Ukungqubuzana Okukhuthazelelayo: Ukushintsha Isimo Sendawo Ezungezile.

Ubunzima phakathi kokuvikela imvelo nokuchuma kwezomnotho bunye yezimpikiswano ezichaza kakhulu zezimiso zesikhathi sethu. Emashumini eminyaka, lokhu kulandisa kuye kwahlelwa njengomdlalo wezero-sum: imithetho eqinile yendawo ezungezile ivimbela ibhizinisi, kuyilapho ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho kululaza indawo ezungezile. Nokho, lokhu kufihla iqiniso eliqondiswe kakhulu. Abaphathi bezempathiso, abaholi bezebhizinisi, kanye nezikhulu zebhizinisi babhekene nezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhweba lapho izindleko zesikhashana kumelwe zilinganiswe khona ngokuncikene nentuthuko ende, nalapho impilo yezomnotho ihlangene ngokungenakushenxiswa ngokwempilo yezimiso zemvelo ezisekelayo. Ukuqonda lokhu hwebo akuyona indlela yokuzivivinya ezemfundo zezemfundo nempumelelo.

Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola iziphambano eziyinhloko zezimiso zendawo ezungezile nentuthuko yezomnotho, kuhlukanisa isihluthulelo sokuhweba okuhilelekile, kuhlola izibonelo zezwe ezingokoqobo ezikhanyisa lemisebe enamandla, futhi kuchaza izindlela eziwusizo zokuhamba kulendawo eyinselele.

Ukuchaza Imibono Yamakhoba

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezindaweni zokudayisa, kubalulekile ukuthola izincazelo ezicacile zamandla amabili adlalayo.

Kuyini Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile?

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemithetho, imithetho, nezimiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa umonakalo endaweni ezungezile engokwemvelo nasempilweni yomphakathi.

  • [ Izindinganiso zokukhipha nokungalawuleki: Imingcele yezinto ezingcolisayo eziphumela emoyeni noma emanzini, njengezindinganiso ze-Chrean Air Act ye-sulfur dioxide noma i-Gash Water Act elinganiselwe ekukhishweni kwezimboni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuphatha ngokugada kuyabusa: Izimfuneko zokuphatha kahle, ukwelapha, nokulahla udoti oyingozi nongalahliwe.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwezwe ne-Habat Protections:[ imithetho yokuzilungisa, izindawo ezivikelwe, nezimiso ezivimbela ukukhula kwezindawo ezizwelayo njengezindawo ezinamaxhaphozi noma amahlathi.
  • Iprojekthi yeSibhamu soMfula nePhase- Pref: Imithetho evimbela izinto ezibonakala ziyingozi kakhulu, njengomthofu kuphethiloli noma izibulala zinambuzane ezithile.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nokubika izimfuneko: Izimiso ezidinga amabhizinisi ukuthola imvume nokubika imiphumela yayo yendawo ezungezile, okwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuqondisa nokuphoqelela.

Nakuba lemithetho ibalulekile ekuvikeleni umoya esiwuphefumulayo, amanzi esiwaphuzayo, nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisisekelayo, ibuye iphoqelele izindleko ezihambisanayo emabhizinisini i - — abathengisi abangathinta ukuncintisana, izinqumo zokutshala imali, nomsebenzi.

Kuyini Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho?

Intuthuko yezomnotho iwumqondo obanzi kunentuthuko yezomnotho. Ibhekisela emizamweni yamabomu yokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezomnotho kanye nezinga lokuphila komphakathi. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukudala nokuzinza:[ Ukuthatha indawo lapho amabhizinisi engachuma khona futhi aqashe izisebenzi zendawo.
  • I-Infrastructive Investrial: Imigwaqo yokwakha, izikhumulo, izintambo zamandla, kanye nezimiso zobuchwepheshe ezenza ezentengiselwano.
  • [ Intuthuko yezisebenzi:[ Izinhlelo zemfundo ukuhlomisela abantu amakhono adingekayo ezimbonini ezikhulayo.
  • Imheko neSisekelo sezebhizinisi: nezinkonzo zokudonsa izinkampani ezintsha nokusiza ezikhona ukuba zinwebe.
  • Ukwakhiwa kwezimiso zemvelo ezikhuthaza imibono emisha nesiqalo.

Intuthuko yezomnotho ihloselwe ukuphakamisa izinga lokuphila, ukunciphisa ubumpofu, nokwakha izomnotho zendawo eziqinile.

Ubungako Obuyinhloko Be - Tradoff

Inselele eyinhloko ixhomeke ekulawuleni izingxabano nezingxabano phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili. Izilinganiso ezibucayi kakhulu zihlanganisa:

Izindleko zesikhashana-zimpondo vs. Izinzuzo zesikhathi eside

Lokhu mhlawumbe kuwukucindezeleka okuvame kakhulu. Umthetho omusha ofuna amafektha afake amapulangwe ukuze anciphise izindleko zomoya ezisheshayo. Ngalesikhathi esifushane, lokhu kunganciphisa inzuzo, okungabangela ukudilika noma ukuvalwa kwezitshalo. Umthuthukisi wezomnotho emphakathini olwayo angase akubheke lokhu njengosongo oluqondile emisebenzini nasekoleni kwentela. Nokho, esikhathini eside, lomthetho ofanayo uveza izinzuzo ezinkulu: ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zempilo ezibangelwa izifo zokuphefumula, inani lezisebenzi ezinciphisa isilinganiso esiphansi senani lokufa, izindleko ezibalelwayo, izindleko eziphansi zezemisebenzi, nezinkonzo zemvelo (njengamanzi ahlanzekile ezokulima). Ukuhlolwa kwezentengo yomthetho esendaweni ezungezile (ngokuthi i-U.S. Provitection Agementations Acts Act phakathi no-202020) kunezingakhokhwama okukhulu kakhulu. Intengo ekhona phakathi kwenani lezentengo ekhona kanye nenzuzo ekhona.

Izindleko eziqondile zemali ziyaphikisana. Imiphumela engaqondile yezomnotho

Izindleko eziqondile zomthetho kulula ukubala: izindleko zokulawula ukungcola, ukuhlola, ukubhalisa, nezindleko zomthetho. Imiphumela engaqondile ihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kokuncishiswa kwezimboni zasekhaya uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo asemazweni anemithetho edebeseleli (okuthiwa "izindawo zokufihla imvelo"), amanani aphakeme kubathengi, noma ukushintshwa kokutshala imali ezindaweni ezingalawulwa kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, izinzuzo ezingaqondile zingahlanganisa "unyuswa kwangaphandle" lapho amabhizinisi amukela khona inqubo ekwazi ukukhomba imvelo nemali, kanye "inzuzo yokuqala" njengezimiso zokuhlangabezana nemithetho esemhlabeni yonke ephethe imishini ehlanzekile.

Ukuhlaziya okuhlukile kumelwe kubangele kokubili umthwalo oqondile emabhizinisini ngamanye nasemiphumeleni yesimiso sezomnotho, kuhlanganise nokushendeswa kwemisebenzi ezimbonini ezingcolisa imisebenzi kanye nendalo yamandla avuselelwayo, ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, nokwakha okuluhlaza.

Imiphumela Yokulingana Nokusakaza

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile, nakuba zihloselwe ukuvikela wonke umuntu, zingaba nemiphumela engafani emiphakathini ehlukene. Izindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi nezindawo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene zivame ukutholakala eduze kwezindawo zezimboni, izakhiwo zikagesi, noma imigwaqo emikhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zithwala umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokungcola — kodwa futhi zisengozini yokulahlekelwa umsebenzi uma imithetho iphoqelela ukuba lezo zindawo zisondele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphakathi ingantula inhloko-nkampane yezombangazwe noma izimali zemali ukuze ithonyele izinqumo ezilawulayo noma ivumelane nezindinganiso ezintsha. Ukuhweba lapha akuyona nje imithombo yezezomnotho, kodwa futhi inzuzo. Inqubo esebenzayo ihlanganisa ukuguqula lezi zindawo, izimali ezikhokhwazwayo, nezibambiso eziwusizo ukuze intengo yeze esendaweni ezungezile ingawenziwa ngokungafanele kulabo abakwazi ukuthwala.

Ukumisa amajazi avimbela ukusungulwa

Impikiswano evame ukuphikwa ngokumelene nomthetho iwukuthi ivimbela ukusungulwa kwezimfuneko eziqinile nokuphambukisa i-R&D ekusebenziseni ukuthobela kunemibono ephucukileyo. Nokho, umbono ohlukile, ohlobene ne "Porter Hypothesis," usikisela ukuthi iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile ezimiswe kahle zingavuselela inguquko. Uma izinkampani ziphoqelelwa ukuthola izindlela ezihlanzekile zokusebenza, zingathola izinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla nezindleko eziphansi. Izimpawu zihlanganisa imboni yamakhemikhali esungula izimbobo ezikhululekile ezincipheni ezithambileyo, noma abakhi bezimoto abangaphonsi abavumisa i-gatalyticssssssss, kunye nezimoto ezixubeneyo. Kulezi zenzakalo, ukunqanda kokuqala ukuncintisana kungaba yinzuzo yokuncintisana. Isihluthulelo siveza ngokucacile ukuthi impumelelo kodwa sivumelana kanjani.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezibonisayo Emhlabeni Wonke

Izibonelo eziqondile zisiza ekuhleleni imiphumela yangempela yokuhlaziya okungaqondakali okuphathelene nokuhweba ngemikhumbi.

I - European Union Isakaza Isimiso Sokuzibamba (EU ETS)

I-EU ETS, eyaqala ngo-2005, iyimakethe yokuqala nenkulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke yekhabhoni. Ibeka isigqoko sokukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo ephuma ezimbonini, emafekthrini nasendizeni, futhi ivumela izinkampani ukuba zithenge futhi zidayise izindleko zokukhipha imishini. Ekuqaleni, isimiso sashintsha kakhulu, okuholela ekuncipheni kwenani eliphansi le carbon kanye nokungalingani. Nokho, izinguquko ziye zaqinisa isivalo, futhi amanani entengoze kakhulu. Abagxeki be-ETS baphikisa ukuthi izindleko zezenezela izindleko zezemisebenzi yamandla embonini engenisa ukudayisa intengosi, okungase kuzisunduze ngaphandle kweYurophu (i-carbonbon). Ize i-conote ukuthi i-— 37% ngaphansi kwenani eligcwele ngo-20555 ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kwezomnotho ze-EUS ziyaqhubeka ukuhwebela entengosini ephakathi kwezentengo ephakathi kwezentengo ephakathi kwezentengo enci egcwele imboni enci enci egcwele kakhulu. Imbonini e

Ukushesha kwezezimboni zaseChina nokushintsha Okulandelayo

Ukwanda okushaqisayo kwezomnotho eChina phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amane edlule kwabhebhethekiswa yizikhungo zamandla aphehla amalahle, ukukhiqiza okukhulu, nokuqinisekisa indawo ezungezile. Umphumela waba ukukhula okumangalisayo i-— ukukhuphula amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zendlala i-— kodwa futhi ukungcola okubhubhisayo: amadolobha angcolisiwe, imifula engcolile, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lezifo zokuphefumula. Ngonyaka ka-2010, izindleko zezenhlalo nezezomnotho zalokhu kungcoliswa kwalokhu kungcoliswa kwaba okungabekezelelekiyo. Ukuphendula, iChina yahlobisa, yaba imboni enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ewundlekayo, ikhubaze izindinganiso zokukhipha imfucumfucu, futhi ngisho nokuvala amafektri ukuze ibhekane nezisulu zomoya eziphambili phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu. Ukushintsha kwezentengo yokukhula ngokushesha kwemvelo; kamuva, uhulumeni wamukela inzuzo enkulu futhi awuncishisiwe emphakathini; ukunyuka kweze ukunyuka kwemali; ukunyuka kwezentengo yezentengo.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamanzi Ahlanzekile E - United States: Indaba YeChesapeake Bay

IChesapeake Bay, indawo enkulu kakhulu yokudoba e-U.S., yahlaselwa amashumi eminyaka yokungcola ngenxa yokuhamba kwezolimo, amanzi asemadolobheni, nezindawo zokulambisa amanzi angcolile. Lokhu kwaholela ekubhubheni, ukulahleka kwezindawo, ukulahleka kwenani labantu abahlala kuzo, nokulimala kwenani labantu abahlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokudoba nezokuhlola amazwe. Ngo-2010, i-EPALE yamisa i-"Total Day Movement" (TMDL) yethekuvini, ukubeka imingcele eqinile yokungcola nokufuna izifunda ezikhubazeni zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwemali. Imithetho yemithetho iye yabangela ukudilika, ikakhulukazi kubalimi ababhekene nezimfuneko ezintsha zokuphatha izakhi izakhi zemvelo. Izindleko zemali eziphambili zezentengo ezindaweni ezithengwayo ezinde kakhulu zisekela inzuzo zemali ezindaweni eziphilile.

ICosta Rica: Izimali Zokubhalisa Izinkonzo Ze - Ecosystem Njengeqhinga Lentuthuko

Costa Rica inikeza isibonelo esinamandla sokuvikela i-dichotomy engelona iqiniso. Kunokuba ikhethe phakathi kwendawo ezungezile nezomnotho, izwe lazihlobanisa ngamabomu. Kusukela ngawo 1990, yasungula uhlelo lokubhalisa i-Ecosystem Services (PES), olukhokhela abanikazi bamahlathi ngokuwalondoloza amahlathi ahlanzekile, ikharbon sespressy, nezindawo zokuhlala. Ekuqaleni izimali zasekelwa ngentela yamanzi futhi kamuva ngabenzi bamazwe asebenza nawo, lolu hlelo lwasiza ekunqandeni ukugawulwa kwamahlathi: kwakhula kusukela ku-26% ngo-202% kuya ku-2021, kuyilapho umnotho wakhula ngokuphindwe ka-201. I-Ecotoryism yaba umshayeli omkhulu wezomnotho, ukudweba izigidi zezivakashi ezimboniniweni zemvelo. Kulesi sibonelo, ukuvikelwa kwezentengo yezomnotho kusiza intuthuko yezentengo yezwe.

Imishini Nezinyathelo Zokulinganisela Izikali

Ukuqaphela ama-costaff kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Okwesibili kusetshenziswa amathuluzi namasu ukuze kusingathwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Imishini Esekelwe Kudayiswa

Kunokuba ibhalwe ngokulandelana "umyalo-funo-kulawula" imithetho (umzk., "yonke ifektri kumele isebenzise le-crober"), amathuluzi asekelwe emakethe njengentela yekhabhoni, i-cap-trade, kanye nemvume yokususa, kunikeza amandla. Babeka umgomo wendawo ezungezile futhi bavumele imake ithole indlela ekhokhayo engcono kakhulu yokuyifinyelela. Lokhu kunganciphisa umthwalo owezomnotho ngesikhathi usakhipha imiphumela yendawo ezungezile. Isibonelo, intengo yekharbon inyusa inani lokukhipha, izinhlangano zikhuthaza ukukhipha nokunciphisa ukukhipha igesi lapho kushibhibhije kakhulu ukwenza kanjalo.

Izindinganiso Zomsebenzi Ezivumelana Nokuvumelana Nezimo

Imithetho echaza umphumela wokwenza (umz., i- “ i-recupe foundation ikhipha i-&rdquo ngo-20% ngengxenye ngayinye ye-octive;) kodwa ivumela izifemu ukuba zikhethe indlela ekhuthaza ukusungula izinto futhi ingabiza kancane kunemithetho yobuchwepheshe. Izindinganiso zomsebenzi ezihlelwa kahle zingaqhubela phambili ukusungulwa kwezinto kuyilapho zivumela amabhizinisi ukuba avumelane nezimo zawo ezithile.

Usizo Lokushintsha Oluhlosiwe

Ukulungisa izikhalo zokulingana, izinqubo kufanele zihlanganise ukusekela izisebenzi nemiphakathi ethintelwe ukushintshela kwezomnotho eziluhlaza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ukusekela iholo, ukutshala imali ezimbonini ezintsha ezisezindaweni ezithintekile, "ukuguqula nje" izimali. Ngokwesibonelo, amalahle aseJalimane ahlanganisa izigidi zezigidi zama-euro akhokhelwa izimayini ukuze athuthukise izomnotho.

Ubudlelwane Bomphakathi Nobubusi

Ukuxoxa okuqinile okuhilela uhulumeni, izimboni, amaqembu emvelo, kanye nabameleli bomphakathi kungaveza amakhambi ayinkimbinkimbi namukelekayo.

Ukuhlela Okuhlelwe Ngokufanelekile Nezindlela Zokwanda Okuluhlaza

Impumelelo enkulu enqubweni yokuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile ekuhleleni kusukela ekuqaleni. Esikhundleni sokugxila ekukhuleni kwe-GDP, izindawo zingaphishekela "izindlela zokutshala i-GDP eluhlaza, ezihlela ukutshala imali ngamandla ahlanzekile, izinto zokuhamba eziqinile, ezomnotho ezijikelezayo, kanye nohambo lwe-eco. Lokhu kudinga ukwaziswa okuqinile, ukubona isikhathi eside, nesibindi sezombangazwe ukuze kumelane nempumelelo esheshayo yamuva esekelwe emathunjini.

Ukuhlaziya Izimiso Nezindleko Zokulawula

Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ezihlongozwayo ze-— kuhlanganisa kokubili imiphumela engokomnotho eqondile nengaqondile, izinzuzo zendawo ezungezile, kanye nemiphumela esakaza i-— kungasiza abenzi besinqumo ukuba baqonde izikhangiso ngokucace kakhulu. Ukuhlola okucacile, okunzima kungathuthukisa futhi impikiswano nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke: Izindlela Ezihlukene

Ukuntengantenga phakathi kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile nentuthuko yezomnotho kubonakala kuhlukile kuye ngesigaba sezwe sentuthuko, amandla alo okuhlela, nokugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile.

  • Amazwe akhuphukayo avame ukuphikisa ngokuthi akufanele aphoqelelwe ukuba athathe izindinganiso eziqinile njengamazwe acebile, akha ukuchuma kwawo ezimbonini ezingenisa ukungcola. Ahlela ukuncipha nokwanda kobumpofu, ngezinye izikhathi abheke umthetho wendawo ezungezile njengendlela yokuziphilisa engenamali. Nokho, lombono uyaphikiswa kakhulu ngokuqaphela ukuthi ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kuphoqelela ukuthuthuka kwayo, ikakhulukazi ngabampofu abancikene ngokuqondile emikhiqini yemvelo.
  • Umnotho ovuselelwe njengeChina, eNdiya, neBrazil ubhekene nenselele yokususa ukukhula ngenxa yokulimala kwendawo ezungezile. Bazama izimiso zezimboni eziluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu okuvuselelwa, kanye nentela yokungcola, kuyilapho besathembele kumalahle nakwezinye imithombo engcolile.
  • Umnotho othuthukile unamandla amakhulu kakhulu ezimali nobuchwepheshe okutshala isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, futhi izakhamuzi zabo zivame ukufuna izinga eliphezulu lendawo ezungezile. Nokho, zisabhekene nokumelana nezimboni eziwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukuncintisana kanye namandla ezombangazwe aphikisana nomthetho wesimiso.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke i-— ngezivumelwano ezifana ne-Paris Climate Access, ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nezentengiselwano zesimo sezulu i-— kubalulekile ukuvimbela umjaho kuze kube sekupheleni lapho amazwe elulaza khona imithetho yokukhanga izimali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindinganiso zembulunga yonke ezifanayo zingaba ezingafaneleki kumazwe anezinga elihlukene kakhulu lokukhula. Lokhu kudinga imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukanisekayo nezici ezivumelanayo.

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Le - Tradoff

Ukuthena okucatshangelwayo phakathi kokulawula indawo ezungezile nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho akuwona umthetho wemvelo omisiwe. Kuwumsebenzi wobuchwepheshe, umklamo wezimiso, amandla okuhlela, nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

  • [ Ushintsho lwezentengiselwano lunciphisa izindleko zamandla ahlanzekile, izimoto zikagesi, nezinqubo ezingasebenzi kahle, okwenza kube nokushibhisa ukuvumelana nemithetho futhi kuzuzise ngisho nokuphumisa uhlaza.
  • [ Intengo iyaqhubeka iphendukela kubangcolisi, abanikazi bezimali befuna izingozi zesimo sezulu kanye nabaphathi bempahla abakhulu abafuna ukugcinwa. Izindleko zenhloko zokwenza imboni engcolisiwe ngokushesha zingakhuphuka, zishintshe i-cculus yentervani.
  • Umbono we- ushintsha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisencane, ezihlela indawo ezungezile futhi ezizimisele ukwamukela izindleko zokulawula ukuvikela iplanethi. Lokhu kucindezela kwezombangazwe kunganqoba ukuphikiswa.
  • ushintsho olubambekayo ngokwalo luyizindleko ezinkulu zezomnotho ezinciphisa izindleko zomthetho, eziphoqelela ukuphinde ususe ukuthi intuthuko yezomnotho" isho ukuthini ezweni lezinhlekelele ezivame kakhulu.

I-costandoffs azisoze zanyamalala ngokuphelele i-— zonke izinqubo zihilela abanqobi nabahlulwayo. Kodwa ngokubhekisisa, ukubusa okuhlanganisa, nombono omude wesikhathi eside, imiphakathi ingasuka ekucabangeni okune-zero-sum iye kulowo oqaphela ukuncintisana okujulile phakathi kwendawo ezungezile enempilo nezomnotho ezimile. Umgomo awukho ukuqeda ukuhweba kodwa ukuphatha ngokuhlakanipha, iqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yokuchuma ayiyinciphisi isisekelo okuxhomeke kuso konke ukuchuma ekugcineni.