Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali liphakathi kwezivikelo eziphikisana kakhulu nezisekelwe kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Uhambo lwayo ukusuka ku-Bill of Rights kuya ku-octive siqinisekiso esigcwele sokubopha wonke umbuso nohulumeni wendawo lumelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomthetho okuthatha amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukuqonda ukuthi lelilungelo lafakwa kanjani e-U.S. kudinga ukuhlola incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo sesibili, ukuvela kwemfundiso ebekwayo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se-145th, kanye nesinqumo seNkantolo evelele eyagcina iqede indaba. Lesi sihloko siveza indlela, siqokomisa izindaba eziyinhloko, izinkolelo-mthetho, nezimiso ezichaza ukuma kwezemthetho okukhona manje okuvela ezibhamu zezikhali eMelika.

Isichibiyelo Sesibili Esisekelwe Embhalweni Waso Wasekuqaleni

ISichibiyelo Sesibili, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sifundeka kanje: [i-Militia] i-“A i-Militia ebekwe kahle, ngoba idingekile ekulondeni uHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke liphulwe. [kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika], lelilungiselelo laliqondwa njengesivikelo semibutho yamazwe — ibutho lezakhamuzi ezithi abasebangeni elibhekwe njengesivikelo esimelene namabutho amabutho azimele nombuso omphakathi. [[FLT] I-antementation’s regiod region, ewufanele ukulondeka kwezwe ngokukhululekile” yabonwa yizinkantolo eziningi nabahlazisi bezikhulu bemisebenzi.

Lencazelo elungile ehlangene yabusa umcabango wokwahlulela iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. IRepublic yakuqala, isho ukuthi njalo kwabekwa imithetho evimbela ukuba nezibhamu — ngokwesibonelo, ngokunqabela ukuthuthwa noma ukufunwa kobhaliso — ngaphandle kokusikisela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sasingavunyelwe ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinjalo. Akukaze kube ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka lapho inkolelo eqinile ithola khona ulwazi olungokomthetho futhi, ekugcineni, phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokuzalwa Kokubuyisana

I-Retived yabekwa ngo-1868, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezifunda. Ingxenye 1 inikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso “ongazala noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho” noma“ ukusekela noma ubani ongaphakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.” INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ngokushesha yaqala ukuchaza i-Sct Proces Clausle njengenqola yokusebenzisa amalungiselelo athile eSivumelwano somthetho ohulumeni — inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvikela .

Ukuqulwa kwecala akwenzekanga kanye. Inkantolo yamukela ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha indlela, ihlaziya ilungelo ngalinye ngesisekelo secala-kekeke nesisekelo ukuze ithole ukuthi “yayiyikho yini enqubweni yobulungisa yaseMelika.” Ngekhulu lamaphakathi nekhulu leminyaka lama-20, eziningi zenqubo yobugebengu ziqinisekisiwe kuyi-Bill of Rights. Kodwa iSichithi sesibili sahlala singekho obala ohlwini.

Isinqumo Senkantolo Yakuqala Ephakeme Esiphathelene NeSichibiyelo Sesibili

Cishe eminyakeni engu - 150 ngemva kokugudluzwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha izinqumo ezimbalwa kuphela eziphawulekayo zeSichibiyelo Sesibili, okungekho nelilodwa kuzo elikhuluma ngokuqondile ukuthi ilungelo lalenziwe lamelana yini nalezo mibuso.

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

eUnited States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), iNkantolo yacabangela izinkolelo ngaphansi koMthetho we-Enthorcement ka-70 ohlobene nokubulala kwabantu ngo-Colfax eLouisiana. Abamangalelwa babebekwe icala lokuzincisha izisulu ilungelo labo lokuphatha izikhali. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi iSimemezelo Sesibili “asikho esinye ithonya ngaphandle kokuvimbela imibuso kahulumeni wezwe” nokuthi“ asisebenzi emasimini. ” Lokhu kwenze yiqiniso ukuthi isivikelo sikahulumeni selungelo sokulwa kwezibhamu nesenzo sombuso futhi izakhamuzi zishiye umthetho wemithetho nemithetho.

Presser v. Illinois (1886)

Eshumini leminyaka kamuva, Prasers v.Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), iNkantolo yasekela umthetho wase-Illinois owawenqabela ukuphatha izibhamu ngaphandle kwemvume. UPrester waphikisa ukuthi umthetho wephula amalungelo akhe eSikhawulo Sezigwebo. INkantolo yaphinde yanqaba ukusho ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili simisiwe kuphela uhulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “amandla awanakukwazi, ngaphansi kokuqondisa imikhosi, ukugxazulula amalungelo nokugobela kwezakhamuzi zase-United States” — ukusikisela ukuthi ezinye isivikelo zingasebenza, nakuba kungekho lutho olugunyaziwe.

United States v. Miller (1939)

Icala elibaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi konyaka i-Heller kwakuyi-'FLT'S' s'umthetho. UMiller, u-U.S. 174]. Abamangalelwa babekwa icala lokuhambisa izibhamu zempi ezisusiwe kulelozwe eziwukwephula umthetho we-National Firmars Act. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho, iphethe ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesibili “ahloselwe ukubeka ilungelo nokuthwala izikhali ngenjongo yangasese.” Kodwa kunalokho babekwa icala lokugcina ukusebenza kwe-mpi. Ngenxa yokuthi izikhali ezibonwa ngaphandle zazingahloniziwe, zazingakhiwe ngaphandle kwesivikelo sempi. [FT] [FT][5]

I-Modern Shift: Isifunda sase-Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Izwe elingokomthetho lashintsha kakhulu i-Dialium of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008),. Icala labekela iWashington, D.C. imithetho eqinile yezibhamu, eyayenqabela ngokuphumelelayo ukuba nezakhamuzi eziphethe isibhamu futhi yafuna zonke izibhamu zigcinwe zikhucululwa futhi zidiliziwe. INkantolo Ephakeme, phakathi nesinqumo esibhalwe nguMahluleli uAnton Scalia, ngokokuqala ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokuba nezikhali ngokwesiko, ikakhulukazi izinjongo zokuzigobonda ngokwazo.

Umbono Oyinhloko

UMahluleli Scalia wathatha umbono wakhe ngokucubungula okuningiliziwe nomlando. Waphetha ngokuthi isixazululo esisebenzayo — “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe” — sinikeza ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye, hhayi umuntu oncike ekusetshenzisweni kwezikhali. I-presarigation (“I-Militia") kwakuyincazelo yokuthi kungani ilungelo lalibhekwa njengelidingekile, hhayi ukulinganiselwa kwelokunene ngokwalo. Inkantolo futhi yacacisa ukuthi ilungelo alilinganiselwe; alivikeleki muntu owezelelwe ukusetshenziswa kwempi" noma“ ukuphatha izikhali ezifihliwe ngenjongo yokuhlasela.” Imithetho enengqondo, evimbela imithetho efuna ukulwa noma ephethe imithetho elimazayo, noma ethengisa imithetho yezentengo, yayiyintengo yeze yezentengo eqinile.

Imibono Engavumelaniyo

UMahluleli uJohn Paul Stevens waphikisa, ephikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesibili sasivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali kuphela emongweni wamabutho kahulumeni. IJaji uStephen Breyer laphikisa futhi laphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma ilungelo lingumuntu ngamunye, D.C. iziqondiso zamaphoyisa zaziwukusetshenziswa okunengqondo. Naphezu kokuphikisa, wamisa ngokuqinile iSiphendulo sesibili somthetho wesibili — kodwa ngokumelene nohulumeni ophethe kanye namasimende awo kuphela. Impikiswano yokungahambisani ihlala ivulekile.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010): Ukuhlalisana ekugcineni

Eminyakeni emibili nje ngemva , iNkantolo yathatha uMcDonald v. iDolobha laseChicago, 561 U.S. 762 (2010). Ukuvinjelwa kwesandla seChicago kwakucishe kube yisithiyo esiqine njenge-D.C., kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-Chicago ingu message imboni kahulumeni, iNkanto yeNkantolo kumele inqume ukuthi iSiphendulo sesibili sisebenza yini ezweni nasehulumenini bendawo ngeSiphendulo se-14.

Kwesinye isinqumo, iNkantolo yathi ilungelo lesibili leSichibiyelo liqashelwe iHeller ‘ isebenza kahle ezifundazweni” ngaphansi kwe-Century Procesme Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesine. UMahluleli uSamuel Alito ukholelwa ukuthi inguquko ephelele ixhomeke “enqubweni efanele yalesi sizwe” imfundiso eyayisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo. Inkantolo yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali zomuntu siqu“ lisekelwe esinqumisweni sethu sokuzikhulula. ” Futhi “igxile kakhulu ekuhleleni kwethu inkululeko egunyazwe ngomlando namasiko.”

[[FLT:] kanjalo yaqeda ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo sesibili, igumbuqela izandulela ze Cruikshank kanye [FLT] ne Preserser [ ngokwezinga ababeziphethe ngokwehlukile. [Ngemva ] McDonald[[], isifundazwe futhi ohulumeni bendawo baboshwe yi-Impostformation, njengoba nje uhulumeni wombuso.

Intuthuko yeposi-McDonald

Ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo sesibili kwavula umnyango oholela ekwakhiweni kwemithetho eminingi kahulumeni neyokubulala izibhamu. Izinkantolo eziphansi zaqale zasekela imingcele eminingi ngaphansi “kokuhlolwa okuphakathi”, kodwa izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo isimo sesayensi.

Caetano v. Massachusetts (2016)

Ku-Caetano v. i-Massachusetts, 577 U.S. 411 (206), iNkantolo yasiguqula ngokuphazima kweso isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni esasisekele ukuvinjelwa kwezibhamu ze-staun. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sinwetshwa ezingasetshenziswanga ngesikhathi sokusungulwa, kuhlanganise nezikhali zesimanje ezinjengezibhamu. Lendaba yabonisa ukuthi isokunene sidlulela ngalé kwezibhamu futhi simboze noma isiphi “ingalo” esingasetshenziswa ukuze sizitholele.

INew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kwe- McDonald yi-[FLT]] iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 12022]. INew York yayinecebo “lokufihla i-scape" elithulile elidinga izicelo ukubonisa“ imbangela efanele" — ngokuyinhloko isidingo esikhethekile ngaphandle kweyedwa-difense. Inkantolo yashaya umthetho, ibambe ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesi-22 ukuthwala izibhamu zomphakathi. IJanumsm, i-Tlance, imemezela imvume engokomthetho: “inqumo ekhethekile yokuzimela izibhamu, futhi inqumo yesiko ingenze ngomthetho wesiko. Uma kuvinjelwe umthetho womthetho wesibili.

Bruen ngokuyisisekelo yashintsha indlela izinkantolo eziphansi ezibheka ngayo imithetho yezibhamu. “ukuhlola okunganqamuki” kwalahlwa ngenxa yokuhlaziya okungokomlando kuphela. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni eziningi zemithetho enqabela amafeloni ukuba angabi nezibhamu, avimbele“ izikhali eziyingozi,” idinga ukugcinwa okuphephile, kanye nokubekwa phambili kwezinkathi zokulinda. Izindaba eziningi zalokhu zisebenza ngendlela yazo manje ezinkantolo.

Izinkinga Zamuva Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ku iUnited States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S._2024), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela abantu abangaphansi kobudlova basekhaya ekuvimbeleni ukuphatha izibhamu. INkantolo yasebenzisa [ Bruen[[FLT] uvivinyo olungokomlando] futhi yathola iziqondiso ezanele enkathini yokusungulwa. Lesinqumo sabonisa ukuthi Bruen ukuhlola akuyisuthi yonke imingcele yezibhamu; imithetho evumelana nesiko elingokomlando ihlala isebenza.

Amanye amacala abalulekile akhuluma ngeSichibiyelo sesibili ayaqhubeka ephakama. Izihloko ezinjengomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wemingcele esekelwe ebudaleni, ukuvinjelwa komagazini abaneziphetho ezinkulu, kanye “nezindawo ezizwelayo” zonke zibekwa Bruen[.

Umphumela Owaba Khona Emithethweni Yezibhamu Nasemphakathini

Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo sesibili kuye kwaba nemiphumela ewusizo kakhulu. Ngaphambi McDonald, kungathi i-Illinois, California, neNew York kungamisa imingcele ekhucululayo yezibhamu ngaphandle kokuhlola komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngemva kokufakwa kwesimiso, zonke izibhamu kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokumelene neSikhawulo sesibili seSichibiyelo njengoba sichazwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme.

Federal v. Imithetho kaHulumeni

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungalawula izibhamu ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano zakhe nasemandleni okukhokha intela, njengoba kusekelwa ezimweni ezinjenge Miller futhi kamuva Heller[ umthetho we-dict. Nokho, uhulumeni nohulumeni bakhona manje babhekene nemingcele engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amagunya awe-“mastyre" afihlekile athwele imithetho efana neNew York yaphoqelelwa ukuba ithathe i-isceroue" noma ivumele ukuba iphathe imithetho elandela [[FLT:] BB [[FLT:]]. Ngokufanayo, i-bhun, njengesandla esiqinile, njengese-DC. futhi ayikathi protheni.

Impikiswano Ngemingcele Enengqondo

Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo sesibili akukapheli impikiswano; sekushiywe amagama aso. Abasekeli bamalungelo ezibhamu baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo manje ufuna izimo zokuhlonipha ilungelo elifanayo nelohulumeni okumelwe ulihloniphe, kuyilapho abameleli bokulawula izibhamu bephikisa ngokuthi isilinganiso sokuphepha sisavumelekile ngaphansi kanye [FLT] Bruen[. Izwe lamanje elingokomthetho linamandla kakhulu, nezinkantolo eziphansi ezizama ukusebenzisa ukuvivinywa okungokomlando.

Isiphetho

Ukufakwa kwelungelo lokuthwala izikhali emthethweni-mgamu waseMelika kuyindaba yokushintsha kancane kancane komthetho-sisekelo, okuhambisana nezinqumo ezimbili eziphawula umlando. Heller kwaqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyeli sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzihloba. [MCD] yenza lesosibopho sokulunga ezimisweni. [[FLT:] Bruen[FLT:]] [FLT] wacacisa ukuthi ilungelo linwebelele ukuba lithwale umphakathi, libeka indinganiso eqinile ngokomlando yokuhlola izibhamu.

Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nezibhamu, ukuphepha, nenkululeko eUnited States. ISichibiyelo Sesibili, esake saba igumbi lomthetho-mthetho ongokomthetho onganakwa, manje singenye yamalungiselelo ashintshwa kakhulu nangokwentshiseko kuwo wonke uBill of Rights. Ukuhlanganiswa kwaso kuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali liyisiqinisekiso sesizwe, kodwa ukuhlangana kwaso okuqondile kuyaqhubeka kuchazwa izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nabantu baseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka imibono egcwele ku .[FLT][FLT] i-Diality of Columbia v. Heller ku-Oyez, ,[[FLT]]] [[FLT]MCUMFUTY] v. Chicago[[[] ku-Oyez[, [[FLT] [[FLT]] [imvu] [isizinda se-SCUSFLT] [FF] [FLT] [12]