ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Nendlela Yokuhlalisana

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, yokunxusa, nenkolo. Izigaba zenkolo ``i-Claussmediation ne-Free Execreation Claus')) ekuqaleni zaklanyelwa ukuvimbela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba uphazamise izindaba zenkolo noma ukumisa isonto lesizwe. Kodwa eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-30 ngemva kokuba iSigqebhene samalungelo sagunyaziwe, lezi sivikelo zasetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni wombuso. I-United States yayikhululekile ukumisa izinkolo ezingokomthetho, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukujezisa izinkolelo zenkolo ezincane ngaphandle kokuphula uMthetho - sisekelo. Lokho kwaqala ukushintsha inqubo engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-Dercementation, eyanweba i-Bill yamaLugnon kuhulumeni nge-1950.

Indaba yokufakwa kwe Free Execle Claus ayiyona nje indlela yemfundo ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo; iyindaba yokuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo yaseMelika yaba yilungelo eliphoqelelwe kuyo yonke indawo ngokumelene nanoma isigaba sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lenqubo kudinga ukuhlola inqubo ejikelezayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umongo ongokomlando we-constration, kanye nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo.

Isizinda Somlando: Izincwadi Zamalungelo Nezinga Lawo Lasekuqaleni

Lapho iBill of Rights igunyazwa ngo-1791, yabonisa ukukhathazeka koMsunguli ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla angaphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Nokho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siqala ngokucacile ngamagama athi "ISiphendulo Asenza umthetho," silinganisela ukusebenza kwaso kumthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi ohulumeni babengenazo izithiyo izithiyo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zokuphatha inkolo. Izizwe eziningi zamisa amasonto aqala kahle ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, futhi ezinye zamisa imithetho eyahlukanisa amaKatolika ambalwa ayesemkhankambini wenkolo, amaJuda, nabangakholwa, nabangakholwayo.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1833 kuBarron v. Baltimore yaqinisekisa lencazelo ewumngcingo, ikholelwa ukuthi iBill of Rights yabeka uhulumeni kuphela, hhayi izifundazwe. Lesi sibonelo sasikhona cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Ukuhlelwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane leSichibiyelo ngo-1868, namalungelo aso noma ama-Immunion Clausse ne-ISCreaste Proce, kwakha isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo eziphikisayo eziseqekelelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo. Kodwa kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba iNkanto ithathe imfundiso ehlangene.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokuzalwa Kokubuyisana

ISichibiyelo se-Access of the 14th Claus sinikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso ozothi "uthobe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Umbuzo wezinkantolo waba ukuthi igama elithi "liberty" kule nkulumo lalihlanganisa amalungelo akhethekile abekwe kuyi-Bill of Rights. Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa i-comion iwuphendule ngokuqiniseka lombuzo, kodwa wawuphendula ngokuyi-nclaye, ngecala, ngecala.

Icala lasekuqaleni kwelama-20 laqala ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokuVunyelwa Kwezinqumo Zokuqala ezifundazweni. Gitlow v. eNew York (1925), iNkantolo yaphetha ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sisetshenziswa ezizweni ngenqubo ye-Active Programme Clause. UJaji Sanford wabhala ukuthi "ngenjongo yamanje singathatha inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokunyathelisa] evikelwe yiSiphakamiso Sokuqala esivikelwe yi-Bridgiments Congresstion futhi 'irreance' evikelelwe inqubo efanelekile yezentengiselwano ye-14, encipheniswe yizentengiselwa izikhululweni yenkolo." Lokhu kucabanga kunganwebela ngokushesha.

Umqondo ofanayo wasetshenziswa ekusebenziseni inkolo mahhala kuHamilton v. Regents of the University of California (1934]), lapho iNkantolo yaphawula khona kuyidicta ukuthi i-Free Expression Claus cishe yasebenza ezifundazweni. Kodwa isinqumo esiqinisekile safika eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva.

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940): I - proformation Point

Icala eliyingqopha - mlando elahlanganisa i-Free Execrect Claus ngokusemthethweni nezifundazwe lalingu- Cantwell v.Connecticut, inqunywe iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ngo-1940. Icala lalihilela uNewton Cantwell namadodana akhe, oFakazi BakaJehova ababeboshelwe ukwephula umthetho we-Connecticut ofuna imvume yokucela izimali zezinjongo zenkolo. AmaCantwell ayeshumayela futhi asakaza izincwadi endaweni egcwele amaKatolika, futhi adlala irekhodi legilamafoni eyayigxeka inkolo ehleliwe.

IJaji Owen Roberts, libhalela iNkantolo, lathi i-Free Exespect Claus yafakwa ngeSichibiyelo se-Access se-14 se-Accessting’s Procession Claus. Lathi: "Umqondo oyisisekelo wenkululeko ehlanganiswe kuleso Sichibiyelo uhlanganisa inkululeko eqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isichibiyeli sokuqala simemezela ukuthi uMkhandlu awuyikwenzi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukuvinjelwa kwayo. ISiphendulo seshumi nane seSiphendulo siye sanikeza iziphakamiso zemibuso njengezingasimende njengeSivumelwane ukuba iMiyalo engokomthetho enjalo."""

Isinqumo sakwaCantwell sasiwumzuzwana opholile. Kwasho ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo babengasakwazi ukuhlasela imikhuba engokwenkolo ngenxa yokuvimbela okukhethekile okungekho. Lesi sinqumo saqeda futhi icebo lokuvimbela iConnecticut njengesimiso esingekho ngokomthetho somthetho wangaphambili emsebenzini wenkolo, simisa ukuthi imibuso ayinakugunyaza ukuncengwa kwemvume yecala engokwenkolo ekhishwa isikhulu sikahulumeni.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, uCantwell wanqunywa ngosuku olufanayo no Minesville School strict v. Gobitis (1940), lapho iNkantolo yasekela khona umthetho wefulege ophoqelelweyo ngokumelene noFakazi BakaJehova, futhi isinqumo seNkantolo sashintsha eminyakeni emithathu kamuva [ku-] i-West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [193]). Lokhu kuhlehlela emuva-kanye-kwethu kubonisa isimo esishukumisayo sokuzivivinya u-Eyedwa u-Eye-Julisrust jurisformation ngisho nangemva kokuhlanganisa.

Sherbert v. Verner (1963): Isimiso Esiqinile Sokufunda

Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemva kukaCantwell, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasungula ukuhlolwa okuqinile kokuhlola i-Free Execrough. Sherbert v. Verner (1963), iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi i South Carolina ingakwazi yini ukuphika izinzuzo zokungasebenzi ku-Adell Sherbert, umSabatha owadunyiswa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo, iSabatha. Umthetho wempoqo wobuphelo wamazwe wafuna ukuba abamukeli bezelelwe ukuba bamukele "umsebenzi ofanele uma bewunikiwe," futhi ukwenqaba kukaSherbert ukuba asebenze ngeMigqibelo kwamenza angamukeleki.

INkantolo, ngokombono kaMahluleli uWilliam Brennan, yathi ukuphika kwezwe izinzuzo kwabangela ukuba uSherbert asebenzise inkolo mahhala. Izwe lingathethelela umthwalo onjalo kuphela ngokubonisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni [ nokuthi umthetho wawuwumthetho ovimbela incazelo eqinile [[[ yokufinyelela isithakazelo. Uvivinyo lweSherbert, njengoba lwaziwa, lwagunyaza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kunoma yisiphi isenzo sikahulumeni esinzima kakhulu sokuhlola inkolo.

Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, i-South Carolina yehluleka. Isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuvimbela iziphambeko sasingagunyazi ngokwanele ukuba sinqobe ukuphikisa kwenkolo kaSherbert, futhi umbuso wawunganikeza ukukhululeka okungokwenkolo ngaphandle kokululaza isimiso sokungasebenzi. Ukuhlolwa kweSherbert kwasetshenziswa ngokushesha kwezinye izimo, kuhlanganise namacala okungakhokhelwa okuhilela ukugcinwa kweSabatha nokunqaba konembeza inkonzo yezempi.

Isinqumo seSherbert sasimele uphawu oluphezulu lwesivikelo se-Free Express phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Kwakudinga amazwe ukuba anelise imikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ayenesizathu esiphoqelela ngempela sokwenza kanjalo. Lendinganiso yanikeza isivikelo esinengqondo ezinkolweni ezimbalwa nasezinkolelweni ezingezona eziphambili, njengoba izinkantolo zazisebenzisa ukucubungula okuqinile emithethweni eyayithweswa kanzima ukuqeqeshwa kwezenkolo.

IReligion Admist v. Smith (1990): Ukubuyiselwa

Izwe lomthetho weFree Exemory lashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngo-1990 i-Employment Division v. Smith. Icala lavela ekuxoshweni kukameluleki ababili bamaMelika Omdabu abasebenzisa kabi izinto ezidakayo, u-Alfred Smith noGalen Black, abadutshulwa ngenxa yokuphuza ipeyote phakathi nomkhosi wenkolo weSonto lamaNative American. Izwe lase-Oregon labenqabela izinzuzo zokuswela umsebenzi, libhekisela ekukhululweni kwabo ngenxa ye-"isymmus."

Emcabangweni ophikisayo kaMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia, iNkantolo yashiya indinganiso eqinile ye-Sherbert efuna ukuqashwa kwezimiso eziningi zokuvivinya umzimba. INkantolo yathi imithetho engathathi hlangothi yokungathathi hlangothi kwezimiso ezivamile zokuzivivinya ngokomthetho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi ukuvivinya izinkonzo zenkolo akungqubuzani nohlelo lwenkululeko olukhululekile, ngisho noma umthwalo umkhulu. Njengoba uScalia abhala, "ukwenza isibopho somuntu sokulalela umthetho onjalo oxhomeke ezinkolelweni zakhe ezingokwenkolo, ngaphandle kokuba isithakazelo sikaHulumeni sime u-'inte'interpy'inter,'inteyinte ngobuhle bezinkolelo zakhe,'inkolelo yakhe,'ukuba yisibopho somthetho kuye ngokwakhe nesiko somthetho kanye nomqondo ovamile.""

Isinqumo seSmith sayiqeda ngokuphumelelayo i - Sherbert ukuhlolwa kwazo zonke izenzakalo ngaphandle kwalezo ezihilela ukukhokhelwa kwemisebenzi nezimo ezixubile lapho elinye ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lalihilelekile khona. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi kwakungamiswa imithetho ecindezelayo engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokukhipha ukukhululwa, uma imithetho ingathathi hlangothi futhi ngokuvamile isebenza.

UKhongolose wasabela ngokushesha kuSmith ngokudlulisa uMthetho we-Religional Freedom Reconstruct ngo-1993, owabuyisela indinganiso yokuhlola okuqinile njengendaba yomthetho kahulumeni. RFRA isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi izifunda eziningi zadlulisela izinguqulo zazo siqu ze-[FLT] i-Religious Freedom Reconsoletion Acts@ ukuze ziqinisekise isivikelo esifanayo esisesilinganisweni sombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa eDolobheni lase Boerne v. Flores (1997) ukuthi i-RRAFRA) yadlula iziphaka-mthetho zemithetho ye-Greversementation Develoption (intemplete-Dion) njengoba isebenza kuhulumeni, kodwa i-RFRA ihlala ibophele kuhulumeni.

Umphumela Wokungahloniphi Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukufakwa kwe - Free Execree Claus kuye kwaba nemiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo enkulu enkulu enkulu eMelika. Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlanganiswe, imibuso ingamisa izinkolo ezingokomthetho, iphoqelele ukuba khona esontweni, ivimbele imikhuba ethile yokukhulekela, noma ijezise abantu ngezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo.

Ukuqashelwa kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amaqembu enkolo amancane. OFakazi BakaJehova, abaguqulela abantu kwenye inkolo ngobudlova nokwenqaba kwabo ukushayela ifulege indesheni ngokuvamile kwabangela ukuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho, babeba abaxhaswe njalo yizikhungo ze-Free Express Clause phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Ngokufanayo, imikhaya yama-Amish yathola ukunqoba okuphawulekayo Wiscosin v. Yoder [7] [7], lapho iNkantolo isekela ukuthi isikole esiphoqelelwe ukuba sibe khona sesomthetho wesikole u-Free Evie Claus Claus ngokufuna ukuba izingane ze-Amish zingene esikoleni ngalé kwebanga lesine ngezinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo.

AmaJuda namaSulumane aye asebenzisa futhi ngokuphumelelayo i - Free Exemory Claus ukuba abeke imithetho ephazamisa imikhuba yawo engokwenkolo.

Nokho, isinqumo sikaSmith sanciphisa kakhulu izinga lesivikelo somthetho sisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwenkolo. Ngaphansi komthetho wamanje, akukho lungelo elingokomthetho elivamile lokukhulula ngokwenkolo ekungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile imithetho esebenzayo. Ukugxila kusuka ekuhlalweni kwabantu kuya ekwelapheni okufanayo . i-Free Expression Claus ekhululekile ivimbela ohulumeni ukuba bavimbele imikhuba engokwenkolo yokufuna ukwelashwa okungamukeleki, kodwa abafuni ukuba bakhiphe ukukhululwa emithethweni engekho hlangothini.

Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Zanamuhla Nezingxoxo Eziqhubekayo

Impikiswano ngobukhulu bezindawo zokuvikela ze - Free Expression Claus iyaqhubeka ilawula umthetho nezombangazwe zaseMelika. Izindawo ezintathu zimatasa kakhulu namuhla:

Ukungavunyelwe kwenkolo emithethweni emelene nedisciation communment. Ukucindezela phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo neLGBTQ + amalungelo kuye kwabangela amacala amaningi e-profile ephezulu. Kumacatenhorton hop v. Isinqumo saseColorado Common Rights Commission [208]], iNkantolo yeNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi iColorado Civiltural Rights Commission ex iphule i-Free Exective Clause ngokubonisa inzondo engokwenkolo emelene nombhakinikazini womshado. Umbhangqwana wawuyimingcipheko, ngokusekelwe emaqinisweni aqondileyo empathiso ye-Complay, kodwa washiya wemibuzo emikhulu ngokulinganayo enkolo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo emajele nasempini. Abantu abaphathwe kabi kanye namalungu enkonzo baye baphakamisa iziphakamiso zeFree Express Free processor ngokuqondene nokuthola izincwadi zenkolo, izindawo zokudlela, nelungelo lokufaka izimpawu zenkolo. IReligious Land Use and Institutivealtive Persons Act (RLUIPA) ka 2000 inikeza isivikelo somthetho weziboshwa nabanye egunjini lokuwinwa kukahulumeni, kodwa amacala ayaqhubeka evela ngaphansi kwakho kokubili i-Free Expressice Classiace ne RLUIPA.

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo nezimali zikahulumeni. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Free Execs Claus nezinhlelo zokuxhasa ngemali zikahulumeni buye babangela ukuhlaziywa okukhulu. ESociality Church yaLutheran v. Comer [2017]], iNkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi iMissouri ayinakuyikhipha isonto kuhlelo oluvamile olukhona lwezokunikeza imidlalo yemidlalo ekhona ngenxa nje yenkolo yayo. [[FLT] Espinozabv. Umnyango we-Genetic [FLT] [FLT:] [20]

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo ngalezi zenzakalo, iKhomishane yokucwaninga ye-Congregational Service inikeza ukucatshulwa okuhle kwe-Free Expression Claus kanye nokufakwa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Cornell Legional Information Institute ku-Free Expressifice Claus [ inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwemfundiso. [[FLT:]]'uproject's iqoqo lendlela yamahreeeement [ inikeza ukuhlangana komlomo nezindaba ezithiyo zonke izinqumo ezinkulu zokuzivivinya i-Free Evision.

Isithunzi SikaSmith Nokufuna Indinganiso Entsha

Abagxeki besinqumo se- Employment Division v. Smith baye baphikisa amashumi eminyaka ukuthi iNkantolo yakwenza nephutha , ukuthi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwe-Free Specience Claus, kanye nomkhuba ongokomlando wenkolo yaseMelika yendawo yokuhlala, kudinga ukuba ohulumeni banikeze inkululeko enenjongo esemthethweni eqinile evimbela ukuthatha imingcele engokwenkolo enzima. UJaji uSandra Day O'Connor, nakuba ehambisana nesahlulelo kuSmith, wanxusa iNkantolo ukuba igcine isilinganiso esiqinile seSherbert sihlola. UJaji uHarry Blackun, ngokuphikisa, waphikisa ngokuthi i-Oregon yayingazange ibonise isithakazelo esigunyazayo ekunqabeni ukuxoxiswa kwenkolo ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-pete.

Izifunda zikahulumeni eziningana ziye zadlulisa i-Religious Freedom Reformation Acts ukuze zivuselele indinganiso yeSherbert esezingeni lombuso. Le-RFRAs isebenza kuhulumeni nasemisebenzini yendawo, igcwalisa igebe elishiywe yisinqumo seDolobha laseBoerne. Nokho, izinga nokusetshenziswa kwezwe iRFRAs kuyahluka kakhulu, futhi izinkantolo ezisezikhundleni ezihlukene ngezinye izikhathi zifinyelela imiphumela ephikisanayo lapho zisebenzisa lezo zenzo.

INkantolo Ephakeme isikisela ukuthi, emacaleni anjengaye Fulton v. City of Philadelphia [2021], ukuze kuvume ukuba kuthathwe kabusha uSmith. EFilton, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi iFiladelphia yayiphule i-Free Exening Claus ngokufuna ukuba imibhangqwana yamaKatolika esebenzelayo iqinisekiswe abazali abakanye nabazali abazakwabo nanoma ikuphi ukuphikisa kwezenkolo. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi icala lisezingeni elincane, ingasavumelani nenqubo yokungavunyelwe kwabantu ngabanye, efuna ukuba ihlolwe ngokuqinile. Kodwa uMahluleli u-Amfere u-Contey Barcett Kavagh noJaulm, wabhala ngokukhetha ukuthi u-Smith kufanele aphinde ahlolwe yiNkademist, kodwa u-Smith akasamukeli ingunda kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlehla Okuhlala Njalo Kokwehlazisa

Ukufakwa kwe Free Execree Claus eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane kufana nenye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngaphandle kokufakwa, amaMelika ngeke abe nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni abangohulumeni abangase bavimbele imikhuba yabo engokwenkolo. Isiqinisekiso sokuthi "IKhonferi ngeke yenze umthetho onqabela ukusebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile" manje, siwukuthi, ngenxa yokuhlanganisa, isiqinisekiso sokuthi akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni eUnited States singavimbela ukusebenzisa inkolo ngesihle.

Lesivikelo asikaze siphelele. Sekuyisikhathi eside izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo kungase kutholwe umthetho onengqondo mayelana nempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nokuhleleka. Indaba ayikhona ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ingake ilinganiselwe yini, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi indinganiso yokulunga okumelwe uhulumeni ahlangabezane nayo lapho ebeka imingcele enjalo. Impikiswano phakathi kweSherbert isilinganiso sokuhlola ngokuqinile nendinganiso yomthetho kaSmith yokungathathi hlangothi ibonisa imibono ehlukile ngokufanele ngobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kukanembeza ongokwenkolo negunya likahulumeni.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokujule kakhulu lezindaba, i-Pew Research Center’s sess search on reformation stative eMelika inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngesimo sengqondo somphakathi nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Brennan Center yeSiko loMahluleli senkululeko engokwenkolo [[ inikeza ukukhulumela kokucabanga ngenkululeko engokwenkolo [i-FLT] emphacts provices processsssworder namanye amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe Free Execree Claus kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlala iphoqelelwe yi-Melika wonke ngokumelene nohulumeni ngamunye. Kuyisiqinisekiso samehlo omphakathi we-Framers nesibopho sesizukulwane sokuvuselela ubuzwe besivikelo se-Bill of Rights. Njengoba kuphakama izimpikiswano ezintsha nezindala, i-Free Execline Claus efakiwe iqhubeke ichaza igebe lenkululeko engokwenkolo eUnited States.

Indaba yokufakwa kwecala ayipheli. Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, ukubekwa icala ngenxa yokungakhululeki kwenkolo kuyaqhubeka kugcwalisa izikhungo zikahulumeni, futhi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zizama ukuvikela inkululeko yazo siqu engokwenkolo. Okuhlala kungumthetho-sisekelo ozibophezelayo, osungulwe ngokufakwa, ukuthi ukusebenzisa inkolo ngenkululeko kuyinkululeko eyisisekelo efanelwe isivikelo esiqinile kakhulu esinganikezwa umthetho.

Kudokotela, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda lendawo yomthetho, isihluthulelo silesi: i-Free Execree Evision Claus's yayingesona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo, eyaqala phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili futhi iqhubeke iguqula indawo yenkolo yaseMelika ngokungenasiphelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokukholelwa nokuzisebenzela unembeza womuntu ayivikelelwanga nje kuphela kumthetho kodwa kuhulumeni wezwe.