I-Good Wear Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu zangasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yempi enobudlova eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi "Izinkathazo" futhi yasungula uhlelo lwezombangazwe oluklanyelwe ukuletha ukuzinza okuhlala njalo ngokusekelana amandla, ukuqaphelana, nokubambisana kwezinhlangano. Emashumini amabili eminyaka kamuva, isivumelwano sisalokhu siseyindawo eqinile yesimiso sezombangazwe saseNyakatho ne-Ireland, nakuba ukuphumelela kwayo kanye nezingalo ezikhona kuqhubeka kuvivintwa ngamandla ezombangazwe ahambisanayo.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zengxabano

Impi eyaqala eNyakatho Ireland ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 yaqala emakhulwini eminyaka ehlukana phakathi kwemiphakathi emibili eyinhloko: abaxhumanisi, abangoProthestani kakhulu futhi abafisa ukuhlala beyingxenye yeUnited Kingdom, kanye nabashisekeli besizwe, ababodwa kakhulu futhi abalangazelela i-Ireland enobunye. Le mpi yaqiniswa umlando omude wobandlululo, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe. Ukudalwa kwe-Northern Ireland ngo-1921, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Ireland, kwashiya idlanzana lesizwe eliqinile phakathi kwezwe elalibuswa yimibuso emikhulu. Emashumini eminyaka, ohulumeni benhlangano baqhubeka belawula ngomlando wezendlu yezentengiselwano, ukucwala ngokwezikhundla, nemisebenzi, kanye nezenzo zezezombangazwe ezazingafunwa kakhulu abantu besizwe.

Inhlangano yamalungelo ezakhamuzi yonyaka ka-1960, eshukunyiswa imikhankaso efanayo eUnited States, yafuna ukuqeda lokhu kungabi nabulungisa ngokubhikisha okungenabudlova. Nokho, ukusabela kwamaqembu ombuso namaqiniso kwakhula kwaba ubudlova obusakazeke kakhulu. Ukufika kwamabutho aseBrithani ngo-1969 kwaqala ngenjongo yokuvikela amabutho esizwe, kodwa ukuba khona kwawo ngokushesha kwaba ukugxila kwentukuthelo yeRepublican. Amaqembu empi nhlangothi zombili . . . .I-Prideraral Irish Republican Army (IRA), amaqembu athembekile anjengeUlight Coolerganizery Force (UVF), kanye nabanye ngo-changendlar, umkhankaso ononyangononya olunonyadayo owawushoda ukuphila okungaphezu kuka-3, ukulimala amashumi ezinkulungwane, futhi ashiye izibazi ezincukucunu.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwacaca ukuthi akukho nolunye uhlangothi olwalungafinyelela ukunqoba kwempi. Lempi yayiyinqaba, izindleko eziphakeme ekuphileni, ukulimala kwezomnotho, nokulahlwa komhlaba wonke. Izinkulumo eziyimfihlo zaqala ukuhlola indawo yokuxoxa, zakha ekuqaleni njenge-Sunnindidale Revention (19973) kanye ne-Anglone-Irish Recouncil Revention (1985). Isimo sezombangazwe saqhubeka kakhulu neReconomentialgistration ka 1993 kanye no-199999 i-Dowing Street nokuphela kwemililo eyamenyezelwa amaqembu e-IRA. Le zenzakalo zakhanyisa indlela yezingxoxo eziningi ezihambisana nezingxoxo ze-ongthread Record Revition.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement kwakuyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi eyayikhuluma ngezindaba eziyinhloko zezombangazwe, zomthetho-sisekelo, nezokuphepha ezazibangele lempi. Yahlelwa izakhiwo ezintathu: i-Northern Ireland ulawulo lwangaphakathi kwe-Ireland (Strand 1), ukubambisana kwenyakatho ne-outh phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland (Strand 2), kanye nobudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-i-intshonalanga phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-United Kingdom (Strand 3). Ngezansi kunamalungiselelo ayinhloko.

Umculo Ongcwele 1: Uhulumeni Onamandla

Ingxenye enkulu yalesivumelwano yayiwukumiswa kukahulumeni onciphileyo eNyakatho Ireland, osekelwe esimisweni sokulawula amandla. Umhlangano waseNyakatho Ireland wakhiwa njengendikimba ekhethwe ngedemokrasi, kodwa ngezindlela ezizodwa zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili indikimba yobunye neyobuzwe babenezwi elinenjongo lokubusa. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulaba kwakuyisibonelo sobuzwe esiyinhloko] : izinqumo eziyinhloko eMhlanganweni wawudinga ukusekelanambikweni ofanayo (iningi lamalungu ohlangene nowesizwe akhetha ngokuvuna) noma ngesisindo esilinganisweni (60% samalungu onke, kuhlanganise namalungu aphakathi komphakathi ngamunye). Lokhu kwavimbela noma yimuphi umphakathi owodwa.

Umphathi wamiswa ezikhundleni zikaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala, owayekhethwe yi-Ourssenant futhi enemibuso elinganayo. Isivumelwano samisa i-CBICOFORolios phakathi kwamaqembu akhonzayo ngokwamandla awo eMhlanganweni ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-D'Hondt. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili amaqembu enhlangano ehlangene ne-otionalism ayephethe inkonzo yenkolo, enza ukuba isikhulu siphelele. Isivumelwano samisa futhi i-CBICOFORUM ukuze inikezele umphakathi wangaphakathi, nakuba kamuva lokhu kwanqanyulwa.

Isitembu 2: UMkhandlu Wenkonzo Wasenyakatho - Nyakatho Nezindikimba Ezifakelwayo

Ukukhuluma ngezifiso zesizwe zokuhlangana kakhulu neRepublic of Ireland, lapho ihlonipha inkathalo yokuhlangana ngobukhosi, isivumelwano sadala uNorth-South Service Council . Lendikimba yahlanganisa abefundisi abavela eNyakatho Ireland Inquest Providuced nohulumeni wase-Ireland ukuze babambisana ezindabeni zesithakazelo sobungane, njengokuthutha, ezolimo, indawo ezungezile, nezokuvakasha. Kwasungulwa izindikimba eziyisithupha ezisebenzela ukuhambisa izinkonzo ezinqamule i-o siphethu, kuhlanganise ne-Waterwaway Safety Provetionution Board, ne-Yoogatean Unions Coodys Body.

Umkhandlu wasebenza ngesisekelo i-consensenus, okusho ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zazingavumelana ezinqumweni. Lomkhandlu waklanyelwa ngamabomu ukuvimbela umkhandlu ukuba ungene egunyeni elihlangene lase-Ireland futhi uqinisekise ababumbene ukuthi ubunye base-Ireland abunakubekwa ngaphandle kwemvume yeningi eNyakatho Ireland.

UStrand 3: UMkhandlu WaseBrithani Nengqungquthela Yasemhlanganweni Kahulumeni

Umkhakha wasempumalanga-ntshonalanga wahlelwa nge- British-Irish Council, eyayihlanganisa abameleli abavela kohulumeni baseBrithani nase-Irish, abaphathi abahlukene be-Scotland, Wales, ne-Northern Ireland, nomqhele we-Assortray we-Ireland. Lendikimba yasiza ukubambisana phakathi kweziqhingi ezisemzileni weziqhingi ngezinselele ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, British-Iish UConftional Confective Conference[[FL:3]] eqhubekayo phakathi kohulumeni ababili abaphetheyo ezindaweni ezingaqheni ezise-iosakaziwe eNingizimu, njenge-Ireland, njengelungelo labantu.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nezokwaziswa Kwawo

Esinye sezici ezibucayi kakhulu salesi sivumelwano kwakuwukuphatha ubukhosi. Uhulumeni wase-Ireland walungisa ukugomela kwakhe komthetho sisekelo eNyakatho Ireland (Iziqu 2 no-3 zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-Irish) ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Ireland ehlangene yayingase ivele ne-Irland evumelana neningi eNyakatho Ireland. Ngokulandelayo, uhulumeni waseBrithani waqinisekisa ukuthi ayinayo inzuzo yobugovu noma yezomnotho eNyakatho Ireland futhi ungazimukela i-Ireland enobunye uma abantu baseNyakatho Ireland beyovotela.

Lesivumelwano saqaphela futhi ukufaneleka kwazo zombili izici zobuzwe: British kanye ne-Ireland. Abantu abazalelwa eNyakatho Ireland banikezwa ilungelo lokuhlala eBrithani, ukuba nesizwe sase-Ireland, noma zombili. Lokhu kwakuyisenzo esinamandla esibonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zazinamacala amabili futhi kwasiza ekunciphiseni umqondo wokuhlukanisa ozwiwa yizazi zesizwe.

Amalungelo Abantu, Ukulingana Nokushintsha Inguquko

Lesi sivumelwano sahlanganisa imvume ebanzi yamalungelo eNyakatho Ireland, ukuze iphoqelelwe yi- i-International Human Rights Commission. Yadinga futhi ukumiswa kwe-sta umfundisi we-Eaty Commission [ ukuthuthukisa amathuba alinganayo nobuhlobo obuhle. I-Pricolicism yayiyimpikiswano ebucayi kakhulu. I-Ulster Constacy (RVC), eyayiyi-prothessortuy, eyayibekwe ngokungenakukhohlakazeka futhi ibekwe icala le-colus kanye nama-astrist, yathathelwa indawo yi-[FLT:] Inkonzo ye-Non (NFP) e-PI) e-Protestial.[FT][5] I-UPUS.[FC.[5] I-ADM] I-Emplete yadingeka ukuba i-Emplishycedrodiase ithathwe ku-50, i-E

Ukudedelwa Nokukhululwa Ejele

Elinye ilungiselelo eliyimpikiswano kodwa elibalulekile kwakuyisibopho sokukhipha izikhali zobusosha . Wonke amaqembu amabutho ayezolwa kwakufanele azibeke izikhali zawo zingasetshenziswa phakathi neminyaka emibili yesivumelwano. Lokhu kwabonakala kunzima ukusebenzisa, okwaholela ezinkingeni zezombangazwe eziphindaphindiwe. Nokho, ngo-2005, i-IRA yakhulula yonke izikhali zayo, yaqinisekiswa izindikimba ezizimele zomhlaba. Ngokufana, isivumelwano esasilungiselelwe iziboshwa zempi zasekuqaleni ezimibutho yayo yayisiye yathiya imililo ephindaphindiwe. Iziboshwa ezingaphezulu kuka-400 zakhululwa phakathi neminyaka emibili, ukuthutha okuthukuthelelwa kwemindeni kodwa kwabonakala kudingekile ukugcina ukuthula eqenjini.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Nelithatha Isikhathi Eside Ekuqineni Kwezombangazwe

I-Good Wear Agreement yavunywa ngokumangalisayo ngabavoti eNyakatho Ireland (71% bethakazelelwa) kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye neRepublic of Ireland (94%) ngokuyamukela imvume ethathwa ngo-22 May 1998. Lo myalo othandwayo wanikeza isivumelwano ngokomthetho oqinile. Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kokusayinwa kwayo, izinga lobudlova bezombangazwe lehla ngokuphawulekayo. Inani labafa okubangelwa izinkathazo lehla kusukela ku-55 ngo-1997 kuya ku-11 ngo-1999 futhi lahlala phansi ngemva kwalokho. Izindawo ezisezimpi zayeka ukudubulana, futhi imiphakathi eyayilokhu ithathe amashumi eminyaka yaqala ukubhekana nokwehla okungalawuleki kobunzima.

Izinhlangano zamandla, nokho, azizange zizinziswe ngokushesha. Uhulumeni wokuqala odalweyo, oholwa nguNgqongqoshe wokuqala uDavid Trimble (Umbuso Wesinyunyana) nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala uSeamus Mallon (Umbuso Wedemokrati noMnyango Wezikhundla), wabekwa izithuba izikhathi eziningana ngenxa yokungavumelani ngokususa amandla nokushintsha. Ingqungqungquthela ebaluleke kakhulu yafika ngo-October 2002, lapho i-Convention yawa phakathi kwemintsheli yeNhlolo ye-IRA eSpointontonton. Ukubusa okuqondile kwaseLondon kwabuyiselwa kuze kube ngu- 2007, lapho iSt Andrews Agreementation i-hardecive, lesi sikhathi kanye nesigaba se-Moral Democratic Union (DUPin) neSinner Prince Prince Privenerton Privenertivet.[5] I-Frineticfieve

Kusukela ngo- 2007, izinhlangano ezikhucululayo ziye zasebenza ngokuzinza okukhulu, nakuba zinezimo ezibucayi. Imboni yamandla elawula i-ocential ne-volution iye yaphoqelela abameleli bezokuhlangana ukuba basebenze ndawonye ngosuku lwezinsuku zonke ukubusa .Imfundo, izakhiwo zezemfundo, imikhuba yokubambisana shlthi engacabangeki phakathi neZinkathazo. Le ntuthuko yezombangazwe iye yaba nezinzuzo ezibonakalayo zomnotho. I-Northern Ireland iye yathola ukuveliswa kwemali engaphakathi, ingxenye ekhulayo yezokuvakasha, nentuthuko yezezemfundo. Ukwehlukana kokuthula kubonakala emadolobheni anjenge-Belfast ne Derry, lapho amahhotela amashadi, izikhundla, nezindawo zezebhizinisi zithathe indawo yangaphambili.

Ngokwenhlalo, isivumelwano siye sanezela embusweni obekezelelanayo. Nakuba ukuhlukana kwezindawo eziningi zomphakathi kusalokhu kuhlukaniswa yinkolo − izinga lobudlova bamahlelo liwile. Izehlakalo ezibangela ukuphambana , ikakhulukazi izenzakalo eziphikisanayo ezifana nodwendwe lweDrumcree, ziye zancipha kakhulu ngesikhathi. Ukuhlangana kwemfundo yemfundo kuya kwanda kancane, futhi ukuqaphela kwayo yomibili i-IMPIC kuye kwavumela abantu ukuba baveze ubuzwe babo ngaphandle kokwesaba, futhi inani labantu abaqaphela ukuthi "Nyakatho ye-Irish" liye lakhula, libonisa ukuxubana kwe-omfantu.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Eziqhubekayo

Naphezu kokuphumelela kwayo, i - Good Freen Wear Reagunt iye yabhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo eziqhubeka zivivinya ukuqina kwezombangazwe eyakuletha.

Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nokuqothulwa Kwamathuna

I-parades Commission inciphisana ngokwemvelo ngoba idinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamalungu anezifiso ezihlobene kakhulu nomthetho-sisekelo. Iminyaka yokuqala yaphawulwa yizimo eziphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokunqamuka komthetho. Kamuva, izimpikiswano zezesiko − njengokundiza kwendwebe e-Union eBelfast City Hall nokuqhubeka kweParadesdes Commission/ukuhamba nokuma. Ukuwa okungathi sína kwamuva kakhulu kwenzeka kusukela ngo 2017 kuya ku-2020, lapho umhlangano ubekwa ehlazweni elihilela icebo lokuvuselela ukushisa elihilela icebo (RHI). Phakathi nale nkathi, umthetho oqondile wawungabuyiselwangabuyiselwanga ndawo; esikhundleni sawo, izinceku zomphakathi zazenza izinkonzo zomphakathi, zakhankaniselwa izivumelwano zentando yentando yeningi. Ukubuyiselwa kwesivumelwano ngo-2020 (Ephakathi kwekhulu elisha, 2020) kwadinga isivumelwano esisha, ukuhlaziswe kwezelelwe futhi akuzange kuxazululwe izimpikiswano.

Abamelene Nempi

Nakuba amaqembu ayinhloko ebutho lezempi aye achitha noma asusa izikhali zawo, amaqembu avukelayo njenge-IRA ne-Óglaigh na hÉirean ahlala ematasa. Lamaqembu alahla i-Good Wearver Agreement futhi ayaqhubeka ehlasela amabutho empi empondo-mqoka kanye nezakhamuzi. Amandla awo alinganiselwe, kodwa angabangela ubudlova obubangela imiphakathi edeyisishiyashiyashiyashiyana futhi alulazantengantenga umphakathi. Amabutho athembekile nawo agcina izakhiwo ezithile, ezihileleke ebugebengwini obuhlangene futhi ngezinye izikhathi phakathi kwawo. Imisebenzi yamaphoyisa nezobuhlakani ziwahlola eduze lamaqembu, futhi izinga lobuphekulapheku eNyakatho Ireland lihlala "lishaye" emaphakathi kwe-Northern Ireland-rest.

IBrexit Nemithetho Yesivumelwano YaseNyakatho Ireland

Ukuhoxa kwe-United Kingdom e-European Union kuye kwabangela inselele enkulu kakhulu eSivumelwaneni esiPhakelele sangoLwesihlanu. Umngcele wezohwebo phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU, uhlangene nesidingo sokugwema umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland, waholela ekudalweni kwe- i-Northern Ireland Protocolotion, ingxenye ye-Brtiff Withravition. Umthetho wagcina ngokuphumelelayo i-Nyakatho ye-Irland emboni eyodwa ye-EURLAND ngemake, okusho ukuthi imingcele nemfutho ephakathi kweBrithani ne-Northern Ireland ikhona manje phakathi kwe-Ireland. Lokhu kuthuntula i-Ayttonton emponedssss. I-DUProup uyaqhubeka ukudamba kwe-20222, ukunciphisana kwemizwa kwemibuthano yezombangazwe. Kodwa i-U.

Izinqindi Zokulandisa Nezokubulala Izidumbu

Ngokwenani labantu lama-2021, inani labantu baseNyakatho Ireland manje lingu-4,3% yamaKatolika nangu-3,3% yobuProtestani, futhi amaKatolika ayaqhubeka ekhula. Lokhu kuthambekela kokuzalana kwabantu kuhlobene nezombangazwe ngoba abashisekeli besizwe baye bagcina beba abaProthestani kakhulu ngokomlando nangokwemibangnye. Uma abavoti besizwe begcina beyinani elikhulu, bangabiza ukuhlolwa komngcele ngobunye base-Ireland, njengoba kulungiselelwe i-Good Wesihlanu. Imibono manje ibonisa ukuthi iningi elisobala lisaqhubeka lisekela i-UK, kodwa isimo sengqondo siyashintsha, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasebasha. Ithuba lokuvota ababumbene i-Ireland liletha ukungaqiniseki ukuthi ilungiselelo lezombangazwe lamanje.

Ifa Lezinkinga

Ukubhekana nezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule kusenye yezindaba ezinzima kakhulu ezingaxazululwa. Izinkulungwane zemikhaya zisafuna iqiniso nobulungisa ekubulaleni okwenzeka phakathi neNhlupho. Isivumelwano sadala izinqubo ezinjenge iNqanda ebizwa ngokuthi i-Enquial Team futhi kamuva Ukugunyaza izisulu kanye nabasindileyo , kodwa intuthuko iye yahamba kancane. Isihlongoso sikahulumeni we-UK sokumisa umthetho wezinkinga ezihlobene nemicimbi (iSigebe somthetho) ezinziwayo (iSigebe somthetho) uye waphikiswa, namaqembu ezisulu, kanye nohulumeni wase-Ireland bephikisana ngayo. Lokhu kuduma kobulungisa kuyaqhubeka kuqhubeke nokulawula kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Isivumelwano se-Good Wearfrey Agreement saphumelela ekuqedeni enye yezimpi ezingalawuleki kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla waseYurophu. Ngokumisa uhulumeni olawulayo, ukuhlanganisa kokubili ukuqamba kwesizwe, nokudala izinhlangano ezinqamule i-flock-linear, sanikeza uhlelo oluqinile lokuzinza kwezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland. Isivumelwano siye senza ukuba intuthuko yezomnotho, ukubuyisana kwezenhlalo, nokunciphiswa okukhulu kobudlova. Nokho, akuyona isiqinisekiso esiqinile; ukumiswa kwayo akudingenzeki ukuba kube nesivumelwano esiqhubekayo, futhi kudingeniswa nale zimiso. Izinselele ezibangelwa yi-Bretit, ukuguquka kwenani lenani lezakhamuzi, nemfutho enyakazelini ezindaweni ezikhona, zibonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuthula iyaqhubeka intuthuko. Isivumelwano sesivumelwano senhlahloko yaso ngokomthetho yokuvumelana kwezimiso zokuthula nokuthula ngokuncitshiswa kwezimiso zezombangazwe.