Injongo Yenkululeko Yokwaziswa

Inkululeko yolwazi (FOI) imelela imithetho eyisisekelo yokubusa ngentando yeningi, eklanyelwe ukumisa ilungelo elingokomthetho lezakhamuzi lokufinyelela amarekhodi nokwaziswa okuphethwe yimikhakha yomphakathi. Enhliziyweni yazo, lezimiso zizimisele ukuchitha impucuko yokufihla okungavinjelwa izenzo zikahulumeni ekuhlolweni umphakathi. Ngokuhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi ulwazi lukahulumeni lungabantu, imithetho ye-FOI idala indlela yokuziphendulela, yenza izakhamuzi, izintatheli, nomphakathi womphakathi ukuba uhlole izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, uhlole imiphumela, futhi udale ukuphumelela kwale imithetho engenzeka. Nokho, akuyona into efanayo; ithonya labo langempela emhlabeni lixhomeke kakhulu engokomthetho, engokongamasiko, amasiko, nangokwezombangazwe, futhi ifuna ukulawulwa kwezombangazwe.

Amazwe angaphezu kuka-120 aye amisa uhlobo oluthile lomthetho we-FOI, ngejubane lokuthola izingane zokutholwa ngokushesha kusukela ngawo-1990. Naphezu kwalokhu kwamukelwa okusakazekile, igebe phakathi komthetho obhaliwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okusebenzayo lihlala libanzi. Ukuphumelela kudinga ukudlulela ngalé kwezicelo ezilula noma imithetho edluliselwe ukuhlola ukuthi imibuso ye-FOI inika izakhamuzi amandla angempela futhi ibambe amandla. Lokhu kuhlola izinhlelo, izithiyo eziphikelelayo, izithiyo, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisa lezi zinsimbi ezibalulekile zokuveza ukukhanya.

Ukuqonda Umklamo Wenkululeko Yokwaziswa

Nakuba amalungiselelo akhethekile ehluka ngokwezwe ngalinye, imithetho eminingi yeFOI ihlanganisa uhlelo olufanayo oluklanyelwe ukulinganisela i- yelungelo lokwazi [ nelungelo lokuzithakazela okungokomthetho ekusithekeni, ekulondekeni kwesizwe, nasekulawuleni kahle. Izisekelo zihlanganisa ukucaciswa, ububanzi obungalinganiyo bezinto eziboshelwe, izinqubo zesicelo ezihleliwe, kanye nokwengamela okuzimele.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Namalungiselelo Avamile

Inhloso eyisisekelo ye-FOI ukuthi ukwaziswa kufanele kutholakale ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esizwakalayo sokukugoma. Lokhu kuphikisa ukufihla okungokwesiko. Imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa lezici ezilandelayo:

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokufinyelela:[ Noma imuphi umuntu (engasese noma engaboshiwe ezimweni eziningi) angacela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokubonisa isithakazelo noma isidingo esithile.
  • Ukuthatha impendulo: Iziphathimandla zomphakathi zibophekile ngokomthetho ukuphendula izicelo phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esicacisiwe, kungaba ngokunikeza ukwaziswa, ukuchaza ukukhulula, noma ukuphika isicelo ngesizathu esishiwo.
  • Intengo: Izigaba ezithile zokwaziswa zivame ukukhishwa ekwambulweni ukuze zivikeleni izithakazelo ezinjengokuphepha kwesizwe, ubuhlobo bezizwe zonke, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, imfihlo yezentengiselwano, kanye nokugcinwa komthetho. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi lezi zigebengu zincane futhi zifanelwe yisithakazelo somphakathi.
  • [ Appals Mechans: Umzimba ozimele − cishe i-ombudsman, ikhomishane yolwazi, noma inkantolo---"kudingeka kubukezwe ukwenqaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela nokunikeza indlela efinyelelekayo yabakhalazayo.
  • [[QURT:0] I-Prosocial Prajudis: Imithetho eminingi ifuna izinhlangano ukuba zikhiphe ngokuqhubekayo izinhlobo ezithile zokwaziswa (umz., uhlelo lokuhlela, izinqubo, ukwaziswa kokwenza) ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo, ukunciphisa umthwalo kubo bobabili abaceli neziphathimandla.

Ukuziphendukela Kwembulunga Yonke

Inhlangano ye-FOI yanamuhla yathola amandla enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kanye nenkululeko ka-1766 ye-Cress Act ka-1966 ekhonza njengokhokho wayo wakuqala. I-United States yadlula iNkululeko yayo eyingqoko yeSikhathi solwazi (FOIA) ngo- 1966, i-Catalylynism relation. Izindikimba zomhlaba zonke njenge Ukuxhumanisa [inkululeko yezezomnotho neNguquko-Propution[ [FLT]] ne-Athicle 19 isungule izindinganiso ezithiwe yizenteko ethonya umthetho wesizwe. IZizwe Ezihlangene zikhuthaza futhi izimendo zokwenza i-orderstruption ukuba zithathe inyathelo lokubona. Namuhla, i-FO ayibhekwa nje njengeselutho lwenkonzo engokomthetho yomphakathi.

Ukuhlola Ithonya Elibonakalayo Lemithetho Ye - FOI Ngokulawula

Lapho isetshenziswa kahle, imithetho yeFAI iveza izinzuzo ezingenakulinganiswa ezidlulela ngalé kwezicelo zomuntu ngamunye. Ivuselela ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo, ithuthukisa isiko lokuthulula isifuba elinganciphisa ukonakala, lithuthukise izinqumo zezimiso, futhi likhulise ukwethembana komphakathi.

Ukulandisa Okukhuliswe Nokucabanga Okumelene Nezimo

Ikhono lokudlulisa izitatimende ezingokomthetho ezimelene nezincwadi zangaphakathi liye labonakala ligxeka kakhulu ekudaleni izinto ezingekho mthethweni. I-panediumism incike kakhulu ekutholeni izimpawu zokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhetha, nokonakala okuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, izicelo ziye zembula izivumelwano ezikhucululwayo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali zomphakathi, kanye nezimpikiswano zesithakazelo phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ukuhlolwa komthetho [FLT:] [2019] kuncikelwe yi-FLTY] i-parancy International[[ yathola ukuthi amazwe anezimpawu zokubona kukhanya okuphakeme njalo athola ukuthi anciphisa ukuqonda inkohlakalo embaxande. FOI enza njengomthetho: ukwazi ukuthi imibhalo ingacelwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuba izikhulu zithathe isinyathelo ngokucophelela nangezimiso.

Imiphumela Ethuthukisiwe Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ukukwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa kuvumela izinhlangano zomphakathi womphakathi nabacwaningi bezemfundo ukuba bahlaziye izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi banikeze ukutusa okusekelwe kubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu endawo ezungezile aye asebenzisa i-FOI ukuze athole ukwaziswa kokuhlola ukungcola, okuholela ekuphumeleleni ekutholeni imithetho eqinile. Ngokufanayo, abacwaningi bezempilo zomphakathi baye bathola izibalo zokufa kukahulumeni ukuze baqaphele izakhamuzi ezigciniwe futhi basekele inzuzo. Uma izakhamuzi zingahlola ukuhluzeka kwezinqumo, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuhloleni izingxoxo zomphakathi nezinhlelo zentando yeningi. Lokhu kuthatha igalelo lezempilo kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwemiphumele yezimiso.

Ukwakha Ukwethemba Ngokubona Imibala

Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuye kwehla emashumini amaningi entando yeningi emashumini eminyaka amuva. Isici esibalulekile esinengxenye kulokhu kuguguleka yiso ukuqonda ukuthi ukwaziswa kufihliwe futhi kwenziwa izinqumo ngemva kweminyango evaliwe. Imithetho ye-FOI inikeza ikhambi ngokubonisa isibopho sokuvuleka. I-data evela CD ibonisa ukuthi amazwe akhuthaza ngamandla ukuba ngcono kwezimiso ze-FOI abhale izinga eliphakeme lokuthemba kwezakhamuzi ekuqondiseni umphakathi. Nokho, umphumela awuzibo ubudlelwanengubo phakathi kokukhanya nokwethembana okuvelayo kanye nokusabela kweziphathimandla.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Zokuvimbela Ukuphumelela

Naphezu kwesithembiso esicatshangelwayo nempumelelo ebhaliwe, imithetho ye-FOI ivame ukuhluleka ukufinyelela amakhono ayo ngenxa yeqoqo lemigoqo ewusizo, engokwesiko, nengokwezombangazwe. Lezinselele zinganikeza ngisho nomthetho obhalwe kahle kakhulu uphawu.

Iziphazamiso Ezingokwemvelo Nezikhungo Ezingaphansi Kwezwe

Inqubo yokwenza isicelo ngokwayo ingaba yesabisayo. Amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi, izindleko zokukopisha noma ukusesha, kanye nemfuneko yokuphawula amabhukwana athile adala ukungezwani. Iziphathimandla eziningi zomphakathi zingaphansi kweminye imisebenzi, zinezisebenzi ezinganele zokusingatha izicelo, eziholela ekubekeni izivumelwano zeqophelo lemali nakwephuzela izinyanga eziningi. EUnited States, i-FOIA e-fusion yakhula yaba ngaphezu kuka-200,000 izicelo ezikhona ngo-2023. Uma ukusabela okuthatha iminyaka, ulwazi lungase lulahlekelwe umsebenzi walo, futhi abaceli badikibale. Ukungantengiswa okukhulu kungokunye ukukhathazeka okungathi sína okubangelwa yizindleko ezithatha izinyanga eziningi. [1] Ohulumeni basebenzisa ngaphandle njengengubonke amarekhodi ngaphandle kokugodla izicelo ngaphandle ngaphandle kwenqingobo ngoma ngomayezo ngokubukeza.

Ukumelana Nempucuko Nezikhungo Zombuso

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu yimpucuko yokuhlela. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ngisho nabaholi bezombangazwe bangabheka i-FOI njengokungenela esikhundleni sesibopho sobudemokrasi. Lokhu kubonakala ngokumelana nokuziveza, ukugcina irekhodi lokuvikela (lapho izinqumo zingabhalwanga ngamabomu), kanye nokuthambekela kokufuna izizathu zokuphika kunokuba zithulwe. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ukubonakala ngaphandle ngokuvamile zikha phezulu, futhi izikhulu ezinkulu zingase zingamise iphimbo lokungafihli ukuvela phezulu. Kwamanye amazwe, abaceli babhekene nokuphindisela noma ukuhlukunyezwa, okubangela ithonya elihlasizayo elivimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuqapha Okuncane Komphakathi Nokutholakala Ngokungalingani

Izicelo eziningi ze-FOI zivela eqenjini elincane lezakhamuzi − abashisekeli bezemfundo, amabhizinisi, kanye namabhizinisi . "rather] kunezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukuhlola eUnited Kingdom nase-Australia kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-30 ziyawazi amalungelo azo e-FOI. Ngaphandle kolwazi olugcwele, umthetho awunakufeza injongo yawo ebanzi yentando yeningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele yobuchwepheshe nolimi isho ukuthi imiphakathi elinganiselwe, ngokuvamile enenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ekuboneleni, cishe ingawasebenzisa i-FOI. Isimiso singaba yithuluzi lelungelo kunokuba siqondise emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekugcwalisekeni Kwe - FOI: Izifundo Ezivela Emazweni Amane

Ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwezizwe ezithile kwembula indlela izimiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho eziveza ngayo imiphumela ehlukahlukene kuye ngomongo.

E - United States: Ithuluzi Elinamandla, I - Systemic Srain

I-US FOIA, eyadlula ngo-1966 futhi yaqiniswa ngokulungisa okukhulu ngo-1969, 2007, no-2016, ingomunye wemithetho yokubona esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Iye yaba wusizo ekudaluleni amahlazo eWatergate, iPentagon Papers, kanye nokungavumelani kwendawo ezungezile okuningi. Nokho, isimiso singaphansi kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. I-Agency zomthetho, ukubuyisela izinto ngonya, nokusebenzisa "Glomar" ukuphendula (ukuvuma noma ukuphika ukuba khona kwemibhalo) kuye kwaphazamisa abaceli ababhikisheli beKomiti ye-FoAviso Avisory batusa ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni nobuchwepheshe obungcono, kodwa kuhlala kungenanzuzo. Ukusebenza kwe-Actscty'ithromential kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuqondiseni kwentando ngayinye yesimiso sezombangazwe.

E - United Kingdom: Ukusetshenziswa Okuphakeme, Ukukhulula

I-Ofisi yoMnyango Wolwazi yamiswa ngo- 2000 futhi yasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ngo-2005, i-Freedom of Information Act iye yaba ithuluzi elithandwa kakhulu. Izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-200 000 zenziwa minyaka yonke, zihlanganisa yonke into evela emkhandlwini wendawo esetshenziselwa izindleko zephalamende. Ihhovisi Lezolwazi linikeza ukuqondisa okuqinile futhi liye layaleza ukudalulwa emacaleni amaningi aphezulu. Kodwa ixhala lisaqhubeka ngokuncikeka kukahulumeni ekuncikeni kwemidaliselwa kwemithetho kanye nokuxhumana. Umbiko ngoMkhankanyo wenkululeko yolwazi waphawula ukuthi izikhathi zokusabela nokuphuza ukuthatha izivumelwano zeze zinciphe izingxoxo zeze zinciphe. Izinguquko ezimpoqongo zikahulumeni zokufaka izicelo zezentengo yokungameli ababhiki.

ENingizimu Afrika: Umthetho Oqhubekayo, Isenzo Esibi

I-Promotion of Access to Information Act ka- 2000 ingenye yezindawo ezithuthuka kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka, ezisekelwe ngokucacile elungelweni lomthetho-sisekelo lokungena. Imbobo yezikhulu uma ukwaziswa kudinga ukusetshenziswa noma ukuvikela amalungelo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo kuye kwagcwala. Umthetho awuqondwa kahle yizikhulu nezakhamuzi. Indikimba enikezelweyo yezongamele, i-South African Rights Commission, ibingaphansi kwesisekelo futhi iphuthuthe ukuxazulula izikhalo. Izibalo za 202020 zathola ukuthi ingxenyana encane yezicelo ekhishwe ngesikhathi esigunyaziwe, futhi izinhlangano eziningi zimane zingazinaki izicelo. Igebe phakathi kwesithembiso esingokomthetho nesaphila ngempela lihlala libanzi.

ENdiya: IGrasroots Presation, Administrative Exhausstion

I-Indiya’s Right to Information (RTI) Act ka-2005 isiyithuluzi elinamandla ezakhamuzini ezivamile, ikakhulukazi ezimpofu emaphandleni. Iye yasetshenziselwa ukudalula ukwebiwa kwempahla, ukuthola amarekhodi ezwe, ukubekela amaphoyisa inselele, nokubeka izikhulu zendawo icala. Umthetho unika izakhamuzi amandla okufaka izicelo ezilula ezibhalwe ngesandla zemali encane, futhi izijeziso zokungasebenzi ezisebenza kubaphathi ngabanye. Nokho, impumelelo iye yafika ngezindleko: le simiso sikhungathekiswa izigidi zezicelo, futhi izikhulu eziningi zezezombangazwe zimisa abasebenzi bezombangazwe kunokuba zikhethe. Ukulibala okude nokukhula kwemali kusongela ukunciphisa inzuzo. Noma kunjalo, i-RTCI ishintsha kakhulu ukubusa ezingxenyeni eziningi zeNdiya.

Izinqubo Zokuqinisa Imithetho Nemikhuba Ye - FII

Ukuze bavale igebe phakathi kwendlela engcono yokubona kahle kanye nobuqiniso bokusetshenziswa, ohulumeni nomphakathi bangaphishekela izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwe. Lezi zinyathelo zisingatha kokubili ingxenye enikezwayo (indlela iziphathimandla eziphatha ngayo ukwaziswa) kanye nezidingo ezifunwayo (indlela izakhamuzi ezikuthola ngayo).

Umshini Osebenza Kancane Nokwaziswa Okuvulekile

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa imithwalo yesicelo ukusakaza ulwazi ngokuphindwa. Ama-state okwaziswa anamuhla avulekile, njenge-Data.gov e-US noma i-data.gov.uk e-UK, ucindezela ukwaziswa okunenani eliphakeme endaweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kokufuna izicelo ngazinye. Ohulumeni kufanele bagunyaze ukukhululwa kwezigaba eziyinhloko . "/bridget" ukukhishwa kwemitapo, izivumelwano, ukudlulisa amaphepha, kanye namafomethi okuhlangana. Lokhu akwenzeli nje kuphela ulwazi olungenekayo kodwa futhi kuvumele ukugadwa nokuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa.

Imishini Nemishini Yezinombolo Elula

Ukwenza ama-patl esicelo esibekwe phakathi kwe-intanethi (njenge-FOIAonline e-US) alandela imigqa yokuzithoba nokulandelana. Ukuhlenga noma ukuqeda izindleko, ukuvumela izicelo ze-imeyili ezingahleliwe, nokumisa imithetho enemiphumela yangempela yokubambezela kunganciphisa imingcele yokungena. Eminye imikhakha iye yasebenzisa "impoqo yokusiza" amalungiselelo, ifuna izikhulu ukuba zisize abaceli ukucwenga kakhulu kunokumane nje balahle. Amathuluzi okuhlakanipha aqondiswa futhi aqondiswe ekusizeni izinhlangano ukuba zifumane indawo futhi zifake amabhukwana abomvu ngokushesha.

Ukuqondisa Nokukhanyiselwa Kokwahlulela Ngokuzimele

Ikhomishane yezokwaziswa enegunya lokukhipha izinqumo ezibophayo nokukhipha izijeziso kubalulekile. Abaphathi-zinkantolo kufanele babe nemali eyanele yokusekela izimali kanye nokuzimela kwezombangazwe. Izinkantolo futhi zinendima: lapho amajaji esebenzisa incazelo elinganiselwe njalo yokukhulula futhi ephoqelela ukuba isithakazelo somphakathi sihlolwe, bamisa izimpawu ezibonisa ukuziphatha kukahulumeni. Ukuqeqeshelwa abahluleli ukuvela komthetho kungaqinisa lendlela yokulandisa.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nemfundo Yesibalo

Ohulumeni kumelwe bafake izimali emikhankasweni yokufundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo azo ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-FOI. Indlela elula yokuqondisa, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi kungasakaza ukuqapha. Izikole kufanele zihlanganise amalungelo okubonana ezindaweni ze-operast. Uma izakhamuzi zingaqondi nje kuphela ukuthi zinelungelo kodwa nendlela yokusebenzisa, umthetho uba yithuluzi eliphilayo kunokuba ube yisimiso esingabonakali.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ongaphoqelelwanga Wokubonisana Ngokubona

Inkululeko yolwazi iguqukile ngokungenakuphikwa ngokulawula ngokudala ilungelo elingokomthetho lokwazi ukuthi inikeza izakhamuzi amandla futhi igcina iziphathimandla zinecala. Impumelelo ingokoqobo − iveza ukonakala, ithuthukisa inkambiso, futhi ikhuthaza umphakathi obekene izivumelwano eziningi. Nokho uhambo lukude nokupheleliswa. Izithiyo eziqhubekayo ezihlanganisa ukugcwala kwezimiso zokulawula, ukumelana kwempucuko, ukuqapha okuphansi, nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe kukwenza kungafezeki ukuphumelela kwalemithetho. Imibuso ye-FOI ikwazi ukunikeza ukuphumelela okukhulu kwemisebenzi. Imibuso ephumelelayo i-FOI ibheka ukubonakala njengemfuneko eqinile engokomthetho kodwa njengenqubo eqinile, eqhubekayo. Ukutshala imali eqhubekayo ezimisweni zezokusebenza kwezimiso, ukuqondisa okuzimele, ukuqeqesha izikhulu, nokungena komphakathi kudingekile ukuze iqhubeke. Ngenxa yokufuna ukuthemba kabusha kwenkathi yokungabaza, isiqinisekiso sokufinyelela kolwazi olutholakalayo lonke. Izimiso zolwazi ezinikezwayo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka komthetho, ukuvikela nokulawula wonke ohulumeni.