Ubuhlobo phakathi kosizo lwamanye amazwe namalungelo abantu buyikho kokubili ukulwa nokukhubazeka. Ohulumeni, izinhlangano zezezimali zomhlaba wonke, nezinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni ngokuvamile basebenzisa usizo njengendlela yokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu, kodwa imiphumela ixhomeke kakhulu entando yezombangazwe, imongo yendawo, nomklamo wezinhlelo zosizo ngokwazo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalemjaho, izimiso ezisizayo ekuthobeni amalungelo abantu, kanye nezinselele ezisebenzayo eziphakamayo. Ngokuhlola izibalo zezendaba nezingxoxo zamanje, sihlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi usizo lwangaphandle lunganikeza kanjani intuthuko engokwezikhundla noma ukululaza amalungelo abantu.

Ukuvela Kosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Njengethuluzi Lamalungelo Abantu

Usizo lwamazwe angaphandle lwaqala njengethuluzi lenqubo yezezombangazwe phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nemibuso emikhulu enikeza usizo kwabasizi bayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi irekhodi labo lamalungelo abantu. Inkathi yangemva kuka-19990 yashintsha ekunikezeleni usizo oluxhumanisayo lokubusa namalungelo, ikakhulukazi njengoba abanikeli baseNtshonalanga bamukela "ukubusa okuhle" uhlelo. Ingqungquthela yomhlaba wonke eHlayeni Lenkululeko Yobuntu ehlangene nentuthuko ekwakhekeni kwenkululeko yabantu, futhi iMigomo yeNyaka Eyinkulungwane ixhumelene nosizo lwemiphumela yezenhlalo. Ngekhulu lama-21 leminyaka, iMigomo yentuthuko ehlangene nezokuphumelela njenge .[FLD] Aid Effectiveiveiveive Everactive Ada [[FLD]] [FLD] ihlangene ngokucacile nokubambisana kokubambisana kwezimiso zobuntu, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ehlukene.

Namuhla, usizo lwangaphandle aluhlanganisi nje kuphela iminikelo yemali kanye nemali ebolekwayo kodwa luhlanganisa neminikelo eminingi ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), iWorld Bank, namabhange entuthuko yezifunda.

Ukusuka Ebuntwaneni Kuya Ebuhlotsheni

Ukuthatha izindlela zokuqala zosizo olusekelwe elungelweni ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa indlela yokujezisa: ukugodla usizo kuze kube yilapho uhulumeni owamukelayo ehlangana namaphawu athile. Lokhu "izinti" ngezinye izikhathi kubuya ngokubhudla, njengoba ohulumeni abangaphansi kwezifunda ezicindezelayo bengabangela umuzwa wesizwe ekuphazameni kwamanye amazwe. Ekuphenduleni, abanikelayo abaningi baye basondela ku "indlela" yokufinyelela, benikeza izisusa ezinjengokusekela uhlelo lwemali, usizo lobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuthanda ukuthengiselwa amazwe abonisa intuthuko. I-EUNUNU .[FLY], ngokwesibonelo, inikeza ukufinyelela okwengeziwe kwamazwe anelungelo lokusebenzisa amalungelo abantu, inikeza imivuzo engokoqobo yokukhokha ukukhomba.

Imishini Yokuthola Izimo Zosizo: Ama - Carot, Amathini, Namaqiniso Ezombangazwe

U-Aid imibandela isebenza ngezindlela eziningi. I- eqondile yi-[FLT] i-actleality ye-act, ehlanganiswe ezivumelwaneni ze-biverdal noma izimiso eziningi, lapho imali ixhomeke khona ekuhambisaneni nezindinganiso ezithile zamalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Foreign Act Act ihlanganisa amalungiselelo alinganisela usizo emazweni anezindlela zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ngaphandle kokuba ibekelwe isisekelo sokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokufanayo, i-World Bank inspect ivumela imiphakathi ukuba iphikise izinhlelo ezihlulekayo ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu.

I-panedistion esekelwe kwimibandela esekelwe ku- isebenzisa izimali ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni: abanikeli bahlela ingxenye yosizo olusekelwe ekuqondiseni nakuphawu lwamalungelo. IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), inhlangano ekhetha amazwe asebenza nawo asekelwe ekusebenzeni kwawo ngezimpawu zenqubo ezingu-20, kuhlanganise "Izinkomba-mfa" ne "Malungelo aphezulu"." amazwe ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezinkulu, inqwaba yeminyaka eminingi yenani lokwehla kobumpofu, intuthuko evuzayo kunezehlulele.

Nokho, lezi zinqubo zivame ukuncishiswa yizimo zezombangazwe. Amalungu ahlelekile, njengeGibithe noma iPakistan, avame ukuthola usizo naphezu kwemibhalo egciniwe ephansi yamalungelo abantu ngenxa yezinto eziza kuqala kwezesayensi yezwe. Ngokufanayo, phakathi neMpi ye-Terguay, ezinye iminikelo zanda zosizo kuhulumeni wobuphoqelela obambisana nokulondeka, obangela ukungezwani phakathi kokuzinza kwesikhashana namalungelo amade. Umphumela uba indawo ehlukene lapho imibandela isetshenziswa khona ngokungafanele, inciphisa ukuthembeka kwayo kanye nemiphumela yayo.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nangokwenhlalo: Ukuwohloka Okubhekile

Impikiswano enkulu yemibandela igxile emalungelweni omphakathi nawezombangazwe, mayelana namalungelo omphakathi, ngokukhululekile, ukuqulwa ngokulunga, nenkululeko yokuhlangana. Kodwa usizo lwangaphandle lubuye lulololonga ngokomnotho, ngokomphakathi, namasiko, njengelungelo lempilo, imfundo, nezindlu ezanele. Izinhlelo zosizo lwezikweleti, ngokwesibonelo, zingakhulula izimali zikahulumeni ukuze kusetshenziswe imali engokwenhlalo, kuyilapho izinhlelo zokwakha zokulungisa ziye zafaka ukufinyelela okungaphansi kokufinyelela ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile. Imali ephambili, njenge-IMF's Resilience ne-Suretability Trust, ihlose ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemali engokwenhlalo, kodwa ezohwebo ezisaziwayo zisekhona.

Ukuhlolwa kwecala: Lapho u-Aid ithuthuka", noma ungaphansi kwe-Primines − Amalungelo abantu

Indaba yempumelelo: IMpumalanga Yurophu eyalandela i - Conmunist

Ngemva kokuwa kweSithili se-Iron, abanikeli baseNtshonalanga basebenzisa imibandela yokuqondisa ushintsho lwentando yeningi nezinguquko zamalungelo abantu eYurophu ePhakathi naseMpumalanga. I-European Union i-accesiontiontion [ edinga amazwe afuna ukwamukela imibandela yeCopenhagengation, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano eziqinile eziqinisekisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, ukubusa komthetho, namalungelo abantu. Amazwe anjengePoland, Hungary (ngaphambi kokubuya kwangemva kokubuya), kanye nezwe laseBaltic elamukela usizo oluqinile olubotshelekile oluboshelwe yinguquko yokwahlulela, imithombo yezindaba, izikhulu zezindaba, nesivikelo esincane. I-EURGUS yayinamandla ngenxa yomvuzo zeze-solibo, kokubili amalungu omhlaba ayethande futhi ethembekile. Ngo-2004, amazwe ayishumi ayene amalungelo abonakala ngokucacile, aveza kahle, umphumela obonakala kahle.

Imiphumela Exubile: IRwanda NeTopiya

IRwanda iye yathola usizo lwezigidigidi ezivela kubantu abanikela ngezimali baseNtshonalanga kuyilapho ilawula ngokuqinile indawo yezombangazwe kanye nomphakathi womphakathi. Abanikazi bavame ukuthethelela ukusekela kokuphawula ukukhula okumangalisayo kwezomnotho nentuthuko elinganayo ngokwesifazane − Rwanda unezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokumelelwa kwabesifazane emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziye zafaka uphawu lokucinywa kwabaphikisi, imingcele esemthethweni yenkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali. Indaba iqokomisa indlela abanikela ngezinye izikhathi abafaka ngayo imiphumela ekwakhekeni kwezimiso zezombangazwe, ukuhweba ngokuphumelelayo ngamalungelo abantu.

I-Ethiopia ngaphambi kokuba kuvulwe izombangazwe ngo-2018 kwakuyindaba efanayo: usizo olukhulu ekuthuthweni kwezakhiwo zezezimali nezinhlelo zezenhlalo ezixhaswayo ngesikhathi uhulumeni ebopha izintatheli futhi evala amaqembu okuphikiswa. I-U.S. ne-EU. yaqhubeka inikeza usizo ngisho nalapho amaqembu amalungelo ekhipha izinhlabamkhosi. Ngemva kwempi yeTigray, ezinye izimemezelo eziyekiwe, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwemibandela. Isifundo siwukuthi abanikeli ngokuvamile basebenzisa imibandela phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinkulu kuphela, ivumela ukuphamba okungapheli ukuba kuqhubeke.

Umzamo Ohlulekile: Usizo Negunya E - Uganda

Uganda uye waba umnini wosizo lwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi lwe-U.K ne-U.S. exhaswe impilo, imfundo, nezinhlelo ezilwa nobumpofu. Abanikazi basekela nendima ye-Uganda ekugcineni ukuthula ngokwesifunda. Nokho ngaphansi kukaMongameli Yoseri Museveni, uhulumeni uye wanciphisa kakhulu inkululeko yezombangazwe, udlulise imithetho emelene ne-LGBTQ, futhi ususe imingcele yesikhathi. Naphezu kokusekela kwemali yezikhathi ezithile ngo-UK ekulondolozeni ihlazo ngo-2012 ngemva kwehlazo--all luyelele. Isibonelo se-Uganda sibonisa ukuthi amabutho angewona asemthethweni abalulekile, njengoba uhulumeni ungathola ukulahlekelwa okusheshayo.

Indima Yezinhlangano Nezigebengu Eziningi

Izinhlangano eziningi zakha usizo-lukhulu ngezindlela ezihlukile. IZizwe Ezihlangene zisebenza ngezinhlangano zazo ezikhethekile (umz., UNICEF, UNICEF, OHHHR) futhi ifaka amalungelo abantu ekuhlelweni kwezimiso zezimiso zenkululeko zomuntu nge-i-Hbacoded Apply (HBB). IUN Communing Fund ye-UN Yokwakha ihlanganisa usizo lokwakha kabusha amalungelo abantu nenguquko yobulungisa. Okwamanje, i-World Bank World ne-evironment ifaka izikhungo zomphakathi nezendawo ezindaweni zayo, nakuba ikude ne-HRCT (HB) ngemibandela yezombangazwe.

Izinhlangano zohulumeni (NGOS) njenge-Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, kanye neqembu lomphakathi lendawo zisebenza njengezindawo eziqaphile, zibhala ukuxhashazwa nokukhuthazwa kosizo ukuze zigunyazwe amalungelo. Ezinye i-NOGOs zinikeza usizo ngokuqondile, zinikeza "inketho yokugcina" uma ohulumeni behluleka ukuvikela izakhamuzi. I-Dateloppy-Parance Nex] ngokuqhubekayo ifuna ukuba zonke imidlalo ihlanganise ukugadwa kwamalungelo abantu ezimisweni zabo. Nokho, izinsalela zihlala zikhona, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinswenezentetheleyo lapho izinhlangano zincikenekile.

Inhlangano Engasese Nezinhlangano Zezizwe Ezihlukahlukene

Usizo lwangaphandle lubuye luqhubekele ezinhlanganweni, ikakhulukazi emikhankasweni yezemisebenzi exhaswe yimali ebolekwayo ebhaliswa yizimali ezibolekwayo. Lemisebenzi ingadala izingozi zamalungelo (izwe elibambayo, ukuxhashazwa kwezisebenzi, ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile (uma ingalinganiswanga kahle. UN Guideing Principles on Business and Human Rights ihambela amazwe ukuqondisa ukuziphatha kwenkampani, kodwa imisebenzi enikezwayo ivame ukungabi nezindlela eziqinile zokulandisa. Impikiswano yamuva ngeBelt ne Roadtificietice (BRI) ibonisa indlela intuthuko engokwezimali engabonisa ngayo ukukhokha izikwelezelelwa lapho idlula amalungelo enkampanini.

Ithonya Elilinganayo: Sazi Kanjani Uma Usizo Luthuthukisa Amalungelo Abantu?

Ukunquma ukuthi usizo luwathuthukise ngempela amalungelo abantu kunzima kakhulu. Usizo oluhambisanayo luhamba nezikhombo zamalungelo njenge House noma umkhondo we-CIRT] Integers Human Rights Data Set[ ngezinye izikhathi lubonisa imiphumela emihle ephakathi yosizo oluqondiswe kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, kodwa imiphumela ihlanganisa izinselele.

  • Ingxenye[: Izici eziningi zithonya amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezenhlalo, ukucindezela kwezizwe, nokushaqeka kwezomnotho. Ukuhlukanisa umphumela wosizo kuphela cishe akunakwenzeka.
  • Izikhathi ezinele[: Izinguquko zamalungelo zithatha iminyaka eminingi ukuze zivele, kuyilapho imijikelezo yosizo imfishane (iminyaka engu-2-5). Abanikazi bangasho impumelelo noma ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
  • [ Izisusa eziguquguqukayo[: Ohulumeni bangamukela izinguquko ezikha phezulu", ukusungula ukuthunywa kwesizwe kwamalungelo abantu okungenawo amandla, ngokwesibonelo, (ngokwethukela ekuvuleni ukuxhasa ngemali, ngaphandle koshintsho lweqiniso.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ubandlululo [: Abanikazi bavame ukuchaza impumelelo ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sabo siqu, ukungazinaki ukuqonda kwendawo kwamalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugxila ekwathulweni komphakathi kungase kusithibeze amalungelo ezomnotho aqalayo.

Abacwaningi basekela ukuhlolwa okuxubile, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuhlanganisa umsebenzi we-quatalitive nenzuzo. ECD Development Komiti yosizo (DAC) inikeza iziqondiso zokuhlanganisa amalungelo abantu ekuhlolweni, kodwa ukusetshenziswa akulingani. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okuqinile, ukuhlobana phakathi kosizo namalungelo kuhlala kuqiniswa kunokuba kuqinisekiswe.

Impikiswano Yesikhathi Esizayo: Usizo Oluhlotshiswe Nge - tid, Izimali Zesimo Sezulu Namalungelo Abantu

lusizo oluthenjiwe]. Imali edinga abamukelayo ukuba bathenge izinto noma izinkonzo ezivela ezweni elinikelayo − ihlala isabalele naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka okugxekwa. Ivame ukugcwalisa izindleko zeprojekthi futhi ijikije izinto eziphambili, futhi ingaphoqelela ohulumeni abayamukelayo ukuba bamukele izimo ezilulaza amalungelo endawo, njengaleyo enikezwa ngemisebenzi yezesayensi esemthethweni emithini. I-UK ne-Sweden ikhululile kakhulu yosizo lwabo; ezinye, njengo-US, ziyaqhubeka zibopha izingxenye ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi usizo lokudla. Acticid amaqembu afana no-Oxfam aye abiza izigwebo zembulunga yonke ngenxa yosizo oluboshelwe, iphikisa ukukhiqiniswa kwendlela.

Imali encishisiwe iyindawo ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu yosizo lwezizwe ngezizwe, enezifungo ezifinyelela ku-R100 bhiliyoni ngonyaka. Nokho ukucatshangelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuvame ukuncishiswa emikhankasweni yesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuvuselela amandla asusa imiphakathi esendaweni ethile noma izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwamahlathi ezisusa abantu bomdabu. [[FLT:] I-CFF [GFF] i-old Climate Fund [[FT:3] ithathe i-Mbali yemvelo ne-socialgal, kodwa iqaphele ukuthi intshiseko efanelekile iyasebenza. Izinga lokuhlola isimo sezulu, ihlobana nempumelelo yamalungelo abantu iyakuba yinselele kakhulu.

Usizo lokuthuthukisa i-digital .] . Ukuhlobaniswa kwe-inthanethi yoxhumaniso, izimiso ze-ID, namathuluzi e-Al (enye indawo.'i-Al) kungenza inkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi kusiza ukuqapha nokucindezela kwemisebe. Imishini yokusekela imishini yezemishini kumele icabangele ingozi yokuba usizo lwabo lungafakwa ekulawuleni izakhamuzi, kunokuba luzinike amandla.

Ukutuswa Kwabenzi Bezimiso Nabameleli

Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, ukuhlelwa kosizo lwakwamanye amazwe okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe namalungelo abantu kudinga ukushintshwa okuningana:

  • inyakazisa ngaphaya kobuhlobo obunemibandela : Esikhundleni sezibopho ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezinemibandela, abanikeli kufanele basebenze nohulumeni nomphakathi ekusayineni izinhlelo ezimisa amalungelo afanayo, ukuthuthukisa ubunikazi basekhaya. I-Global Prevedship for Exvelopment Cooperation (GEPDC) inikeza uhlelo lokulandisa.
  • Amalungelo abantu aqiniselwe ukukhuthala okufanele: Yonke imisebenzi yosizo kufanele ithathe izinqumo zamalungelo abantu, hhayi nje kuphela njengesivikelo kodwa njengethuluzi lokusakaza imiphumela emihle. Inhlangano yedanishi yamalungelo abantu [ kanye [FLT] ne] OHHR inikeza izisekelo ezisebenzayo.
  • Izindawo ezihlangene phakathi kwezithekelisi: Uma abanikeleyo bethatha isinyathelo sodwa, ohulumeni bangadlala ngazo ngokumelene. Ukuhlanganisa, ukuthatha izihloko eziningi (njengendlela ye-EU yokusebenzisa ] Amalungelo abantu ama-Sanctions Regime[ kanye nosizo lwangempela lokuhlukanisa indawo ezingaphandle-zonke. Umphakathi wezizwe zonke kufanele usungule isigaba esisodwa sokuhlola i-data kanye nokulungisa.
  • ihlanganisa amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo ngokulinganayo[: Ukugxila okuncane emalungelweni ezombangazwe kungahlukanisa ohulumeni abamukelayo futhi bahluleke ukubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zobumpofu. Abanikazi kufanele balinganisele futhi bakhokhe intuthuko empilweni, emfundweni, ezindaweni zokuhlala, namalungelo omsebenzi, kwakha ukuthengwa okubanzi.
  • Imishini ezimele: Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezivalekile zemali kanye nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ngokuvamile bangabameleli abaphumelela kakhulu. Izinhlelo zosizo kufanele zihlanganise ukusekela ukunikezelwa kwezimali kokuhlola kwendawo, ukubika, nosizo olungokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo kubhaliwe futhi kusebenza kukho.
  • Yenza amasu okuphuma emongweni we-riski ephezulu: Uma usizo lungawaqhubekiseli phambili amalungelo futhi lungahlanganisa nokuxhashazwa, abanikelayo kumelwe balungiselelwe ukuyeka noma ukunikeza usizo oluqinile kubadlali abangewona amazwe. Icebo lokuphuma elicacile, elinezimiso ezingahlukanisa linganciphisa umonakalo futhi lilondoloze ukwethenjelwa.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kosizo lwakwamanye amazwe namalungelo abantu akuyona into elula engadonswa ukuze kukhiqizwe intuthuko ezenzekelayo. Kuyindawo eshubile, ephikiswayo lapho izithakazelo zezezombangazwe, imigomo yokuthuthukisa, nezimiso zamalungelo zingqubuzana khona. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi usizo lungathuthukisa intuthuko yamalungelo abantu ngempela ("lapho izimo zilungile, imibandela ithembekile, futhi abadlali basekhaya baqinisiwe.]

Ukuze bandise amathuba amahle, abanikelayo kumelwe bathathe indlela ecacile, enesibopho sokulandisa, nenamalungelo phakathi, qhaza elihlola ithonya ngokwethembeka, lifunda ngokwehluleka, futhi lifunda ezindaweni zemiphakathi ethintekayo phakathi nendawo. IMigomo ye-Constating Development, kanye nocingo lwabo lwembulunga yonke lokungashiyi muntu, inikeza uhlelo oluhlanganisa usizo oluhlanganisa ukukhula namalungelo abantu agcwele. Ukuveza lowo mbono ngeke kudinge ukulungiswa kobuchwepheshe nje kuphela kodwa isibopho sangempela sokubuyisela ubudlelwane bamandla oqaliswe ngosizo lwangaphandle.

Njengoba umphakathi womhlaba wonke ubhekana nezinselele ezintsha — kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekushintsheni kwesimiso sokusebenza kwentando yeningi kusuka ekuphendukeni kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, okubalulekile ukuhlanganisa usizo namalungelo abantu kuyokhula. Umsebenzi uyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngokuklanywa ngokucophelela nangokulandisa okuqinile, usizo lwakwamanye amazwe lungahlala luyithuluzi elibalulekile, eliguqulayo lokuthuthukisa ubulungisa, isithunzi, nenkululeko emhlabeni wonke.