Isingeniso: Ukwanda Kwempi Ekude Ekuphikiseni Ubuphekula

Impi eyodwa ngokuyisisekelo iye yashintsha indlela izifundazwe ezilwa ngayo nemisebenzi yobuphekula. Okwaqala njengekhono lokuhlola isakhiwo kuye kwaphenduka ithuluzi eliyinhloko le-United States kanye nezinye izizwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zasemoyeni ezingalawulwanga (UAV) ekuhlaseleni amaqembu alwayo kunikeza izinzuzo ezisebenzayo ezingokwesiko ezibangelwa izindiza zempi noma amabutho asemhlabeni angakwazi ukumelana nazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lomkhuba uphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngobukhosi, ukulimala kwezakhamuzi, nokuphumelela okuthatha isikhathi eside ukubulala abantu kunokuba kunqobe imibono. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele kwe-drone mfazwe ̱ indima emelene ne-RGrobitic idinga ukuhlola amandla ayo obuchwepheshe, ukuthethelela okungokomthetho, imiphumela esemthethweni, imiphumela engokokuziphatha.

Ukuchaza Impi Yempi Ethile Nokuziphendukela Kwayo Imvelo

Impi yanamuhla eshubile ibhekisela kuma-UAV ahlomile njenge-MQ-1 Predator ne-MQ-9 Reaker, ahamba ngemuva ezikhungweni zokulawula ngokuvamile azithola izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka enkundleni yempi. Le zindiza zithwala izintambo eziqinile njengemicibisholo yesihogo somlilo futhi zingavilapha endaweni ebhekene nempoqo yesikhathi eside, ziqoqa ukuhlakanipha kwangempela ngaphambi kokuba zishaye. Ukusuka ezinqintinisweni ezingahlolwanga ngezikhali ukuze zishaye izitebhithi zebutho lempi kwenzeke ekuqaleni kwama- 2000 njenge-U.S. i-ANCIARC (IN) ifuna izindlela zokuhlasela i-al-Qeda e-Afgh e-Afgh nasePakistan ngaphandle kokwenza amabutho amakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe sebuye banda. Amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amabili nambili manje asebenza ama-drone ahlomile, kuhlanganise ne-China, i-Turkey, i-Iran, ne-Israel. Isizwe ngasinye sivumelanisa impi eqinile nendawo yaso yokulondeka, ngezinye izikhathi sisebenzisa izimiso ezikhishwe ekhaya zokuhlasela abadlali abangewona amazwe. Ukuziphendukela okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe obuqinile i-#812; kusukela kumapulatifomu aphakeme akwinkathi ende yempi kuya kumancane, ama-drone ayakwazi ukuhlasela i-'#812; ayaqhubeka eguqula indawo ezungezile emelene ne-Rhovalism.

Izinzuzo Eziwusizo Zezigubhu Ezilwa Nezenzo Zobuphekula

Ukuhlasela Kwangaphambi Kokuphila Nokulimala Komphakathi

Enye yezinzuzo ezivame ukukhonjwa kakhulu ze-drone ingubunyoninco. Ama-drone ahlomile angalandela abantu amahora noma izinsuku, aqinisekisa ukuthi isisulu esihloselwe ukukhishwa sidayiswa sitholakalisiwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba sikhululwe. Lokhu kungafaniswa nokushaywa emoyeni kwezindiza ezidutshulwayo, ngokuvamile okuxhomeke emafasiteleni adlulayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezempi kunciphisa izingozi ezibulala abantu abangabuswanga ngokomthetho uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhomba okuvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuka-2013 kwe-New America Foundation kwathola ukuthi i-drone ePakistan igadie ephansi yezakhamuzi ezihlobene nempini ePakistan kunasePakistan i-#817; izimpi ngokwayo.

Nokho, ukunemba okukwenza kukhange futhi kubangele indida: uma kuba khona izinkubela ezingekho emthethweni, ukusabela komphakathi ngokuvamile kuyakhuliswa ngoba ukuhlasela kubhekwa njengokuhlinza, ngenhloso, noma ngokungakhethi. [[FLT] Amalungelo abantu a Watch[[FLT]] [i-FLT] ibhale izenzakalo eziningi lapho ukuhlasela okushaye kwagadla amakhaya abantu abavamile, izimoto, noma imingcwabo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukuhlakanipha okushayela igadla igadla kuthembekile yini ukuthethelela isenzo esinjalo esibulalayo.

Ukunciphisa Izisebenzi Zempi Ngengozi

Ama-Drones asusa ingozi yokudutshulwa komshayeli futhi abanjwe. Emazweni azwelana nezisulu, lokhu kwenza impi yempi yezombangazwe ibe phansi kunempi ekhethekile ethunyelwayo noma indiza egadlayo. Umsebenzisi uhlala endaweni elondekile, ngokuvamile kwelinye izwekazi, ukulawula indiza ngokuxhumanisa nesiphuphutheki. Lokhu kususa inani elingokomzwelo nelenyama lengozi esheshayo, nakuba ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi bempi abaphethwe yi-drene bacindezelekile yisifo sokucindezeleka kwengqondo [[ ukucindezela kwengqondo yezindiza ezisebenza ezindaweni zokudlala imidlalo, ngenxa yokubona ubudlova obusobala obusezimbonini zemidlalo yemidlalo, ngenxa yokushintshashintsha isikhathi eside.

Ukuphikelela Nokukhuthazela

Ngokungafani neziphuphutheki ezidlula phezulu ezikhathini ezimisiwe noma indiza edinga ukumiswa kukaphethiloli, ama-drones angahlala emoyeni amahora angaphezu kwangu-24 (umvuni we-MQ-9 uyakwazi ukumelana namahora angu-27). Lokhu kuphikelela kuvumela abahlaziyi abahlakaniphile ukuba bahlole izindlela zokuphila, ukuhamba kwendlela, futhi balinde isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuhlasela. Kulwa nophekula, lapho izilwi zivame ukusebenza khona endaweni ekude, emabhudubeni futhi zigweme izindlela zokuxhumana ezivamile, ikhono lokungasheshi bezeli lithole ukubaluleka kokulandela izisulu ezisezingeni eliphezulu emingceleni.

Ukulahlekelwa Ngokuqhathaniswa Nezinketho Zemihlangano

Ukusebenzisa i-drone kubiza kakhulu kunokuthumela indiza yempi ehlotshisiwe noma impompo yamabutho asemhlabeni. Izindleko ze-Reverer drone zicishe zibe ngu-R55 000 000, uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi zamaRandi nge F-35. Izindleko zokusebenza ngehora zicishe zibe nguR3,500 ku-R250 (R1,50) kunoma ngaphezu kuka-R1, ku-R150 (R1,50) nge-impoqo yebhomu le-B efakwayo. Imali eshini ebhajwile noma leyo eqhuba imikhankanti ende kude nekhaya, i-drone inikeza indlela engathelekayo yokusekela amandla aqhubekayo. Nokho, lemali egciniwe kumelwe ilindwe ngokumelene nezindleko zokugcinwa kwe-palitellite, iziteshi, iziteshi zenhlabathi, neziteshi zokuhlakanipha ezidingekayo ukuze zenze imoto ephumelela kakhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwempi Engenazinzuzo

Ukungqubuzana Okungokomthetho Nokubusa

Izibhelu ezingokomthetho zivame ukuqhutshwa emazweni lapho isifundazwe esihlaselayo singalwi ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States, iye yahlasela izinkulungwane zabadlali abangekho emasimini ePakistan, eYemen, eSomalia, naseLibya, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume yasobala yalabohulumeni. Ukuthethelela okungokomthetho ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuzibekeni ngokwayo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe noma empikiswaneni yokuthi umbuso ohloselweyo awukwazi noma awuzimisele ukuvimbela usongo oluvela kubenzi bemidlalo abangekho hulumeni ezweni layo. Abagxeki, kuhlanganise nezazi eziningi zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe nenqubo yokubulala [NUN] Icala elikhethekile lezwe eligawulwe ngokomthetho [[FLT]] [FLT2:2], baphikisa ukuthi ukuhlasela okunjalo okuhlasela ubukhosi bezwe futhi abantu ngabanye, njengoba kukhiqiniswa nanoma yiyiphi inqubo yokwahlulela.

Abaqondisi be-Obama basungula isimiso sokusebenzisa i-#8220; isigaxa i-̵ ̬ abantu abahlohla ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokuziphatha ezisolekayo kunokuba baqinisekiswe. Lokhu kugadla kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu ngokuthulula izakhamuzi ngempi. Iziphathimandla ze-Trump zakhulula imingcele ngokwengeziwe, zikhuphula izindawo ezingaphezulu kwezindawo zempi ezingokwesiko. I-Biden iye yafuna ukuphinde iqale kwezinye zalezi zenzo kodwa iqhubeke incike ekuhlaseleni i-drone njengethuluzi elilwa ne-Rhovisicism, ikakhulukazi e-Afghanistan ngemva kokwenyuka kwengu-2021 nase-Somalia.

Ukubulawa Kwezigebengu Nempikiswano Yemininingwane

Izibalo zokufa kwabantu abangabunjwanga empilweni eshayelwa abantu ziyehluka kakhulu. I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism ibika ukuthi phakathi kuka-2004 no-2020, ukuhlasela kwe-U.S. ePakistan kwabulala abantu abaphakathi kuka-500 no-4000, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi eziyinkulungwane. EYemen, amanani ancintisana ngokufanayo. Uhulumeni wase-U.S. ngokuvamile uthe amanani abantu abangahlali besizwe abafa ngokugadla, kuphela ngenxa yokuhlola okuzimele ukuze kwembule ukufa okungadingemthetho. Ukufinyeliswa kwabantu abaningi abangathanga abalwangancintiyo i-U. U.S. drone ̬ i-CIA ayikhuli imibango eminingi, futhi ukuhlola kwezempi kuphawuliwe cishe akunakali.

Umonakalo udlulela ngalé kwamanani okufa ngokushesha. Abacwaningi baye bafaka umbiko wesifo sokushaqeka kwengqondo emiphakathini ehlala iqashelwe njalo, enezingane ezibonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-traumatic disorder. Ukushaya njalo ekhanda kungadala isimo esibucayi, intukuthelo, nentukuthelo okuxhaphaza amaqembu alwayo ukuba athole imvume. Uma i-drone ibulala umuntu ongenacala — noma icatshangelwa ukwenza kanjalo i-#812; ingabangela ukuba idonsekile ukuhlasela ngokuqondile.

Ukwethembeka Kokuhlakanipha Nenkinga Yokwaziswa Okubi

Ukushaya kwe-Drone kungcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlakanipha okuqondisa. Ukuhlakanipha komuntu kokwaziswa kwendawo ngokuvamile akuthembekile, kuncishiswe yi-vendettas, izingxabano zesizwe, noma ulwazi olungeyilo. Ukuhlakanipha kophawu (ukuxhumana okuthathekayo) kungafakwa noma kuholele ekuthatheni indawo engafanele. Ukugadla okubuhlungu ngo- 2015 esibhedlela esingenazibopho eKundezu, e-Afghanistan, kwakuwumphumela wenhlanganisela yokuhlakanipha namaphutha eketangalele, nakuba lokho kuhlasela okuqondile kwakuvela ekuhlolweni kwe-ACCPR- 130, hhayi emkhubeni we-drone. Noma kunjalo, isimiso sempi esingaphansi kwesimiso siyasebenza: i-drone ayinikezithiyo yokuzimela inkungu yempi.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekwakhiweni Kwesimiso Sobuphekula Esine - gazi

I - United States EPakistan NaseYemen

Umkhankaso we-drane e-Pakistan ’ i-Federally Addiently Tribal Aquares (FATA) kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2018 yayinkulu kakhulu emlandweni. Yahlose i-al-Qaeda, iTaliban, futhi kamuva i-Unetwork yaseHaqqani. Lomkhankaso waphumelela ekubulaleni abaholi abadala abafana no-al-Qaeda inani lababili Abu Yahya al-LBI ngo-2012 ngo-2012, kanye nomholi weTaliban Hakmlah Mehsud ngo-2013. Kodwa wabulala amakhulu ezakhamuzi nezokulwa kwempi ne-U. Platton, wavumela ukuba kungene ubudlelwane obuse-Yemen. EYemen, drone uhlasela u-AQAP.

ITurkey ’ Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinsimbi ESiriya Nase - Iraq

I-Turkey iye yavela njengomsebenzisi ophambili we-drones ehlomile, ngokuyinhloko ngokunikeza amabutho e-Kurdistan i-Murdistan Works ’ iParty (PK) ne-Infonts ̱ i-Therection Unit Unit (YPG) enyakatho ye-Siriya ne-Iraq. i-Turkish drones, enjenge-Bayraktar TB. I-'idultraktar', ibolekiwe ngokunikeza ukusekelana komoya okuseduze amabutho amelene ne-Aramu amelene ne-Aramu futhi ihlasela izisulu ezijulileyo phakathi kwe-Iraq. I-Turkiya i-̱ uhlelo lwe-drone luphawuleka ukukhiswa kwayo kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile nezinsulwini zokuhlakanipha. Umphumela weseqedisi owe i-Turkey, ukuculisiwe, kanti ukuhlasela kwempi, ukuhlasela kwempi, futhi kubangele nezindawo ze-ilraki ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

ITopiya Nokusetshenziswa Kwezinzwa Ezimpikiswaneni Zangaphakathi

Phakathi neMpi yaseTirray (2020-2022), iTopiya yathola izinqolobane ezihlomile ezivela e-Turkey, e-Iran naseChina, izisebenzisa kakhulu ngokumelene namabutho aseTirgaya. I-drone yasiza uhulumeni wase-Ethiopia ukuba ulwe nemigqa yokuthutha nokunqwabelana kwamabutho, ishintshe inqubo yempi. Nokho, imibiko evela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezakhamuzi ngezikhali, kuhlanganise nemakethethe eTogoga eyabulala abantu abaningi. Indaba yaseTopiya ibonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe be-drone obungasetshenziswa ngayo hhayi nje kumaphekula, kodwa ezimpini eziphakathi kwezinhlanga, ifiphaza umugqa phakathi kwempi ne-orchistruction.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Nezezomthetho Zijule

Abahlosiwe Ukubulala Nomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ngaphansi kwemithetho yempi ehloselwe ukulwa, amabutho angase ahloselwe noma nini, kodwa ukuhlelwa komuntu njengempi kudinga ubufakazi obucacile bokuhlanganyela empini. Kumaphekula angagqoki iyunifomu futhi ahlaselwe izakhamuzi, lomugqa awukho. I-U.S. iphikise ngokuthi amalungu e-al-Qaeda kanye namabutho ahlangeneyo ayizisulu ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni iMikhosi Yasempini (AMF) edluliswe yiSishaya-Hulumeni ngo-AMF, abagxeki bebo abagxeki ukuthi i-AUMF ayihloselwe ukubulala imbulunga yonke ngaphandle kwempi echazwe, futhi ngalinye libotshelelwe ngenzuzo yalo ngaphandle kwezindawo zokulwa emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi komthetho owenqabela ukubulala abantu.

Umqondo wosongo olunamandla [ uyaphikiswa futhi. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni wase-U.S. uchaza ukuthi useduze kakhulu ukuba uhlanganise abantu abahlela ukuhlasela kwesikhathi esizayo, ngisho noma bengagaxekile empini. Lencazelo enkulu ivula umnyango wembubhiso efana nokubulala umuntu ngokwakhe.

Amagebe Okubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Impi eyodwa ivame ukuqhutshelwa ngasese. Uhulumeni wase-U.S. awuvamile ukuvuma ukuhlasela okuqondile, ingasaphathwa eyokunika ubufakazi bokuthi kungani umuntu othile ehloselwe. Lokhu kuntuleka kokubonakala kwenze kube nzima ngomphakathi womphakathi, imithombo yezindaba, noma izinkantolo ukuhlola amaqiniso anembile. Ngo-2020, i-drone yase-U.S. yabulala i-Kabul esola ukuthi i-ISY-K plan, kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezithile, uphenya lwe-New York Times uphengululo luthole ukuthi isisulu sasiyizisebenzi ezisizayo eziphansi kunalelo cebo. Impi yavuma ukuhlasela izakhamuzi ezibulewe, kodwa ngemva kokucindezela kwezezindaba kuphela.

Ezinye izizwe, njengeUnited Kingdom, zinezindlela ezicace ngokwengeziwe zokusebenzisa izintambo ezihlomile, ezidinga ukuvunyelwa kwenkonzo esitebhisini ngasinye futhi zikhiphe izinkulumo zomphakathi.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Empini Enemijovo Yokulwa Nezenqabela Ubuphekula

Imishini Ezimele Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Imingcele elandelayo yi- - cureasure. Ama-Drone ayakwazi ukuhlukanisa izisulu ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu, aziwa ngokuthi ama-minones antengantengayo noma i-#8220; izikhilobhothi ezibulalayo, i-̵ kakade asethuthukile. i-United States isixhasa ngemali i-“ i-Colovative Combative Deating Aircraft ” uhlelo, oluzohlanganisa izinqubo ezingahlobisayo nezingalawuleki. Ezingeni lokulwa kwe-autom, izilwi ezizingela ngesivinini futhi ezinembe kakhulu kunabasebenzi babantu. Kodwa ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho kunamandla. Izizwe eziningi namalungelo abantu asekela ukuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kwezikhali ezizimele ezingena ukuqondisa abantu. Izingozi zemithetho yemithetho, i-spoon ofofriver, ne-eadion. Iqembu lomshado alikho ukuvikelwa i-odrine.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Eziphikisayo Nokusabela Okulinganayo

Njengoba impi yamaSulumane isakazeka, kanjalo namasampula. Amaqembu amaphekula nezitha zikahulumeni bafaka imali empini ye-electronic yokuminya izimpawu zokulawula i-drone, i-GPS spoofing, ngisho ne-lasers ukuze idubule ama-drone. UMbuso wamaSulumane wasebenzisa izinsimbi zokuhlola nokuhlasela. Ekuphenduleni, amabutho asungula izikhali eziqondisweyo ezinjenge-U.S. Navy ̱ HELIOS system] system. Isimiso se-laserve. Ikati-d ne-dmouse phakathi kwe-drone.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamakhaya Namazwe Ngamazwe

Ukucela uhlelo lwezintambo ezihlomile lwembulunga yonke selukhule kakhulu. IKomiti yomhlaba wonke ye-Red Cross (ICRC) iye yanxusa amazwe ukuba acacise imingcele engokomthetho ye-drone engaphandle kwempi esebenzayo. I-U.N. ihlongoze isivumelwano ngezikhali ezibulalayo. Nokho, amazwe aneziqu ezinkulu anezihlomo ezifana ne-U.S., iChina, neRussia amelene nokulinganiselwa okubophekayo. Kuze kuvele, ukusetshenziswa kwe-drone ezindaweni ezilwane kuyohlala kulawulwa yizimiso zezizwe ngazinye, kuholele ekucekelelweni kwemithetho ehlukeneyo nasenzweni.

Isiphetho: Inkemba ebekwe kabili yokubulala okukude

Impi eyodwa inikeza izinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa ezinhlangothini zobuphekula: ukuncishiswa kwengozi ebangelwa yi-̱, amandla alokhu eqapha, ikhono lokugadla ngejubane nangempumelelo. Kodwa lezo zinzuzo zivela ngezindleko ezinkulu. Inani lezakhamuzi, ukuwohloka kwemithetho engokomthetho, ithonya elingokwengqondo kubantu abathintekile, kanye nokungashayisa isivinini esibangelwa ukuvuvukala kokunye ukukhutshwa kobuphekula bonke okubangela ukuphumelela kokusebenza. Icebo elingokomthetho lokulwa nokwehlahlela kwezombangazwe limelwe lifake igalelo eliyingxenye yezentengo ezibanzi zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezokuxhumana. Ubuchwepheshe bodwa abukwazi ukunqoba imicabango eqinile emiphakathini eqinile, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, nokuvimbela ukuhlasela kwezenzo.

Ikusasa lempi elwisana nezenzo zobuphekula liyoxhomeka ekulinganiseni indlela amazwe alinganisela ngayo lezidingo ezincintisanayo. Ziyophishekela ukuzibusa okukhulu nokuzifunela izisulu, noma ziyozilawula ngomthetho wezizwe nangentando yeningi? Impendulo ngeke ishintshe nje kuphela indlela ohulumeni abalwa ngayo nezitha ezingezona ezombuso, kodwa futhi nendlela izwe elibheka ngayo ukuba semthethweni kwezenzo zalo. I-drone iyithuluzi, hhayi imfundiso. Futhi njengawo wonke amathuluzi, ukubaluleka kwayo kunqunywa ukuhlakanipha kwesandla esiyisebenzisayo.