Ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, ukuthatha iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekuphileni kwesizwe sezombangazwe, kwezenhlalo, nomphakathi, sekuyisikhathi eside kuqashelwa njengesisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ebanzi, kusukela ekuvoteni nasekusebenzeni ngokuzithandela ukubhikisha nokukhonza emabhodini endawo. Ukulandelela indlela lemisebenzi eye yaqala ngayo ngesikhathi esithile kunikeza ilebhula eliwusizo lokuqonda impilo yentando yeningi yethu kanye nobudlelwane obushintshashintshayo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni babo. Lokhu kuhlola ngokubanzi kuhlola izimo eziyinhloko zezivumelwano zomphakathi kusukela phakathi nekhulu lama-20 kuya kusuku lwamanje, ukuhlola izenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezombangazwe eziye zazenza zikwazi ukuqonda lokho ikusasa elingase libe nakho ngenxa yempumelelo yesizwe.

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Inkathi Yokuthunjwa

Amashumi eminyaka alandela iMpi Yezwe II, ikakhulukazi iminyaka yawo-1960 no 1970, amelela inkathi yenkathi yemibhoshongo eqinile yotshani ehlokomayo nokuhlanganyela okukhulu kwezakhamuzi. Lenkathi yabonakala inde kakhulu ekusebenzeni kweqembu ngokuqhutshwa yizinhlangano zezenhlalo ezinamandla ezashintsha isimo sezombangazwe ngokuyinhloko. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, ukuvila kwempi elwayo nempi yesizwe elwa nokwanda okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zabangela izigidi zezakhamuzi ukuba zithathe imigwaqo, zihlelele umphakathi, futhi zifune ushintsho lwezimiso zemvelo.

  • Ukudluliswa koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965] kwaphawula inguquko enkulu, okwaholela ekwandeni okukhulu kokubhaliswa kwamavoti phakathi kwemiphakathi yaseAfrika eNingizimu. Izinhlangano ze-Grassroot njengeKomiti yomFundi WobuGwema i-Nonborb Coordinating (SNC) yaqhuba imikhankaso yomnyango ukuya endlini eyayivame ukuhlangabezwa nokuphikiswa kobudlova, kodwa yaphumelela ekubhaliseni isizukulwane esithile.
  • Kusuka izinhlangano zezempatho: Kulenkathi kwasungulwa amaqembu ahlala ekhona anjenge-National Organization for Women (NOW), i-Evironmental Defense Fund, ne American Civil Liberies Union (ACLU). Lezinhlangano zafaka amandla ezinhlangano zotshani eziqinile ezilawula isimiso sokulawula inqubo eqinile nezenzo ezingokomthetho.
  • Ukubonisa iPublic njengethuluzi eliyinhloko: Unyaka ka1963 eWashington nezibhelu zetshe zika-1969 zibonisa indlela ukubhikisha komphakathi okwaba ngayo indlela eyinhloko yezakhamuzi yokuveza izimfuno zazo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ukuhlolwa kombono womphakathi kwabonisa ukuthi iningi lamaMelika lahlanganyela ohlotsheni oluthile lokubonisa noma ukunxusa okungenani kanye ekuphileni kwalo.

Lenkathi futhi yayiphawuleka ngamazinga aphakeme okuthembana ezinhlanganweni, ngokuyindida kokubili okugunyaza nokucindezelwa. Izakhamuzi zakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wazo wawukwazi ukusabela ezimfunweni zazo, ezabangela umuzwa wokuphumelela ekuthatheni isinyathelo. Nokho, lokhu kuthemba kwakuyoqala ukuncipha emashumini eminyaka alandela, ngokuyisisekelo kushintshe isimo sokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Ukuguquka Kwe - Institution: Ngo - 1980 Nango - 1990

Njengoba iminyaka ka-1980 iqala, isimo sokuhlanganiswa kwezakhamuzi sashintsha kakhulu. Amandla okuqoqa abantu kancane kancane aqala izindlela zokuhlanganyela ezihlelwe kahle, ezingazuzisi. Lenkathi, ngezinye izikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi “inkathi yokuhlangana,” yabona ukumiswa kwezenzo kanye nokushintsha kokuvukela ukungenela inkonzo nenqubo.

  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano ezingafuni nzuzo: Phakathi kuka-1980 no 2000, inani lezinhlangano ezingabhali ngokomthetho eUnited States liphindwe kabili. Lezinhlangano, zisuka emaqenjini amakhulu anezikhundla zezingane ezizimele njengasemkhankasweni we Human Rights ukuya ezinkulungwaneni zamabhange okudla zendawo nezinhlangano zokuthuthukisa umphakathi.
  • Ivolunteeris njenge-National Priestest: Iminyaka ka-1990 yagcizelela kabusha inkonzo yokuzithandela, eyaboniswa ngokudalwa kwe-Americorps ngo 1993. Loluhlelo lukahulumeni lwakhuthaza isizukulwane esisha ukuba sihlanganyele enkonzweni yomphakathi, sihlanganise umsebenzi wesizwe nenkonzo yesizwe. Imininingwane ye-Bureau of Labor Statistics yabonisa ukuthi inani lezisebenzi zokuzithandela liphakeme cishe ku - 29% yabantu abadala phakathi konyaka ka-19920.
  • Impacts ze-Preechar technological:[ futhi ama-1980 nawo 1990 abona futhi ushintsho lokuqala lwezobuchwepheshe olwaluzoguqula kamuva ukuthembisana. Umshini we-fax ne-imeyili yokuqala yaba amathuluzi okuxhumana okusheshayo phakathi kwabashisekeli bempi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni zezemvelo namalungelo abantu. Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngo-1989 kwashesha ngokwengxenye ngokusakazeka kolwazi nge-fax nangezithombe ze-fax.

Nokho, lokhu kumiswa kwezakhiwo futhi kwabiza izindleko. Ezinye izazi zaphikisa ngokuthi ukushintshwa kwezinhlangano ezisekelwe emabuthweni (njengezinhlangano zezisebenzi namaqembu ezombangazwe) kushintshelwa ezikhungweni ezingochwepheshe zalulaza idemokrasi eqondile yotshani. Izakhamuzi zaba izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingenzi lutho noma ngezikhathi ezithile kunokuba zishintshele kubenzi bezomthetho abakhuthele emiphakathini yazo.

Ikhulu Lama - 21: Ukuvukela Kwezinombolo Nokuncipha

Ukushintsha kwenkulungwane yeminyaka kwaletha inguquko eqhubekayo eyaqhubeka ichaza ukuthembisana komphakathi namuhla. Ukuvela kwe-inthanethi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nobuchwepheshe obuhambayo kwadala izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele zokuxhumana, ukuhleleka, nokusetshenziswa kwekhono lokulawula inqubo ye-democratic transcrate etholakalayo futhi kwasiza ekutholeni ulwazi ngokushesha okukhulu. Nokho, kwaletha futhi izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokungaqondisi lutho nokuhlukaniswa kwenkulumo yomphakathi.

  • I-Sacial Media njengethuluzi lokuhlela: Izakhiwo ezinjenge Facebook, i-Twitter, futhi kamuva i-Instagram ne TukTok zaba senkabeni yemisebenzi yanamuhla. Umkhankaso kamongameli kaBarack Obama ka 2008 wabonisa amandla okuhlela izinombolo, nezigidi zabasekeli abasebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuhlela izenzakalo nezimali.
  • Izindawo eziyimfihlo nezibanzi: Izindawo ezinjengokushintsha.org noGoFoundMe bavumela abantu ukuba baqale imikhankaso nganoma yimuphi umagazini, bashaye abagcini bamasango abavamile. Inhlangano ka-2011 ye-Occupy Wall Street yasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo ukusakaza isigijimi sayo emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho ibonisa futhi ukulinganiselwa kokuhlelwa okuhloniphekile, okungaholi.
  • Enwetshiwe Ukuhlanganyela Phakathi kobusha: Amathuluzi ezibalo anciphisa kakhulu izithiyo ekungeneni kwentsha. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2018 Pew Research Center kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-47 entsha eneminyaka engu-13-17 ubudala aye ahileleke emisebenzini yomphakathi kulayini ye-intanethi, njengokusayina izicelo noma ukuxoxa ngokwaziswa ngezindaba zomphakathi, ngonyaka odlule. Lesizukulwane sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ama-frigion,” kanye nezenzo zayo zokuxhumana ngezenzo ezisebenza kuyi-intanethi.

Ukuhlola Indaba: Izinhlangano Eziqiniswa Ngezingcingo Zezinombolo

Izinhlangano eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa amandla okushintsha ezobuchwepheshe ekhulwini lama - 21 leminyaka:

  • I-Arabian Spring (2010-2012): Izindawo zomphakathi zezokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi Facebook noTutter, zasiza ekuhleleni ukubhikisha ngaphesheya kwe Tunisia, eGibithe, nakwamanye amazwe ama-Arabhu. Activits wasebenzisa lamathuluzi ukuhlanganyela ulwazi, ukuhlanganisa imiboniso, nokusakaza izenzakalo ezibusweni zembulunga yonke, zidlulise imithombo yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni.
  • Lives Matter (203-parter): ekuqaleni kwasungulwa njenge-hashtag ngemva kokulahlwa kwe-Travon Martin, Black Live Matter yaphenduka yaba enye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu zezenhlalo emlandweni we-U.S. isakhiwo sayo esihloniphekile sincike kakhulu ku-Twitter, Istagram, kanye noFacebook ekuhleleni ukubhikisha nokuqapha ngobudlova bamaphoyisa.
  • IZifebe zabesifazane ngoMatshi (2017): Usuku lwangemva kokunikezelwa kukaDonald Trump, abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-4,6 bahlanganyela ekubhikisheni kwabesifazane e-United States ngaphesheya kwe-U.N.usuku olulodwa olukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wezwe. Lesi senzakalo sahlelwa cishe ngokuphelele ngesenzakalo seFacebook ikhasi nezokuxhumana ngezimiso zokuzithandela.

Imikhuba Yamanje: Ukungahlali Kwezindawo, Ukuziphatha Kwentsha, Nempilo Yengqondo

Izici eziningana ezivelayo zishintsha indlela abantu abahlanganyela ngayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi:

  • Izinhlangano ze-Contradictionation Frameding sho i-[Framet: ziyaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ukuqashwa kwezenhlalo njengohlanga, isigaba, ubulili, kanye nobulili obuhlangene ukuze kulolonge okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kanye nezithakazelo zezombangazwe. Ukwehlela kwezethu nezifo zesimo sezulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kokuhlangana, ukuvuma ukuthi ubudlova bendawo ezungezile nebhamu kuthinta imiphakathi ephansi kakhulu.
  • I-Actignode-Usethi-Ledict on the Rise: Intsha ayihlanganyeli nje kuphela kwengeziwe [1] Ivame ukuhola inkantolo. Umzabalazo wembulunga yonke wesimo sezulu sobusha, obangelwa yi-Greta Thunberg ephikisayo ngaphandle kwephalamende laseSweden ngo-2018, iqoqa izigidi zabafundi emazwekazini ayisithupha. Isenzo sentsha siye sabuye saba semqoka ekulweni kokulawula okuqinile kwezikhali zezikhali ezibhamu ngemva kwe-Packland, isikole saseFlorida sidubulanazo ngo-20181818.
  • Impilo yengqondo ne-Stestainable Activism: Kunokuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi ukutubeka nobuhlungu kuyimigoqo ephawulekayo ekubopheni izivumelwano zesikhathi eside zomphakathi. Izinhlangano zifaka ukusekela kwempilo yengqondo ezakhiweni zazo. Imikhuba enjengokuthi “kumelana nobunzima,” nokuhlela ukukhubazeka kusuke sekuyinto ejwayelekile ezixukwini eziningi zomdlalingano.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhlanganyeleni Nezimo Zokubulala

Izinhlangano zemfundo zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlakuleleni isizukulwane esilandelayo sezakhamuzi ezithembisene ukukhokhelwa. Imfundo ye-Cvic iye yancipha ekuveleleni ezimisweni eziningi zesikole kusukela ngawo 1970, kodwa kuye kwaba nesithakazelo samuva nje sokulungiselela abafundi ukungenela kwentando yeningi. Ngokwe- iSivumelo semfundo ye-CPIC esisungulwe yiSishaya-Mnyango ngo-2019, iziyalezo zezezinga eliphezulu zomthetho zihlangene namazinga aphakeme okuvota, ukuzinikela, nolwazi lwezombangazwe phakathi kwabantu abadala.

  • Izinhlelo zokufunda: Lezinhlelo zihlanganisa inkonzo yomphakathi nemfundo yekilasi. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abahlanganyela ekufundeni inkonzo basengozini kakhulu yokuvota futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi lapho sebebadala.
  • Izikole ezigcizelela impikiswano, ukulingwa komnatha, kanye nengxoxo ehleliwe ezimpikiswaneni eziphikisanayo zisiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono adingekayo enkulumweni yenhlonipho yomphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-National Speech & Protation Association inikeza amapulatifomu abafundi ukuba bangene ezihlokweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
  • [ Uhulumeni wezemfundo kanye neMikhandlu yentsha:[ Lapho abafundi benikezwa imithwalo yemfanelo yangempela − njengokulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali noma ukunikeza ushintsho lwesimiso ebhodini lesikole, bakha umuzwa wokuphumelela kwezombangazwe okungahlala kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zokuhlanganyela Kabanzi

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuklameni izindlela zokungenela ezikhuthaza ukuba abantu bahlanganyele.

  • Ukuhlukanisa ngokwezimo zengqondo ezijulile kukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili nanye lwePew Research Center lwathola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yaseMelika ithi “izizwa ikhathele” ngenxa yezombangazwe. Ukuphamba kungaholela ekuzwaneni okumelene nokuvimbela ukuthembisana, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasesilinganisweni nabazimele.
  • UMinformation and Disformation: Ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kuyi-inthanethi kuqeda ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni nasemaqiwini. Lokhu kubangela ukuba umsebenzi wabafundisi bomphakathi nabashisekeli bancike ekwazini okunembile ukuze basekele. Reuters Institute Digital News Report[
  • Izithiyo zobuxhaka: Isimo sezezomnotho, uhlanga, izwe, nolimi konke okunethonya elikwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, amahora okuhlola, nokuntula usizo lwelimi luthinta inzuzo ephansi nemiphakathi emincane. Ngokufanayo, umehluko wezibalo usho ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi azikabi nakho okunokwethenjelwa, ngaphandle kokuzifaka ezinhlotsheni ze-inthanethi.

Abashayeli Abayinhloko Bezinguquko Emashumini Eminyaka

Abashayeli abaningi abahamba phambili baye bawuthonya ngokungaguquki umkhakha wesithembiso somphakathi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule:

  • Intengiselwano yezentengiselwano: kusukela kuthelevishini ukusakaza izigilamkhuba zeMpi yeVietnam kuya ku-algoriths ezikhulisa umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter, isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabona izindlela zaso zokubopha ezibunjwe ngobuchwepheshe obukhona. Isigaba esilandelayo kungaba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, okungasiza ekudluliseleni imiyalezo ye-advocacy noma ku--* ukusebenzisa kabi inkulumo - mbumbulu exubile ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili.
  • I-Demographic Shifts: i-United States iye yaba ehlukene kakhulu ngokobuhlanga nangobuzwe, futhi lezinguquko zibonakala ekuhlelweni nasemazingeni aphambili ezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zenkulungwane yeminyaka ne-Gen Z zisengozini kakhulu yokuhileleka ezindabeni zobulungisa bezinhlanga, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokungalingani kwezomnotho kunezizukulwane ezindala.
  • Izimo zezomnotho:[ Izikhathi zokucindezeleka kwezomnotho − njengenkathi enkulu ka 2008(inguquko) eshukunyiswe ngokomlando eyandayo. Namuhla, izindleko ezinyukayo zokuphila nezikweletu zabafundi zikhuthaza intsha evoti ngezindlela ezintsha.

Isivumelwano Esilinganiswayo: Indlela Esikwazi Ngayo Esikwazi Ngayo

Ukuqonda inqubo kudinga ukulinganiswa okuqinile. Imithombo eyinhloko yokwaziswa ngokuthembisana komphakathi ihlanganisa i-CMovicial Center ye-Cvic Chivic Resurement [ (ikhonza i-U.S. Censueuniaual Bureau), i-American National Evolution Studies (ANES), futhi ihlola ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Pew Research Center ne-Community Community for National Service. La mathuluzi abonisa izimpawu ezinjenge-votor Revot, amahora evot, izisebenzi, amalungu ezinhlangano, nokuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yomphakathi. Okunye okungaguquguquki ukuthi ukuthatha inqubo efana nokubhikicayo kungabonakala ngokuphawulekayo ezinswini, ukuvuma noma ukuhlangana okude njengemihlangano yomphakathi, nakuba, kusukela ngo-1970777, ukuthambekela kokugobelwa kwenkomfa yezeko yezeko yomphakathi [Fodmomest] [Fod] [Fold]]]

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kokuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele

Kusukela ekuqoqweni kwenani lama-1960 kuya ekumisweni kwemishini yama-2020, ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi e-United States kuye kwabonakala kuqinile futhi kuvumelana nezimo. Inkathi ngayinye iye yaletha izinselele zayo kanye nezinto ezintsha, kodwa inhloso eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka ingashintshi: ukuthi idemokrasi enempilo idinga ukuthatha iqhaza kwemisebenzi yesizwe. Njengoba sibheka phambili, indlela ethembisayo ihilela ukuqhubekela phambili ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha kuyilapho ikhuluma ngokuphikelelayo, ukusekelana kwemibangezwano phakathi kwenzuzo, uhulumeni, namabhizinisi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukutshala imfundo yezenhlalakahle enikeza bonke abantu indima ehambisana nayo. Indaba yezivumelwano zomphakathi ayiyona enqabayo, kodwa ukuguqulwa njalo kuhilela amandla esizukulwane ngasinye.