Isingeniso: Umjikelezo Ohlala Njalo Wezinkinga Nokusabela

Izinkinga zezomnotho azizona izingozi kodwa ziyizici eziphindaphindwayo zesimiso sobukhapitali banamuhla. Kusukela kuPanic ka 1907 kuya kuKuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho, ukuncipha kwe-1970, i-Asian Financial Crisis, i-Global Financial Crisis (GFC) ka-2009-09, kanye namapolycrasi abangelwa umqedazwelo we-COVID-19, inselele ngayinye isilinganiso sokubusa. Inseleleko eyinhloko yohulumeni ilinganisela ngokushesha ngokuvuselela inqubo yokwakha kabusha isikhashana, ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwemikhumbi yezombangazwe nezokulindela kwezenhlalo okugxile kakhulu.

Lokhu kuhlola kufanisa ukusabela okukhethekile kwezimo eziningi zezomnotho ezihlukene nezinhlekelele ezinkulu zamuva. Ngokuhlola iUnited States , , Japana, [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]] Germany[[, [[FLT]], kuba sobala ukuthi akukho Ncwadi yomdlalo yomhlaba wonke. Ukhetho lwezimiso lucwe ngenkumbulo yezemfundo, isimo sezomnotho, nemibono yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseni ukuhlelwa kwezinkinga zembulunga yonke.

Ithuluzi Lokubusa: Umsebenzi Oklanyelwe Ukuqhathaniswa

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole amacala ngamanye, kuwusizo ukuchaza amathuluzi ayinhloko ohulumeni abawatholayo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Fiscal Policy: Ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni okuqondile (isibalo, i-bellout, izisekelo zesisekelo) kanye nezinguquko zentela.
  • Inkqubo e-Monetary:[ ukulungiswa kwenani lenzalo, ukusebenza kwemakethe okuvulekile, namathuluzi angadibanisi anjenge-Quantitive Eaveng ne-Every Government Control.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Umthetho: Izinguquko eziya emithethweni yebhange, izimfuneko zentambo, kanye nokuvikela abathengi.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Picelic: Umshuwalense wokungabikho komsebenzi, ukudluliswa kwemali, usizo lokudla, nomsebenzi womphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalamathuluzi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezinga lentuthuko yezwe, ukuzimela kwebhange lalo eliphakathi, nokuthola kwalo izimakethe ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 1: United States – Icala Lokungenela Ngempi

I-United States ibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi ithanda ukungenela okukhulu, okusheshayo, futhi ngokuvamile emhlabeni wonke ezikhathini zenhlekelele. Lendlela isekelwe ezifundweni ze - Great Depression nenhlangano e - New Deal same.

Inkinga Yemali Embulungeni Yonke Ka - 2008

Abaqondisi be-GFC basabela ngokuxubana kwe-application yasebhange (Izimo Ezingalawuleki Zosizo, noma I-ATARP) kanye nesasasa elikhulu elinamandla (Melika kunye ne-Revestment Act). ISimultate ngokuzenzakalelayo, iFederal Reserve encitshitshiswe amazinga acishe afinyelele emaqandeni anele futhi isungule izinhlelo ezinkulu zeQuantitive Easing (QE) zokumisa izimakethengiso zemali. Nakuba le mpikiswano, lesi simo esinzima savimbela ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho kwesibili. Nokho, ukululama kwezembukwangokomlando, kwakwembula imingcele yokuncithaka kwemali ngaphandle kokunikeza izingcezuzo zemali ezisendlinisiwe ngokuqondile.

I - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Ukusabela kwe-US kulolubhadane kwakukukhulu kakhulu. I-PARES Act, i-Paycheck Program (PPP), kanye ne-American Replation Presence Plan yafaka cishe izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezomnotho. Ukuhlola okuqondile emikhayeni, ukuthuthukisa umshuwalense wokuswelakala, nezimali zebhizinisi ezaholela ekululameni okusheshayo, okufushaniswe ngeV. Nokho, lomjovo omkhulu odingwayo, ohlangene nokungadingwa kwemali, kwakungumshayeli oyinhloko wokwenyuka kokwehla kwamandla emali ngo-2021-20222222. Umjikelezo wenani olandelayo oyingozi wokuhamba ngempumelelo engoko wokuhamba kwezekelela enzima yezentengiselwano engoko.

I-FLT iveza isimo sayo esiyingqayizivele njengomnini wemali egciniwe yomhlaba wonke, iyinika igumbi elikhethekile le-fiscal. Incike kakhulu eFederal Reserve njenge-odar enamandla, ezimele ekwaziyo ukusungula izinto ezintsha. umlando wendlela i-Fed esabela ngayo ekuphazanyisweni kwemali enikeza umongo obalulekile wendima yayo yanamuhla.[

Ukuhlolwa Kwezenzakalo 2: Japan – Isithunzi Eside Sokwehlwithwa

Ukusabela kokubusa kweJapane kuthonywe kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kokuwa kwenani lamanani ekuqaleni ko-1990. I-"Lost Eshumini Leminyaka" elalandela labumba uhlelo lwesimiso olubeka ukulwa okukhuphukayo phambili ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.

Iminyaka Engamashumi Adlule Ne - aebomics

Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili, iJapane yalwa nokukhula okungaguquguquki, amanani ehlayo, nesimiso sokugcina imali esintekenteke. Uhulumeni wathumela amaphakethe amaningi ashukumisayo ezinto ezisansimbi, ngokuyinhloko agxile emisebenzini yomphakathi. IBank of Japan (BoJ) yaba umhambi wemuva wesimiso esingavumelani ne-contenmentation kodwa ekugcineni yaba yibhange elinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphansi kweNgqongqoshela uShinzobe's "Abeomics" (20), i-BoJ yamukela inhloso yokwehlahloko, yaveza amazinga amakhulu emali ne-QE, futhi yaveza inzuzo engekho kanye ne-Right Control (YCC).

Iyun Nemisebe Enciphayo

I-Abenomics yaphumelela ekuqedeni ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yokukhuculula nokululaza i-yen ukuze isekele abathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa yahluleka ukuveza ukukhula okuqinile noma ukuqina kokwehla kwamandla emali. IBoJ yagcina inezibopho zikahulumeni ezingaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-50, idala ukuhlanekezelwa okukhulu. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwamuva kwembulunga yonke kwanikeza iJapan ithuba lokuphuma enkambisweni yayo eqinile. [[FLT:] IBHANGES yaseJapane inguquko yokuqala engokomlando. Isifundo esiyinhloko esivela eJapane siyinkinga enkulu kakhulu yokulawula ugibe olunwebendayo nezindleko zezombangazwe eziphezulu zenkambiso ye-omfantina. [[FLT]

Ukuhlola Indaba 3: Jalimane – Ukusuka Emasikweni Angenakuguquka Kuya Embukisweni Wokuziphatha Okuvamile

Ukubusa kwenhlekelele yaseJalimane kuchazwa ukunqaba kwayo komlando ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuzimisela ukunikeza isijeziso semali. Lendlela "inkosikazi yaseSwabian" iye yavivinywa kakhulu yizimo ezilandelanayo.

Inhlekelele ye - Eurozone (200-2012)

Lapho i-Eurozone ibhekene nezikweletu ezizimele eGreece, e-Ireland, nasePortugal, iJalimane yaba yizwi eliphambili lokukhokha kakhulu. Ngokushintshana nemali ebolekwayo, amazwe anecala kwakudingeka asebenzise izikweleti ezijulile zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinguquko zokwakha. Nakuba iJalimane yakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuzobuyisela ukuqiniseka, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi kwandisa ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho nokukhuthaza ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe e-Southern Europe. Umnotho waseJalimane, owezwelenentengiselwano, wavusenelwe ngokushesha ngenxa yengxenye enkulu yezezimboni kanye ne- Krazazenfow[ [irzes] umsebenzi wesikhashana], owagcina umsebenzi ungcono.

Inkinga yamandla kanye no-"Doppel-Wam"

Impi e-Ukraine yabangela inkinga enkulu yamandla eJalimane, isongela isisekelo sayo sezimboni. Ekushiyeni okukhulu ekuthatheni kwayo inqubo engokwesiko, uhulumeni walahla "itshebe lemali" futhi wamemezela i-CRC200 bhiliyoni "isihlangu sezezomnotho" ekufakeni amanani egesi nogesi. Lolushintsho lubonisa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni abaningi abangaguquguquki bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bangenele kakhulu ngokushaqisa okukhulu. Izwe laseJalimane liqokomisa ukushukuma kwemithetho emikhawulweni emide nesidingo esifushane senkinga. i-German Council Lochwepheshe Wolwazi Lwezomnotho njalo luhlola ukuma kwezentengo phakathi kwalemithetho nale nkinga.[FLD:1]

Ukuhlolwa Kwezenzakalo 4: Ghana – Ibhizinisi Eliya Eduze

Izindlela ezikhona kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka ziminyene kakhulu. Ngenxa yokungagcini imali ezimele nezimakethe eziyinhloko zasekhaya, babhekene "nokuma okungazelelwe" kokugeleza kwemali, ukuwohloka kwemali, nokukhokha imali eshisiwe. IGhana inikeza isibonelo esicacile samuva.

Inhlekelele Yezomnotho Engu - 2022 - 23

IGhana yangena enhlekeleleni enkulu yezomnotho ngo-2022, ephawuleka ngokwehla kwamandla emali, ama - cedi anyukelayo, namazinga ezikweletu angakhokhwa. Ngokungafani ne-US noma iJapane, iGhana yayingenakuyiboleka indlela yayo yokuphuma noma yokunyathelisa imali ngaphandle kokubangela ukunyuka okukhulu kakhulu. Uhulumeni waphoqeleka ukuba anciphise imali, akhuphule izintela, futhi athenge i-Audic Crence Faciality ne - International Monetary Fund (IMFF). Isimo esiyinhloko sasinganciphisi isikwele semali yemali ekhokhwa ngezindleko futhi siphinde sikhokhe isikwele ngaphansi kwe-G20 yeFrame Evamile.

Iziphazamiso Zokulwa KoMbuso

Ukusabela kokubusa kulendaba kuminyana yangaphandle kuminyene kakhulu. Uhulumeni ubhekene nokuhweba okubuhlungu phakathi kokusebenzisa i-IF-manderated (ukususa izikhungo zezentengiselwano, ukususa izimali zokunikeza uphethiloli) kanye nokugcina impumelelo yomphakathi. Ukwazi kokusebenzisa imali ngokuphikisana ne-encycliclectal cishe akuyona i-exectant, njengoba uhulumeni kumelwe agxile ngokuyinhloko ekuvuseleleni ukuqina kwemali yemali engokongamele ukuphinde ithengiswe. Indaba yaseGhana igcizelela ukubaluleka kokwethenjwa kwezimiso kanye namaqiniso abhekenethi elinothi lokuphepha lamazwe ngaphandle kwe-IMFF. [FL:] [F:] IMFF] IMF's hlela uhlelo lweGhana lwembula izimo ezigcwele kanye nezibhekene nohulumeni.[F:]

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Izindlela Zokwehlukanisa, Imigomo Evamile

Ukuhlanganisa lezi zimo ngapha nangapha kwembula izimbazo ezintathu ezinkulu zokutshuza:

Ukungalawuleki kuphikisana ne - Stimulus

Kukhona ukwehlukana okukhulu phakathi kwe-Anglo - America neJapane okuthandwayo ngenxa yokuhlasela kwemali kanye nokukhuthaza kobudlwangudlwangu kanye nokuthanda kweYurophu ukuqiniswa kwemali. Izenzakalo zangemva kuka-2008 zagxeka kakhulu ukumelana nokungalawuleki okufunwayo. Nokho, ukuntengantenga kokwehla kwamandla emali ngemva kuka-2022 kuye kwaphoqelela ngisho nomnotho onamandla kakhulu ukuba ushintshele ekuqiniseni, kuqinisekise ezinye zezinkinga ezikhona ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngezingozi ezithathelwanayo zemithetho exekekile.

I-Monetary Innovation jamp. Amathuluzi emihlangano

Amabhange aphakeme ezomnotho athuthukile aye athola ikhono elimangalisayo lokusungula izinto, amathuluzi athuthukiswayo njenge-QE, isiqondiso esiphambili, futhi amazinga angemahle. Lamathuluzi afiphaza umngcele phakathi kwenqubo yemali nenqubo yemali. Ngokuphambene, amabhange ayinhloko ezomnotho ezisanda kuvela athembele emamathuluzini angokwesiko: amazinga enzalo emali ephakeme, ukungenela kwemali okuqondile, nezimfuneko ezigciniwe. Isimiso sawo sincane kakhulu, okusho ukuthi iphutha ekuxhumaneni noma enkambisweni kunemiphumela engathi sína esheshayo.

Amanethi okuphepha ahloselwe ukuphepha

I-USCOVID yayiyimpendulo ebanzi, eyandisa isidingo ngokushesha kodwa yayibiza kakhulu futhi ihloselwe kabi. [iKurzabe] yayiyikhankasi eliphezulu, igcina imisebenzi ethile namakhono. IJapane ithambekele ekwenzeni imisebenzi yomphakathi jikelele. Amazwe asathuthuka azama ukudlulisa imali ngenxa yemisebenzi ephansi yobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile incike ekuncipheni kwemali eshintshwayo esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ecindezela imali.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezibangela Ukwehlukana Kwesimiso Somthetho

Kungani amazwe esabela ngendlela ehlukile lapho kubonakala sengathi kushaqisa?

  • Inkumbulo: IUS ikhumbula ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho, iyinika incwadi yokudlala ewumdlalo. IJalimane ikhumbula ukukhucululwa okukhulu, iyinika incwadi yokudlala eqinile. IJapane ikhumbula ukuncipha kwemali, iyinika incwadi yokudlala yokuyibuyisela. Lomlando uhlela ngokuqondile uhlelo lokukhetha amashumi eminyaka.
  • Isakhiwo sezezimali: Abathuthi abathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe babhekana nezithiyo ezihlukene kunezomnotho ezinkulu ezifunwa ekhaya. Ukushaqeka kwezentengiselwano kuhlasela iJalimane kanzima; ukushaqeka kwenhlokomfuduko kuhlasela iGhana kanzima. Inqubo yokuxuba kumelwe ihambisane nokwakheka komnotho ukuze iphumelele.
  • I-Economy: amazwe anamandla, anamandla angadlula ngokushesha izikweleti ezinkulu. Ohulumeni abasebenzelayo bathambekele ekuthatheni izikweleti ezithatha kancane, ezixoxisanayo, futhi ngokuvamile ezisabela ngokulinganisela. Izinyunyana eziqinile zezisebenzi zisiza ukuzwana ngokuzibamba nokuzinzisa umsebenzi, njengoba kubonakala eJalimane nase Scandinavia.
  • Indawo: Isimo semali ye-US egciniwe sinikeza "ilungelo lokugcina imali," ukuvumela i-US ukuba isebenze izikweleti ezinkulu ngaphandle kokubhekana nobunzima bemali. Lesi sici sichaza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwempendulo ye-US neyaseGhana noma eJapane. Amazwe abhekene nokungakwazi ukuboleka imali yawo siqu aqiniswa ngezindlela eziqinile.

Izifundo Zokuphatha Inhlekelele Esikhathini Esizayo

Nakuba umongo uhluka, izifundo eziningana zendawo yonke zivela kulokuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo:

  1. Ijubane libaluleke kakhulu kune-Precion: Ekuntengantenge okukhulu kwezomnotho, ingozi enkulu ithatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu, sekwephuze kakhulu. Nakuba i-USCOVID yayisetshenziswa kabi kwezinye izici, ijubane layo lalibalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezeleka. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kubonisa ukuthi ijubane linezingozi ezinkulu okumelwe zamukelwe.
  2. Isakhiwo esizinzileyo esizinzileyo sokulungisa isimo:[ esinemisebenzi, esihlelwe kahle sinikeza ukusekela okusheshayo, okuncane kwezombangazwe kunomthetho we-ad hoc odluliswe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu. Ukuqinisa lezizimiso phakathi nezikhathi ezinhle kuletha imivuzo emikhulu phakathi nokuwohloka.
  3. I-International Coonationalism i-Propublic Good: Ukusabela okuhlangene kwe-G20 ngo-2008 kanye nokusungulwa okusheshayo kwemijovo yokugoma kanye nokusekela kwembulunga yonke ngo-2020 kwaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo. Ukuqhekeka kwezomnotho zembulunga yonke ngemva kwe-Ukraine nokunyuka kokhuseleko kwenza ukuba kube nokusabela okuhlangene okunzima. Ukwakha ukuthemba kanye nezinhlangano zokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kuhlale kuyinto ephambili ekuzinzeni.
  4. I-Central Bank Inkululeko Kumelwe Ivikelwe: Igebe phakathi kwe-fscal nenqubo yemali liye lafiphala ngokuyingozi. Nakuba kudingeka phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, amabhange aphakathi kumelwe avunyelwe ukubuyela esivumelwaneni sawo sokunciphisana kwamandla omnotho ekululameni. Inqubo yemali ehambisana nezimiso ifaka engozini amathemba anganciphiselwanga, uhlobo lwenhlekelele ngokwayo.
  5. I-Faiscal Bayss Matter: Amazwe angene kulolubhadane olunezikweleti eziphansi ukuya ku-GDP ayenethuba elikhulu lokushukumisa kunalawo asenetyala elikhulu kakade. Ukwakha isikhala phakathi nezikhathi ezinhle kuwukuphela kwendlela yokuba nezindlela zokukhetha phakathi nezikhathi ezimbi. Lokhu mhlawumbe kuyisifundo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhameni kwezomnotho.

Isiphetho: Umongo uyiNkosi, kodwa Ukufunda Kungowomhlaba Wonke

Ukuhlaziywa kobuqondisi obuqhathaniswa kwempendulo yembula ukuthi nakuba amathuluzi okulawula kwezomnotho enziwa asesilinganisweni, ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomeke kakhulu emqondweni we-mongo. I-US ilawula indawo ebanzi. IJapane ilwa impi yesizukulwane ngokunciphiswano. i-Jalimane isuka ekushayeleni ukuvuvukala kwemisebe. I-Ghana ihlola i-insking shortyisi ye-IMF kanye nokuzinza kwezenhlalo.

Akukho "kungalungi" okukodwa okusebenzayo ekuxazululeni kwezomnotho. Umenzi wezimiso ophumelelayo akayena osebenzisa umklamo wencwadi ngokuphuphuma, kodwa oqonda izimiso ezingokomlando zezwe lakubo, amandla angokweziqu, namaqiniso ezombangazwe. Isifundo sokuqhathanisa lezi zimo ezihlukahlukene yisidingo sokuzivumelanisa, ukufunda ukuqondisa okuqondiswe kahle. Inhlekelele elandelayo izohluka kweyokugcina, kodwa izimiso zesenzo esisheshayo, ukukhulumisana okucacile, kanye nokuklanywa kwezimiso eziqinile kuhlale kunezisekelo ezisebenzayo ze-mo zombuso.