Iyunivesithi sekuyisikhathi eside isebenza njengendawo edinga imibono, indawo lapho abafundi bebhekana khona nemibono ebekela inselele eyabo futhi lapho impikiswano eqinile ilindelekile futhi ivikelekile. Kodwa zona kanye izinqubo ezivumela le nkululeko yamahhala − isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala − singaba nolunye uhlelo oluyisisekelo olungokomthetho: inqubo efanele. Uma inkulumo yomfundi iba indaba yesenzo sokujezisa, isikhungo kumelwe sihambe ngebanga elilinganiselwe phakathi kokunikeza inkululeko ecacile nokuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwe-acerona okusobala, ukukhanyisa, nokukhanyisa. Le ngqungquthela ayiyona nje indlela engokomthetho; ihlela okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwabafundi, abaphathi, nabaphathi besikole, nokuhamba kwayo okucophelelayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umsebenzi wemfundo.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esisetshenziswa kumazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, sivimbela uhulumeni − kuhlanganisa namayunivesithi omphakathi − ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Lesivikelo sidlulela emagcekeni, iphephandaba labafundi, futhi ngisho nakuyi-webhusayithi ye-Internet, uma nje inkulumo ingangeni ezingeni elilinganiselwe, ezingavikeleki ngokwezemfundo njengesigxobo seqiniso, ukuvuselelwa esithathelwanayo esiwukungabi namthetho, noma ukuhlukunyezwa okungathandeki kakhulu, okusakazekele, futhi ngokunembekile ukuthi ilulaza inzuzo yezemfundo eqhubekayo. Ngalesosikhathi, i-Sans Processss of the 55 neGeneth Revincesstions, isho imvume engokomthetho esekelwe ekutholeni imvumeni komfundi, futhi izwakalayo.

Amakolishi omphakathi awaboshwe ngokuqondile yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa amaningi aye amukela izimiso ezidumisa ukuvezwa ngenkululeko njengengxenye yezindinganiso zawo zokuhlela, futhi asangaphansi kwezibopho zesivumelwano noma zomthetho ofanayo zobulungisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSihloko seSimemezelo semfundo seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 siphoqelela izimfuneko ezingokwenzuzo ukuthi izinhlangano zisabela kanjani ezimangalweni zokuzishaya umthetho owenziwayo, zifaka ingxebeva ezindaweni ezibandayo. Ukucindezela kubangelwa ukuthi abantu abakhululekile bavame ukubheka i-authomo (ongase usho ukuthi kuyini), kuyilapho inqubo edinga ukuhlola izinqubo zeposi (lokhu kwenzeka lapho umuntu ekhononda ngalokho okushoyo). Ukudayisa kubangelwa yimpikiswano.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ekwelapheni Kwamakamu

Amakholiji namayunivesithi abhekene nobunzima obuningi obusebenzayo lapho ezama ukuqeqesha ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokukhuluma ngaphandle kokugxambukela emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo noma ekungakhethi okuyisisekelo. Lezinselele zibhebhethekiswa uchungechunge olubanzi lwezinkulumo ezivikelwe ezingase zibhekwe njengezicasulayo noma ezilimazayo, futhi ngokukhula kwemicikilisho yokuxhumana kwabafundi.

Ukuchaza Ngokunembile Ukuvikelwa Kwenkulumo.

Enye yezinselele eziphikelelayo i-[[FLT:] spects [[FLT:] [[1998]] [futhi isivikelo] futhi inkulumo ephumela ekuhlukunyezweni okungalawuleki noma ekusongelelweni kweqiniso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza kwacaca ukuthi inkulumo ayinakuthuliswa ngenxa nje yokuthi ayithandeki noma iyavusa inkanuko. [[FLT]] Tagnas [ [1] [1] [19989] [fult] [isi], iNkathi ikhomba ikholelwa ukuthi ukushisa ifulegila i-Melika ivikelwa yiSiphetho esivikelwayo iSiphetho esiqinile. Isikole, ukuhlatshwa kwentebo eqinile noma ukuziphatha okungathandeki kakhulu. [i-Fosenyune] noma ukuhlulwa kwendlela ekhuselwe i-osenyunime] [intshi] [ice] [intshise] [ice]

Ubuqotho Ezinqubweni Zokuyala

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba umfundi omangalelwe athole ithuba elibalulekile lokusabela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi izinsolo eziqondile, ukukwazi ukuthola ubufakazi obuhloselwe isikhungo esifuna ukubusebenzisa, nokukwazi ukunikeza ofakazi nobufakazi obuvikelayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, uMnyango wezemfundo ugunyaze ukuba kuhlale abantu bezwa ngokuhlola okunganqamukiyo, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nezinqubo zesinqumo zethumba likapotimende ezingase ziphoqelele abafundi ukuba baphuce amalungelo abo. Inselele ukunikeza izinqubo zobuciko ezizinhle nezingathandekiyo, ikakhulukazi uma ukuziphatha okungaphansi kuhilela i-projectivessssss (indlela yokuphendula ephakeme kakhulu). Ukuphakama kwezindawo zokuphendula kwezenzwe” nakho kuye kwakhanga ukugxeka ngenkulumo ehlazisayo, njengoba abafundi bengase bagweme ukuveza imibono ephikisanayo ngokwesaba.

Izindaba ezingokwenhlalo kanye nenkulumo ye-Campus

Imingcele ye-operation communiverse ifinyele nge-social studity. Ingabe i-mini yaseyunivesithi ingayala umfundi nge-tweet enobandlululo lobuhlanga noma esongelayo ibekwe egumbini le-dorm? iNkantolo ePhakamileyo engu-2021 yesinqumo se-2021 [ku-FLT:0]. AmaMahanoy Areace School stric studity v. B.L.[[FL.FL] [FL:1] iqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zinekhono elilinganiselwe lokulawula ukukhishwa kwe-ampyutha, kodwa isinqumo secala esivulekile samakhole esibekwe kuyo. Izinkantolo eziphansi siye sadinga “ukukhutshwa kwe-astritiod" ngenxa yenkulumo yokukhishwa kwe-campyuse. Kodwa izinhlangano kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingiphenye ukuthi ngisakaza inkulumo, noma isikhuluminye esifunda kanye nenkulumo esetshenziswa ngokuneyo.[8]

Icala Lasenkantolo Elilimaza Ubuhle

Ukuqonda lezi zimo kusiza ekucaciseni imingcele izikhulu zasemakolishi ezisebenza kuyo.

ker v.Des Moines Independent School School (11969)

Nakuba i-K-12 cala, [[FLT] ` iqashelwe kakhulu ukuthi abafundi abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.'INkantolo yamisa ukuthi isikole singavimbela ukukhuluma okungathi “ngokungokoqobo futhi kuphazamise kakhulu umsebenzi nesiyalo sesikole.” Lendinganiso isetshenziswe emakolishi, okusho ukuthi isikhungo asinakushaya inkulumo yomfundi esekelwe ekwesabeni nje kokuphazamiseka noma ukungathandeki komyalezo. “Ukuphazamiseka kwesikole okungaphumelelanga.” Kulokhu kuyithuluzi lokuhlola ukuziphatha kwesikole.

Healy v. James (1972]

INkantolo Ephakeme yanikeza abafundi basekolishi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuqondile kulolu daba, olwaluhilela iqembu labafundi elalifuna ukuqashelwa.

Doe v. University of Michigan (1989)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lelicala lenkantolo yombuso wesifunda laqeda isimiso sokuhlukumeza abantu ngomthetho eyunivesithi, esanqabela inkulumo ethi “ukwenza noma ukuhlasela” abantu ngesisekelo sohlanga, ubuhlanga, inkolo, ubulili, noma ezinye izigaba. Inkantolo yathola isimiso sibanzi futhi sifiphele, sishaqisa uchungechunge olubanzi lwenkulumo evikelekile. Isebenza njengesixwayiso ngokumelene nemithetho yenkulumo esekelwe kahle kodwa engacaci kahle.

[[UMTH:0] Hoty v. Carter (2005]

Lelicala lesikhombisa lesifunda lavumela ikolishi ukuba libuyisele ukubukezwa kwangaphambi kwalokho okuqukethwe yiphephandaba labafundi uma kwenzeka phakathi “komphakathi olinganiselwe” ukuhlelwa futhi ungathathi hlangothi. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuzwa icala, ishiya ukungaqiniseki. Izinkantolo eziningi eziphansi ziye zathiya ukuthi thoty emaphuzwini aqondile, futhi indlela ethandwayo ukuphatha imithombo yezindaba njengomphakathi omisiwe lapho imingcele yangaphambili incishwa kakhulu khona.

Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) kanye Lane v. Franks[ (2014]]

Lezi zimo zikhuluma ukuthi izisebenzi zomphakathi − kuhlanganise nezisebenzi ezifundisayo — zigcine amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngenxa yezinkulumo zenziwa ukuba zikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho. UGarcetti, iNkantolo yaphetha ukuthi ummeli wesifunda ophethe umsebenzi ohlobene nesikole akavikelwanga, kodwa kamuva iNkantolo yacacisa ukuthi [[FLT:] Garcetti imfundiso ayisebenzi ngempela ekufundiseni nasekukhulumeni ngemfundo. Umbango phakathi kommeli wesifunda nenkululeko yemfundo ihlala iyindawo ekhuthele yokuzimpiko.

Amahanoy Oce School District v. B.L. (2021)

Kulendaba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagomela ukuthi isikole asinakumjezisa umfundi ngenkulumo engcolile eSnapchat, siqaphela ukuthi izikole zinesithakazelo esinciphileyo sokuqondisa inkulumo engaphandle kwesikole nempahla yesikole. Nakuba icala lingu K-12, inhloso yaso ukuthi ukuxoxiwa kwe-campanus kulula kakhulu ukukhipha izithakazelo zokukhuluma ngaphandle kokuthinta amakholiji. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa ikhono elifanayo, zifuna i-nexus eqekelweni elicacile ngaphambi kokuba zikhiphe isiphakamiso se-campus.

Izimemezelo Zokulinganisela Amalungelo ECampus

Ngenxa yobunzima obungokomthetho, izindlela ezisebenzayo zingasiza izikhungo ukuba zihloniphe inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho zilondoloza indawo ehlelekile, ephephile yokufunda.

Inkulumo Ecacile Nenesizotha

Izimiso zokuziphatha okumelwe ziqonde futhi zigweme ukucazulula. Esikhundleni sokwenqabela “ukuchasana” obanzi, izinqubo kufanele zamukele incazelo engokomthetho esetshenziswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme: ukuziphatha okunzima, okusakazeke kakhulu, futhi okucasulayo kangangokuthi kunqabela umuntu ngokuphumelelayo ukufinyelela esimisweni semfundo noma umsebenzi. Ezinye izinhlobo zenkulumo ecasulayo, inkambiso kufanele icacise ukuthi ukucasula akuzona isisekelo sokuyala. [ Ukubekwa kwenkululeko eMthethweni ngamunye ne-FRE (FLT) kunikeza izimiso zezemfundo nezimiso zemali ezikhuluma njalo; ukuhlola imithombo enjalo kungasiza ekugwemeni izihibe ezingokomthetho.

Izindlela Zokufundisa Ezifanele Nezibonisa Ngokukhanyayo

Inqubo elindelekile idinga okungaphezu kwesitembu senjoloba. Iziqu ziqinisekisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umfundi obhekene namacala angathi sína uthola isaziso esibhaliwe, ukukwazi ukuthola ubufakazi, ithuba lokunikeza ukuzivikela, nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Izehlakalo ezihilela inkulumo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umthumeli aqeqeshelwe izimiso zeSimemezelo sokuqala seNguqulo. UMnyango wezemfundo ka-202020 Imithetho yezemfundo iqinise inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela, kuhlanganise nokuzwa okuphilile ngokunqamleza, kodwa ngo-2024, i-Biden usungule imithetho ethile. Izimiso kufanele zihlale ziqeqeshelwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni kuyilapho kugcinwa umoya wobulungisa. Ukunikeza izikhalo kuyimfuneko.

Izinhlelo Zokufundisa Ngokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Nokuxoxa Ngenhlonipho

Kunokuba acindezele inkulumo ephikiswayo, amakolishi angafaka izinhlelo ezifundisa abafundi indlela yokuhlanganyela emibonweni abayithola icasula. “Imibono ehlukene” amashabhu, ukuqeqeshwa, nezikhulumi zasemakolishi zemibono ehlukahlukene ingasiza ekwakheni impucuko lapho inkulumo iqinile kodwa ingenanzondo. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zihambisana nomkhankaso wemfundo wokukhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo. ACLU imithombo yamasu okukhuluma ngesihle[[

Ukugwema Ukusebenzisa Imishini Yokukhuluma

Baas, nakuba ihlelwe kahle, ingakhuluma ngokubanda uma isetshenziselwa ukufushanisa imibono kunokuhlukumeza. Iziqu zomphakathi kufanele zilinganisele ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezinjalo ukuba zibike ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi okungaqondile okuchazwa umthetho noma umthetho, futhi akufanele imemezele imibiko engaziwa ye “izenzakalo” ezimane zihilela imibono ephikisanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvala “izindawo ezikhululekileyo” ezivalela imisebenzi edinga ukuthululwa, izindawo ezikude. Ngo-2018, inkantolo kahulumeni yashaya isifunda esinjalo eYunivesithi yaseFlorida, futhi ezinye izindawo eziningi zokufundela eziye zalahlwa noma zanwetshwa ngokuzithandela. Kunalokho, amakilasi kufanele aphawule izindawo ezinkulu, ezibonakalayo njengendawo yomfundi yenyunyana.

Ukwamukela Imikhuba Ephinde Yazivuselela

Inkulumo ebangela umonakalo kodwa evikelekile, izinyathelo zokujezisa zingaba ezingafanele. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zazama ukulungisa izinxushunxushu zobulungisa, zivumela izingxoxo phakathi kwesikhulumi nalabo abasoliwe, kanye nezijeziso ezifundisayo. Lezi zinyathelo zigwema ukwephula inkululeko yokukhuluma lapho zikhuluma ngemiphumela nokuthuthukisa imfundo. Nokho, ukuhlanganyela kumelwe kube okuvolontiweyo, futhi abafundi abanqabayo abanakujeziswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Indima Yemithetho Yokuziphatha Yabafundi Nendlela Yokukhuluma Ekhululekile

Isivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu ekunqandeni izinxushunxushu namakolishi kuyisimiso sabafundi esihlelwe kahle esiqinisekisa ngokucacile isibopho salenhlangano sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Amayunivesithi amaningi ahlanganisa “igama elikhululekile” ezimisweni zawo, ngokuvamile elibekwe e- i-Cicago State[[[[FLT:]]] ngo-2014] i-“UMkhankatho weKomiti Yenkululeko” esuka eYunivesithi yaseChicago. Lamazwi amemezela ukuthi“ isibopho seYunivesithi sisesimiso esiyisisekelo senkulumo ethi impikiswano noma impikiswano ingase inganqanyulwa ngenxa yokuthi imibono ivezwa amalungu amaningi eYunivesithi ukuba ihlaneke ngokuphambene, noma ngisho nangezinye, ingabina ukuhlakanipha, noma inhloko engalungile. Ngokungaphezulu kwekhulu lezindawo ezisemthethweni ze-Chicagon. Zikhona izimendo ezithiwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuthulwa kwenkulumo elula, futhi zishoshoshoshone, ngokungenayo, futhi zishoshoshoshoshoshoshone, ngokusobala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivikelo zenqubo ezifanele kufanele zihlanganiswe ngokucacile ekhodini. Abafundi kufanele bazi ukuthi uma bemangalelwa ngokophulwa kwenkulumo, bayothola indida egcwele. Lombhalo futhi kufanele uthi umbono wokucwasa unqatshelwe: iyunivesithi ingangabekeli izikhulumi eziqinile izijeziso eziqinile kunesikhulumi esikhululekile esisebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwendlela yokukhuluma. Ukuhlola njalo lomthetho, ngokufanele nge-metaintion evela kubaphathi, iseluleko somthetho, kanye nabameleli babafundi, kungasiza ekugcineni isimiso sisebenza ngomthetho owenziwe njalo.

Izimpikiswano Zamanje: Izimpikiswano, I - Internet Speech, Ne - Institution Response

Ukuhlangana kwenqubo efanele nenkululeko yokukhuluma kuphakanyiswa kakhulu emongweni wezeluleko zamuva nje. (kunomba wempi yama-Israel-Palesitinan, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, ne-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Uma abafundi bephazamisa isigaba ngokuhlala noma behlala izakhiwo, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi izenzo zabo ezibonisa ukuziphatha okungacacile kuvikelwe iSigqi Sokuqala noma ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo okuphathelene nokujeziswayo kokuyala. Izinkantolo zibambe leso sikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela ukuhlukanisa abakhona kweyunivesithi nokujezisa. (isibonelo, ukuvinjelwa kwezakhiwo ngemva kwamahora kuvinjelwe i-paletine; ukuvinjelwa kwezimpawu ze-pro-Paletin akuna. Kungenxa yalokho ukukhathalela ukuthi zifaka kanjani izigelekeqe.) Izengwa yinqubo yokukho ukuqaphela isaziso esingekho emthethweni?

Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-intanethi nakho kuletha izinselele ezintsha. Umfundi angase afake i-computer yobandlululo olungokobandlululo ekulandiseni kwakhe siqu, aholele abanye abafundi ukuba bafake isikhalo. Khona - ke iyunivesithi kumelwe ihlole ukuthi inkulumo ivikelekile yini (uma imane nje iwusongo kodwa ingelona usongo lweqiniso noma ukuhlukunyezwa) nokuthi ibangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekolishi. Ngisho noma inkulumo ivikelwe, isikhungo singasanikeza ukusekela kulabo abathintekile, futhi cishe kungenza ngokujezisa isikhulumi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulumi asikhishwanga qhwqe ngenxa yokungathandeki kwemibono yabo. [[FLT:] ISimende seSimendo sobusuku seSimendo eYunivesithi yaseColufic [Flufic 1:] [FLT] [FU.] [FLT]] silandele izindaba eziningi lapho abafundi beyelwe khona ngenxa ye-ampluspopy'.

Enye indawo yokudazulula isetshenziswa izixwayiso ezinikeza izixwayiso kanye nezindawo eziphephile. Nakuba lezi ziyindlela yokuzithandela, lapho umthetho wenhlangano udinga izixwayiso noma unqabela ezinye “izihloko” ekilasini, iSichibiyelo sokuqala singanqamulwa, ikakhulukazi emayunivesithi omphakathi. Oprofesa banelungelo lenkululeko yemfundo evikela ukukhetha kwabo kwezemfundo. Inqubo ingena uma uprofesa ebekwe ekhefu ukuze afunde izincwadi ezabelwe. Ikhambi elifanele alikho isijeziso kodwa ukuboniswa okuhlukile kwesizathu sokuba kube nezimiso ezicacile kanye nokubukezwa okucacile.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nenqubo efanele emakholiji akudingeki ukuba kuxazululwe kanye kanye; kudinga ukuvala njalo njengomthetho, ezobuchwepheshe, nezimiso zomphakathi kuvele. Amayunivesithi omphakathi alawulwa yizimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo ezifuna kokubili isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma nokungaguquguquki. Izinhlangano zomuntu siqu, nakuba zingazithobi ngokuqondile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, izingozi ezidumekile nezingokomthetho uma izimiso zawo ziwumthetho noma ziwubandlululo. Izakhiwo eziphumelelayo yilezo eziphatha inkululeko yokukhuluma nenqubo efanelekile, hhayi eziphikisanayo: izigcawuli ezikhululekile, kuyilapho inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yaleyondawo yezentengiso isebenza kahle.

Ngokwamukela izimiso ezicacile, ezivumelana nesimiso sobukhoma, ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni iphini, ukuthuthukisa isiko lokuxoxa ngenhlonipho, nokumelana nesifiso sokucindezela imibono engathandeki, amakholiji angafeza umsebenzi wawo ombaxambili: ukuvikela amalungelo abafundi nokuwafundisa imikhuba yobuzwe bentando yeningi. Umzuzu udinga isibindi sombili ukuvikela inkulumo esiyizondayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umangalela noma umangalelwa, uthola ukuzwa okulungile.