Ukuqonda Ukucaca Ngokulawula

Ukubonakala ngokuqondisa yisimiso sokuthi izinqumo zomphakathi, imininingwane, nezinqubo kufanele zihlolwe yizakhamuzi. Kudlulela ngalé kokutholakala okulula kwezincwadi; kudinga ukuba ukwaziswa kube okufike ngesikhathi, okuqondakalayo, futhi okusebenzisekayo. Uma ohulumeni besebenza ngokukhanyayo, bavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, indlela izimali ezihlelwa ngayo, nendlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Lokhu kuveza imingcele akuyona nje isisekelo sokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kokuba sobala, izakhamuzi azinakukwazi ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kwabameleli bazo noma ukubeka isibopho sokuhluleka.

Lomqondo unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando. Izazi ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJeremy Benham zasekela ukuvunyelwa komphakathi ekutholeni izenzakalo zikahulumeni, zikholelwa ukuthi ukusakazwa kungavimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kombuso. Kulenkathi yanamuhla, ukuzama ukubonakala ngokushesha ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukufinyelela umvuthwandaba wokwamukela inkululeko yolwazi ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi. IUnited States yadlulisela inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA Act) ngo-19666, futhi imithetho efanayo manje ikhona emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Lemithetho inika izakhamuzi amandla okucela amarekhodi kahulumeni, kodwa ukubonakala kweqiniso kudinga ukukhishwa kwemininingwane ye-octiveal syntact (iiiecondation) ngaphandle kokubuzwa.

Izimbangela Zomlando Zokubona Imibala

Isidingo sokubusa okubonisayo asisintsha. E-Athene yasendulo, izakhamuzi ezazibuthene e-Agora ukuze zixoxe ngezindaba zomphakathi, futhi imibhalo yemiyalo yaqoshwa etsheni ukuze kufundwe bonke. Lo mfanekiso kahulumeni ovulekile walahleka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka okubusa kwe-monarch, kodwa wabuye wavela phakathi noKukhanyiselwa. Izazi zefilosofi njengo-Immanuel Kant zaphikisa ukuthi ukusakazwa kwakuwuvivinyo lobulungisa: “Zonke izenzo ezihlobene nesokudla kwabanye abantu azilungile uma isibalo sazo singqubuzana nokusakazwa.” Lesimiso saveza isisekelo sokukhanya kwanamuhla.

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laba nombono obala obala ube umgomo ongokomthetho nophethe. Inkululeko ye-Swedish of the Press Act ka 1766 ivame ukucashunwa njengenkululeko yokuqala yomhlaba yomthetho wokwaziswa, kodwa kwakungenjalo kwaze kwaba inkathi yangemva kwempi lapho umqondo wathola khona ukuhlanganiswa kwembulunga yonke. Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, njenge ECD, kuye kwathuthukisa ukubonakala njengengxenye eyinhloko ye-bukhoma okuhle. Isenzo sabo sombuso wakwavula uhulumeni sikhuthaza amazwe ukuba amukele izimiso ezenza ukwaziswa kufinyeleleke futhi enze izinqumo ezihlukene.

Indima Yenkululeko Yemithetho Yolwazi

Inkululeko yolwazi (FOI) ingumthetho oqinile wokubona. Inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokungena ekwazisweni okuphathwa uhulumeni ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokwemibandela elinganiselwe (njengokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuba wedwa). Nokho, ukuphumelela kwemithetho ye-FOI kuxhomeke ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Emazweni amaningi, izicelo zihlangatshezwa ngokubambezela, izikhokhelo eziqikelelwe, noma ukukhulula okungagudliwe. Ukuhlanganisa, imibuso ye-FOI kumelwe ihlanganiswe nezindikimba eziqinile, njengezikhulu zokwaziswa, kanye nesiko lokuthula phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ngalé kwe-FOI, ukuhanjiswa kokwaziswa okuvulekile kuye kwandisa ithuluzi lokubona. Ohulumeni manje bakhipha ama-data ngokusetshenziswa, izisekelo, izinga lendawo, nempilo yomphakathi kumafomethi afundeka ngomshini. Amakhathengi anjenge- Data.gov e-U.S. noma data. uk.[[FLT] ku-UK.] unikeza izinto eziluhlaza zezintatheli, abacwaningi, nabemidansi ukuze bahlaziye futhi bacabange. Lokhu kusuka e-active recorition (enza izicelo) ekukhiqini izincwadi ezisebenzayo kukhunge umsindo omkhulu.

Imfundo Yesiphakamiso Njengensika Yentando Yeningi

Ukubona qha uma izakhamuzi zingenalwazi namakhono okusebenzisa ulwazi. Imfundo ye-CBIVI igcwalisa leligebe ngokuhlomisa abantu ngokuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, amalungelo abo nemithwalo yemfanelo, namathuluzi okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo. Ukwazi ukuba isakhamuzi esinempumelelo kubalulekile ekusebenziseni idemokrasi; ngaphandle kwakho, izingozi zokuba yisithembiso esiyize, ngaphandle kokuchaza ulwazi ngaphandle kwesenzo.

Imfundo ye-pic ayigcini nje esikoleni esisemthethweni. Ihlanganisa izinhlelo zomphakathi, imizamo yokufunda ukufunda nokubhala, ngisho nokufunda ngokwethukela ngezindaba nangengxoxo. Umgomo ukuhlakulela lokho i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[ ibiza “ikhono lokusebenza”: ulwazi, amakhono, nesimilo okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhileleka ekuphileni komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo, ukwahlukana kwamandla, kanye nezindlela zokuvota kanye nokumelela.

Imizamo Yokulwela Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi

Izinhlelo zemfundo ephumelelayo zomphakathi zigxile ezicini eziningana eziyisisekelo:

  • Ulwazi ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni: Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde indima yamagatsha endawo, angokombuso, nombuso, kanye nemisebenzi yezinhlangano njengezinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho.
  • [ Ukucabanga okungokobunzululwazi nokufunda imithombo yezindaba: Enkathini yokudukiswa, izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukuhlola imithombo, ukuqaphela ubandlululo, nokuqinisekisa amaqiniso ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze.
  • Ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo: kusukela enkululekweni yokukhuluma kuya emsebenzini wokwahlulela, izakhamuzi zidinga ukwazi kokubili ukuthi zinelungelo lani nokuthi yini elindelekile kuzo.
  • Izikhikhi zokuthembisana:[ Ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuhlela imihlangano yomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi kungamakhono awusizo okwenza ukuba ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kube nokwenzeka.

Ngokomlando, izikole eziphakeme zaseMelika zanikeza amakilasi “ezi - “cvips” ezazihlanganisa lezi zihloko. Nokho, phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukugcizelelwa kokuhlola okusemthethweni ekufundeni nasebalweni kuye kwafaka umthetho womphakathi onikezelwe. Ikhato Institute [ iphawula ukuthi amazwe ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela adinga unyaka ogcwele wemfundo yezezwe, futhi i-National Assesment of Educational Progressss ibonisa ukuthi abafundi abangaphansi kwekota ye-U.S.

Izinselele Zemfundo Yanamuhla

Imfundo yomphakathi yokuvuselelwa kwezwe ibhekene nezithiyo eziningana. Enye inselele enkulu ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe: izimpikiswano zokufundiswa (jengesibonelo, inkolelo-mbono yezinhlanga ezigxekayo, ukushisekela izwe) ziye zaguqula amabhodi esikole ukuba abe yindawo yempi. Enye ithonya elikhulayo lezezindaba zezenhlalo, ngokuvamile elivuza ukusabela okungokomzwelo ngenxa yokucabanga okucatshangelwe. Intsha, ikakhulukazi, igcwele ukuhlanganisa okungasho okufushane okungase kubangele izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukusakaza amanga aqondile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyelela imfundo yomphakathi ephambili akufani. Abafundi ezifundeni ezicebile bathambekele kakhulu ekubeni namathuba empikiswano, ohulumeni abafanayo, kanye nokuxhumana nezazi zezombangazwe zendawo. Abafundi ezikoleni ezidukile bangathola ingosi nje kuphela. Lokhu kululaza umgomo wolwazi lwezakhamuzi nokungalingani kokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ukuthola okuphansi kanye nemiphakathi emincane ngokuvamile kunamavoti aphansi futhi kunezinga eliphansi, igebe elingasethwalela ngokwengxenye ekuhlukani ulwazi lwezakhamuzi.

Ukugwenywa Kwemithi: Indlela Imfundo Ebonisa Ukubona Kahle Neyokuhlukanisa Eqinisa Ngayo Imfundo

Imfundo yokubona ngaphaya kwecala neyomphakathi ayiyona imizamo ehlukene, isekelana. Uma ohulumeni benza ukwaziswa kutholakale, kwakha isidingo sokuba izakhamuzi ziqonde lokho kwaziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho izakhamuzi zifundiswa ngokubusa, zithambekele kakhulu ekufuneni ukuba abaholi babonakale futhi baphendule. Lokhu kuthathela abaholi icala.

Cabangela isibonelo sokuhlela imali yokuhlela, inqubo ehlanganisa ukubonakala kwemali nemfundo yomphakathi. Emadolobheni anjengeNew York nePorto Alegre, izakhamuzi zinikezwa imininingwane eningiliziwe yendlela yokusebenzisa imali bese zicelwa ukuba zivote ukuthi ziyobeka kanjani ingxenye yezimali zomphakathi. Lokhu kudinga kokubili ukuthulula uhulumeni ekunyatheliseni ulwazi lwezezimali kanye nekhono lezakhamuzi lokuqonda ukudayisa nokusebenzisa imali ephambili. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli eziminyangweni ezinjalo baba nolwazi oluthe xaxa ngezimali zikamasipala futhi bathembe kakhulu uhulumeni wendawo yabo.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Ngokwaziswa Okusobala Nokuhlaziya Okubucayi

Izindlela zokuvula ukwaziswa zinikeza izinto ezingalungiseki zokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, kodwa kumelwe zihlanganiswe nemfundo ukuze ziqaphele amasu azo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane ezimasiteshi amaphoyisa kungaveza izindlela zokucwasana ngokohlanga − kodwa uma izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlaziya izinombolo futhi ziziqhathanise nemininingwane yabantu. Izinzuzo ezifana ne Ikhode yaseMelika [ izisebenzi zomsebenzi womzi - sisekelo zezokuguqula ukwaziswa kube amathuluzi asiza imiphakathi. “Cbic Tech” yazo ihlela kusukela ekululazeni izitembu zokudla ukuze kubonwe ukudluliswa kohambo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ebuchwephesheni Bokusebenza Kwamagalelo

Esinye isenzakalo esiphawulekayo i- “Fix MyStret” platifomu eyasungulwa ekuqaleni e-UK. Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibike izindaba zendawo . njengezimbobo ze-opice noma izibani eziphukile zasemgwaqweni ("")) emkhandlwini wazo. Ukusabela komkhandlu kubekwe obala, kwakha irekhodi elibonisa ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Impumelelo yepulatifomu ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizazi ukuthi zingayisebenzisa futhi ziqonde ukuthi zingawungenisa kanjani umbiko ophumelelayo. Imikhankaso yemfundo yeCbic, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa yimitapo yezincwadi yendawo noma amaqembu omphakathi, isiza ibhulo.

Esinye isibonelo yisisakhiwo se- “Open Dissourge” eCalifornia, esithatha iminikelo yezezimali nezindleko zokufuna usizo. Ingosi yenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali yezwe. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemfundo ngemithetho yezezimali nethonya layo enkambisweni, izakhamuzi zingase zingazi ukuthi zingawuchaza kanjani umniningo − noma ukuthi kungani kufanele zinakekele. Izinsiza-mfashini zomsebenzi nemali enikezwa yiprojekthi zisiza ekugcwaliseni lelo banga lemfundo.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi imfundo yomphakathi neyomphakathi kumelwe ihambisane, ohulumeni ngeke bamane balahle ukwaziswa emphakathini futhi balindele ukuba bahlanganyele ngolwazi.

Izithiyo Zokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Nemfundo Esebenza Kahle

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, imingcele eminingana ivimbela ukubonakala ngokugcwele kwalokhu kuhlaselwa.

Ukwaziswa Okunganembile Nokwaziswa Okweqile

I-inthanethi ye-democrate ihlele ukuba ithole ukwaziswa, kodwa futhi iye yagcwalisa umphakathi ngamanga nenkulumo eyinkohliso. I-Misproject isakazeka ngokushesha kunokuhlola iqiniso. isakhamuzi esibhekana neziphakamiso eziphikisanayo ngobuqotho bokhetho noma ukuphepha komjovo singazizwa sikhungathekile futhi sididekile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukhukhuleka kweqiniso kuyinselele eqondile kukho kokubili ukubonakala (okusekelwe ekuthembeni ukwaziswa okusemthethweni) nemfundo yomphakathi (okudinga isisekelo solwazi oluqondile).

Ingxenye enkulu yolwazi ihlanganisa inkinga. Uma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifaka imibiko eminingi, i-memosethi, kanye nokukhishwa kwezincwadi, ngisho nesakhamuzi esizinikezele kakhulu singakwazi ukuhambisana. Umphumela uyindida yokubonakala: ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kungaholela ekuqondeni okuncane. Izinhlangano kumelwe zibeke indawo yokuqala ecacile, zisebenzise izifushaniso zolimi olucacile nokubona izinto ezicacisiwe ukuze ziqokomise okutholakele.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nokukhohliswa Kokholo

Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukubonakala kahle kungabhuntsha. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba abezombangazwe beqembu lazo kodwa zingamethembi umphikisi, zingabheka ukwaziswa okufanayo nge-crousse lens − ukwamukela ukwaziswa okusekela imibono yazo nokulahla lokho okuzikhathazayo. Lokhu okushukumisayo kululaza injongo yokubona ngale, okuwukwenza kube nesisekelo esisekelwe emaqinisweni. Ngokufanayo, imfundo yomphakathi iyashintsha: lokho elinye iqembu elikubheka njengokufundisa njengokugxeka, elinye likubona njengokuphikisa.

Izikweleti zokwethembana azigcini ngokuhlukanisa. Imiphakathi ebhekene nobandlululo ngokwezimo zomlando, ebhekene nezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ingabheka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubona ukukhanya ngokusola. Kubo, “ukungakhohliswa” kungasho ukuqashelwa noma ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungasetshenziswa kuzo. Ukwethembana akudingi nje kuphela ukwaziswa okuvulekile kodwa futhi nokubophana komphakathi okuphathelene nokulimala nokusebenza ukukulungisa.

Amasu Ekusasa

Ukuze banqobe lemingcele, ohulumeni, othisha, nomphakathi wesizwe kumelwe bathathe indlela ehlukahlukene.

Ukusakaza Ukufunda Okuyi - CD Ye - CD

I-mediac jptay(ikhono lokuthola, ukuhlaziya, ukuhlola, nokwakha imithombo yezindaba − manje isici esiyinhloko semfundo yomphakathi. Abafundi kumelwe bafunde ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindaba nombono, ukuhlukanisa okuxhaswe, nokuqinisekisa imithombo. Amazwe anjengeFinland enza ukuba ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kube yisibopho semfundo yezwe, futhi ahlale ekwazi ukumelana nokususa ulwazi. Izikole zingabambisana nezinhlangano nemitapo kanye nemitapo yezincwadi ukuze zinikeze imithombo. Kubantu abadala, amathala ezincwadi nomphakathi namakolishi anganikeza iziteshi zemfundo yolwazi lwezemishini kanye nokuhlola ulwazi kuyi-webhusayithi.

Enye indlela ethembisayo “indlela yokubonisana nge-inthanethi” uhlelo lwezifundo olusungulwe yi-Stanford History Education Group. Ifundisa abafundi ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kwamawebhusayithi ngokushiya ikhasi ukuze bahlole umthombo wokwaziswa [1] ikhono ukucwaninga okubonisa ukuthi ngisho nabafundi basekolishi ngokuvamile abanalo. Ukuhlanganisa amakhono anjalo ezifundweni zomphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi amathuluzi okubona (njengamatheku avulekile) awatholakali nje kodwa ayasebenza ngempela.

Ubuchwepheshe Obungalawuleki Obungahlanganyela

Ubuchwepheshe bungavala igebe phakathi kwemfundo yokukhanya neyomphakathi uma iklanyelwe abasebenzisi engqondweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenziwa kwemithetho kungenza ukufunda ngezimiso zemali noma umthetho ungenelele. “Inselele ye-Bridget” esetshenziswa ezikoleni eziningi eziphakeme ihlanganisa imininingwane yangempela kamasipala, ivumela abafundi ukuba bahlolele futhi bavote ngemali. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo ezifana “ukuphula izikweletu ezilula zingene olimini olucacile futhi bavumele abasebenzisi baxhumane nabameleli babo ngompompi eyodwa.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe abuyona ikhambi. Ukuncika ngokweqile emidwebweni kungafihla izakhamuzi ngaphandle kocingo noma ukutholakala kocingo oluthembekile kuyi-Internet. Noma iliphi iqhinga lobuchwepheshe limele lipheleliswe ukuthembisana ngaphandle kolayini: imihlangano yasedolobheni, i-courms, ngisho neposi endala. I-Hybrid factors, lapho okuqukethwe kuyi-webripy ex ixplone nengxoxo eqinile, ibonakala iphumelela kakhulu.

Ohulumeni futhi kufanele bathathe nolwazi lomsebenzi (UX) lokuklama amatheku abo okubona. Esikhundleni sokulahla ukwaziswa okungalungiswanga, banganikeza amabhodi ama-cread ngokubona ngokucacile, umongo, kanye ne-textary. Idolobha laseBuenos Aires, ngokwesibonelo, liguqula indawo yalo evulekile yokwaziswa ukuze lihlanganise izici ezichaza ukuthi ukwaziswa kuhlobene kanjani nokuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukuhlangana kwemfundo yokukhanya neyomphakathi akuyona into ekhathazayo, kodwa kuyinto eyisisekelo yesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Uma ohulumeni bevula izincwadi zabo nezakhamuzi zikwazi ukuzifunda, ukulandisa kuba nokwenzeka. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda amalungelo azo nemithwalo yemfanelo, zikwazi kangcono ukusebenzisa amathuluzi anikezwayo. Lo mjikelezo omuhle ungabuyisela ukwethenjwa ezinhlanganweni, unciphise inkohlakalo, futhi uthuthukise abantu abathembisene ngokwengeziwe.

Kodwa ukufinyelela lokhu kudinga isenzo sobuqotho. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe basekele imfundo yomphakathi njengendaba eyisisekelo, hhayi njengendaba ecatshangelwayo. Kumelwe baklame izimiso zokubona ngokukhululekile ezihambisana nomngane futhi zihambisana nokuqeqeshwa. Umphakathi wangaphakathi kumelwe uqhubeke usungula kabusha, wenze amathuluzi aguqula imininingwane ibe yizindaba nezifundo ukuba isebenze. Izakhamuzi ngokwazo kumelwe zizinikele emsebenzini wokuphila konke wokuhlala zinolwazi @ @ot, kodwa ziwuphenye, zixoxe, futhi zenze.

Njengoba idemokrasi ibhekene nokucindezela kwempoqo, ukungaqondi, amasu amabili okubona nemfundo yomphakathi anikeza ikhambi eliqinisekile. Ngokunika izakhamuzi ulwazi ngokwaziswa nolwazi lokulusebenzisa, singakha ikusasa lapho ukubusa kungokuyiqiniso kubantu, kubantu, nakubantu.