palencerfranchize.

Izici eziyinhloko zesimiso sokuvota sikaJim Crow zahlanganisa nalezi:

  • Intela yezentengo: Intela zaminyaka yonke kufuneke ukuba kubhaliswe ukuvota, okuyizakhamuzi ezimpofu ezimpofu nezimhlophe eziye zalahla ngokungenakulinganiswa.
  • Ukuhlola kobuLungu:[ Izimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi zokufunda nokuchaza zinikezwa ubandlululo oludlulele ombhalisi abamhlophe, ngokuphumelelayo zivimbela cishe bonke abancintiswano abamnyama.
  • [ Umkhulu u-Claus: Amalungiselelo akhulula abantu ezimfunekweni zokufunda noma zempahla uma okhokho babo babevotele ngaphambi kuka-1867, kanjalo bekhulula abamhlophe abangafundile kuyilapho bekhipha izakhamuzi zabaNsundu ezazigqilaziwe okhokho babo.
  • Izindawo ezimhlophe: I-Democratic Party, ibutho eliphethe izombangazwe eNingizimu, yazibiza ngokuthi iyiqembu langasese futhi yakhipha ngokomthetho abavoti abamnyama okhethweni oluyinhloko, iqinisekisa ukuthi abamhlophe kuphela abathuthukele okhethweni oluvamile.
  • Ubudlova nokuziqhayisa:[ IKlux Klan nezinye izinhlangano zamaphekula zasebenzisa i-lynting, ukushaya, nokuphoqelela kwezomnotho ukwesabisa imiphakathi yabamnyama futhi zicindezela ukuthatha iqhaza kwezombangazwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme yayivame ukuwenza lula lo msebenzi wokukhipha izikhungo zikahulumeni. United States v. Cruikshank (186], iNkantolo yakhipha ngokuphumelelayo iNkantolo iMithetho yeMithetho, ibusa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe wayengeke abajezise abantu ngabanye ngenxa yozungu lokuphika amalungelo omphakathi. [[FLT:] Pluttenv.[FLT] v. [1866] [186]) yanikeza isembo esingokomthetho se "Silingani," futhi [[FLT:] u-Giles.[[FLT] v [FLD] [5:] [0] wasekela imithetho yokuvota, wamemezela ngokuphumelelayo iNkakhulu le-Aramstiki ye-'edenticcurence kulungisa isimiso se-Afran. Kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Ukulwela Ukulwa Kwabesifazane Isikhathi Eside

Ukusuka Ekuweni KweSeneca Kuya Ekuqhumeni Kwesizwe

Ukulwela abesifazane ukuvota kwaqala ngentshiseko eSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848, lapho abashisekeli behlanganisa uElizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mott bakhipha khona "Ukwehliswa kweMithetho Yesigebengu" efuna amalungelo alinganayo kwabesifazane, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuvota. Lenhlangano yakhula futhi yashintshashintsha phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandelayo, iqondene nokuhlangenwe nakho kwenhlangano yenhlangano yokunqanda ukunqandwa kwezwe. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, kwavela umfantu phakathi kwenhlangano ye-Prentelligement ye-15, eyaholwa amadoda amnyama kodwa angewona angenabo abesifazane. Lenhlangano yaholela ekusungulweni kwezinhlangano ezimbili eziphikisanayo: i-Nady Ssuffnge (NWS), eholwa yi-Stanton ne-Anbon B.

[ ISiteshi seMilando sinikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwentshukumo yabesifazane.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 Nezinhlobonhlobo Zenhlangano

Inhlangano ye-suffilegela yasebenzisa icebo eliphindwa kabili: ukuphishekela ukunqoba kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni ngesikhathi izama ukuthuthukisa umthetho-sisekelo. Izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga, lapho abesifazane babefeze indima ebalulekile khona emingceleni yezindawo zomngcele, zahola khona. Ukuvota kwanikezwa amalungelo agcwele ngo1869, kulandelwa uUtah, Colorado, noIdaho kuma1990. Ngo-1918, abesifazane base befinyelele amalungelo okuvota agcwele ezizweni ezingu-15. Inhlangano yathola amandla amashasha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngaphansi kwezikhulu zesizwe njengoAlice Paul of the National Woman’s Party, owamukela amasuffgette alwano empi yamanzi agqugquzelwa yiBritish Houseppets, imibhikisholo emikhulu, nokuhlasela okukhulu. I-19191998, i-Premente, yadlulelacesting ngo-191920, futhi yandisa abesifazane bahlanganisa isizwe sabesifazane.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sekhulu leminyaka asizange siqinisekise ukuvota bonke abesifazane. Abesifazane boMdabu waseMelika babenqatshelwe kakhulu ukuvota kwaze kwaba se-Indiyan Citizenshishiship Act ngo-1924, futhi amazwe amaningi aqhubeka ebakhipha de kube ngawo-1950. Abesifazane base-Asia babengenakukwazi ukuba nesabelo sesizwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yemvelo eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo1959 uMc. ENingizimu, abesifazane abamnyama babhekana nentela efanayo yokukhokha intela yokukhokha, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, kanye nokwesatshiswa ngobudlova njengamadoda amaBlabhu. Ukulwa kwabesifazane emhlabeni wonke kwakuhambisana kakhulu nemithetho yemvelo nesigaba, iqiniso elalolonga inhlangano kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nokwakhiwa Kabusha Kwesibili

Ukumisa Isisekelo: IsiHluzi Se - 24 NoMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi Ka - 1964

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka yamelela "Umbuso owenziwe ngokusemthethweni," futhi yabekela izakhiwo zomthetho nezezenhlalo zokuphakama kwabamhlophe inselele. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho okwafinyelelwa yi-NAACP, kuhlanganise Smith v. Allwright[ [19444], eyavala isakhiwo esiyinhloko esimhlophe, [[FLT]] Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo yezemfundo [1954], eyamemezela ukucwalisa isikole ngokukhetha izifunda, yanikeza isisekelo sokuhlasela okuvusenezelwe kokuvota. Ukukhipha intela evotimendeni, ukususa ukuvota okungokonga okungokonga kahle kwezentengokwayo, ukuvinjelwa kweze ukuvota kwezentengo yomphakathi, ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho eziphambili, kanye nezimfuneko eziphambili zokuvinjezwa ezingokomthetho zokuvolwa.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Ukudla Ilungelo: IPinnacle of Reformation

I-Selma ukuya e-Montgomery ngo-March 1965, kanye nokuhlasela konya "ngeSonto" kwabahambi e-Edmund Pettus Bridge, kwavuselela umbono wesizwe futhi kwaphoqelela uMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson ukuba afune ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sobuhlanga. Umphumela waba yiVoting Rights Act ka-65 (VRA), ingxenye enamandla kakhulu yomthetho wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Izimiso eziyinhloko zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho zaqala:

  • Ukukhetha 2:[ Umthetho wezwe lonke wokwenza ukuvota ocalucalula ngesisekelo sohlanga noma umbala.
  • Ukukhetha 4: A "indlela yokufihla" ephawula ama-gure (ngokuvamile ekujuleni kwe-South) enomlando wokukhetha ukuvota.
  • Ukuhlanganisa 5: Imfuneko "ecacile" ehlanganisa amazwe ithola imvume kahulumeni kuMnyango woMahlulelo noma iNkantolo yeSithili ye-U.S. yeSithili saseColumbia ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe noma isiphi ushintsho emithethweni noma ezinqubeni zokuvota.

Lokhu kuqondisa kukahulumeni kwashintsha. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuhamba komthetho, ukubhalisa okumnyama eMississippi kwenyuka kusuka ku 7% kuya ku 60%. Inani lezikhulu ezikhethiwe zabaNsundu eNingizimu lakhula ngokuphawulekayo, ngokuyisisekelo liguqula isimo sezwe sezombangazwe. IVRA yavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, muva nje ngo-200, lapho uKhongolo lwamaBlack luqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinqatshelwanga ngenxa yohlanga.

[ UMnyango woMahluleli unikeza imininingwane yokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nemiphumela ye-Piting Rights Act ka-1965.

Ukuqamba Amalungelo: Izinselele Emsebenzini WeVRA

Shelby County v. Hoker (203) Nokuncipha Kokuhlasela

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Voting Rights Act kwahlala kuqinile cishe iminyaka engu-50, kusebenza njengesithiyo esinamandla sokuvimbela ushintsho lokuvota ngomthetho. Nokho, esinqumweni esingu-5-4 e Shelby County v.Hander [202013], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasiphula ngokuphumelelayo ilungiselelo lomthetho wezemfundo. INkantolo yashaya phansi i-Dace 4 yendlela yokuvota, iveza ukuthi amashumi eminyaka akudala ukwaziswa kwaphelelwa isikhathi futhi iphule umthetho "olingana" wezikhulu zamazwe. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esisemthethweni, i-Part 5 ngaphambi kokuba i-cobatective imfuneko yaze yamukeleka. Umhlangano wamenywa ukuba kwenziwe uhlelo olusha olusekelwe ezimweni zamanje, kodwa u-Grounigconst wale inst transty.

Imiphumela ye Selby County yayingasheshi futhi iqondakali. Ngamahora ambalwa esinqumo, izifunda nezindawo ezazingakade zibekwe kusengaphambili zaqala ukusebenzisa imithetho nemikhuba ngaphambili eyayivalwe noma inqandwe yizo zikahulumeni. Lemithetho yayihlanganisa imithetho eqinile yokuvota, ukusika kwasekuqaleni, ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu, nokukhitshalwa kwemihlathi yevota. Ukucwaninga kweBrennan Center yeJaji nezinye izinhlangano kwaphawula ukuthi lemithetho yabambalwa ababethwele umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu, iholela ekulindeni izikhathi ezinde, amazinga aphezulu okuvota, nokunciphiswa kwemida.

I-Brennan Center yeJaji inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwemiphumela yesinqumo se-Shelby County.

Imithetho Yokuhlanganisa Izincwadi Nempikiswano Ngokuthola Nobuqotho

Inkathi ye-post i-Shelby County iye yaphawulwa ngokwahlukana okukhulu ngezinqubo zokuvota. Abasekeli bemithetho yokuvota eqinile baphikisa ukuthi badingekile ukuze bavimbele ukuvota futhi balondoloze ukuqiniseka komphakathi ekukhetheni. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvota akuvamile futhi lemithetho isebenza ngokuyinhloko ekunqandeni ukuphenduka phakathi kwenkokhelo ephansi, ingcosana, nasebekhulile abangasenamathuba okuthola izimpawu ezidingekayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho we-ID ka-Indiana oqinile [ku- ku-Crawford v. Marion Counst County Board (), iveza ukuthi imithetho enjalo isemthethweni uma ingekho uma isetshenziswa ngendlela ebanzi. Ngokulandela ukhetho lwama 2020, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zeRepublican ezilawulayo ziqinisa imizamo yokumisa imingcele entsha yokuvota, ukukhipha imithetho evimbela imibandela yokuhlukanisa iposi, ukubeka imingcele elinganiselwe, ukulahla amabhokisi, nokukhushukuma kwemisebe lokuvota. Abagxeki basho lemi imizamo ehlangene yokucindezela ukuvota okulandela ukuvota okulandela ukuvota okuphakeme okungoko ngokomthetho ekuvota okungoko.

Impi Eqhubekayo Yezindinganiso Zomphakathi: I - John Lewis Leas Vong Rights Readting Rights Act

Isabela ekubekeni imingcele kahulumeni, iDemocrates eKhongomeni yasungula ngokuphindaphindiwe i-John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, eqanjwe nge-phonogn ne-commission eyahamba i-Edmund Pettus Bridge. Lo mthetho ohloselwe ukubuyisela nokuhlanganisa i-VRA entsha, ngokusungula umthetho othuthukisiwe, wokuhlanganisa, ngokuqinisa isivikelo sokuvimbela ukuvota ngokusemthethweni. Lomthetho wadlulisa iNdlulo yabameli ngezikhathi eziningi kodwa wahluleka ukuqhubekela phambili eSihlalweni seNdlulweni, wavinjelwa imithetho ye-filbbuster nokuphikiswa okuhlangene kweRiphabliki. Ukuhluleka ukudlulisa umthetho welungelo lokuvota. Ukuvimbela kokulawula okujulile kwezindawo zokuvota nokulwa kwezindawo zokuvota nokulwa kwentando kwentando yeningi nokulwa kwentando yeningi kwezwe eNtshonalanga.

[[I-ACLU] inikeza ukufushaniswa nokuhlaziywa kwe-John Lewis Voting Rights Act.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwe - Franchishe

Umlando wamalungelo okuvota e-United States awuyona indaba elula yentuthuko eqhubekayo. Indaba yentuthuko ejulile yentando yeningi ehlanganiswe nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulwa nezokulwa ezingapheli eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla ezombangazwe. Kusukela ezikhundleni zenkathi yokusungulwa kwenkathi yokugqashuka kuya ekuhlukani kwesigaba se-mncintiswaneni, futhi kusukela ezimpini zokuvota ngokuhlukanisa umsizi ngokuhlukanisa i-Jim Crow, futhi ezilwiwayo ngokuhlukanisayo ukuhlukanisa iNkantolo ye-VRA's produra's produraances, i-franchine ibilokhu iyinkundla eyinhloko yengxabano yezombangazwe. Isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabizwa ukuba sivikele futhi sandise incazelo ye "abantu" abanelungelo lokuzilawula ngokwabo. Ukuqonda lomlando akuyona indlela yokuzivivinya isikole nje. Inikeza ukuphikisana okudingekile esaba ukuvotela ukukhohliswa kwemi, ummeleli kahulumeni, ummeleli wemvume kahulumeni, futhi umfutho womphakathi owe ukukhohlelwa wonke ozwile ukuba athole ithuba lokuthola ithuba loku