Umlando Wezinto Ezikhethwayo

Ukuziphendukela kwenqubo yokukhetha emiphakathini yentando yeningi kuhlanganisa iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kubonakalisa ukufuna kwabantu ngokuqhubekayo ukulinganisela igunya nemvume ethandwayo. Nakuba umqondo wanamuhla wedemokrasi uvame ukubhekisa e-Athene yasendulo, izibonelo zokuqala zokwenza izinqumo ngokuhlangene. EVdic India, cishe ngekhulu lesithupha BCE, amarepublic esizwe abizwa acula [[FLT]] awethah [[FLT: 1] [uhlelo oludedayo] lwakuqala lubonise ukuthi amalungu asebenzisa ukuvotelela izifundazwe lapho amalungu evotelela izindaba zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, iNorvene [[FLT:]] i-FLT] eScandinavia ivumela abantu ukuba bakhethe futhi baxazulule izimpikiswano. Lokhu ukuhlola kwakuqala ukubusa angenza iqoqo lenhlangano litholakale ekuhlangane kunenhlanga.

I - Athene Yasendulo Nokuvela Kwentando Yeningi Eqondile

Ngekhulu lesihlanu BCE, i-Athens yasungula uhlobo lwentando yeningi oluqondile lapho izakhamuzi zabesilisa zazingavota khona emthetho nasezinqumweni eziphethe ku Ekklesia[ (ngokuqiniseka). Izindlela zokukhuluma zahlukahluka: izinqumo eziningi ezazisetshenziswa ekukhangiseni izandla, kodwa ezindabeni ezibucayi ezinjengokungafunwa, izakhamuzi zabesilisa zazibhala amagama ezitsheni eziqinile (ostraca) futhi zawaphonsa ezinsweni. Lendlela yokuqala yokuvota ngokuyimfihlo yayihloselwe ukunciphisa ithonya nokwesabisa. Nokho, ukuhlanganyela kwakulinganiselwe engxenyeni yabantu abahlala khona − izigqila, izigqilakazi, nezizwe ezazingadingiwe. Isibonelo sase-Athene sabonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezakhamuzi.

IRome Republic: Iziphakamiso Zokumelela

IRoma yasendulo yasungula amalungu abameleli ayezothonya idemokrasi kamuva. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yayinemihlangano eminingi, njengase-Centuriate Assembly nase-Tribal `lapho izakhamuzi zazivotelwa ngeqembu (izifunda noma izizwe). Ukuvota ekuqaleni kwakushiwo ngomlomo, kodwa ngekhulu lesibili BCE, [[FLL:0] i-lex Gabinia tabellaria[ yasungula izimvume ezibhaliwe zokukhetha ezinye izikhungo zokuvikela abavotisi ekuphoqeleleni. Imibuso yamaRoma yafaka futhi imishini nezilinganiso phakathi kwe-costances, i-sentene, nemihlangano edumileyo, umqondo owe owakhiwe ngomthetho wezomthetho wentando yeningi. Naphezu kwalezi zintuthuko, impumelelo yeRoma yahlala i-oligicculcian.

Umzamo Wasendulo Nowanamuhla

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, imikhuba yentando yeningi yasinda ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe. IMagna Carta (1215) yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho futhi yaholela ekusungulweni kwePhalamende laseNgilandi. Ngekhulu le-13, iPhalamende Le-Model (1295) lalihlanganisa abameleli abakhethiwe abavela ezindaweni ezibalwayo nakuzo zonke izikhundla zentando yeningi, ababeka isisekelo sikahulumeni omeleleyo. ESwitzerland, isimiso seLandsgemeinde sasivumela izakhamuzi ezithile ukuba zivote ngokuqondile ngemithetho ngokuphakamisa izandla, futhi kusekhona emazweni ambalwa namuhla.

Lezi zibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuthi izici eziyisisekelo zokhetho lwanamuhla ``ivoter edigigial', i-collet, i-metats's,'s sholot'','asmet] azisungulwanga zonke kanye kodwa zavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ovivinyo, izingxabano, nokuzivumelanisa. Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngemikhuba yasendulo yedemokrasi, iEncclopedia Britannica yokungena kwentando yeningi [ inikeza ukucatshulwa okuphelele.

Intuthuko Eyinhloko Ezinqubweni Zokukhetha

Kusukela ngekhulu le - 18 kuqhubeke, izimiso zokhetho zashintsha futhi zathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela nokulunga. lezi zenzakalo azizange zenzeke ngokungenanjongo; zaziqhutshwa izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe nezimpi zezombangazwe.

Imfihlo Yebhola Nemfihlo

Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19, okhetho abaningi kwadingeka ukuba abavoti abaningi bamemezele obala ukukhetha kwabo, kungaba ngezwi noma ngokufaka ibhola elinombala elinikezwa yiqembu lezombangazwe. Lesimiso senza abavoti babe sesimweni sokukhokha ufumbathi, usibindi, nokuphindisela. I-colot eyimfihlo ("yokuqala eyathathwa ngokusemthethweni yi-South Australia ngo-1856 futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwe-Victoria kanye namanye amakoloni ase-Australia) zaziwa ngokuthi "i-Australian bolot". Yaziwazisa itshe letshe letshe le-ballot ebhalot, leyo umvoti ozoyikhokhile, leyo ingayiphawula ngokushesha edwa edwa. Inguquko yasakazekela ngokushesha: i-United Kingdom yamukelwa ngo-1872, futhi eminingi ilandela ama-US. Namuhla, i-mfihlekothoba iyitshe elingubolo yitshe lokukhetha. [Flective] [0] [iceal]

Ukulwa Kwembulunga Yonke Nokulwela Ukucwasana

Ekuqaleni amalungelo okuqamba ayelinganiselwe ekufuneni abamhlophe impahla. Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20 leminyaka labona ukwanda okude, okuncintisanayo. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • ukucubungula izimfanelo zempahla: Maphakathi nekhulu le19, izifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S. zase zisuse izimfuneko zempahla yamadoda amhlophe, zidlulisele ukuvota engxenyeni enkulu yomphakathi wabesilisa.
  • I-suffise yabesifazane: iNew Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elizinqumela ngokwalo ukunikeza abesifazane amavoti ngo-1893 (nemigoqo). I-United States yalandela ngeSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ngo-1920, futhi i-UK yanikeza i-suffrage elinganayo ngo-1928. Emhlabeni wonke, ukusekela kwabesifazane ngokuvamile kwakudinga amashumi eminyaka ezenzo.
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo: E-United States, iVoting Rights Act ka-1965 yayiyinqubo yokulahla ubandlululo njengokuhlolwa kokufunda nokukhokha intela yokuvota okususa izakhamuzi zabaNsundu. Impi efanayo yenzeka eNingizimu Afrika, eNdiya, nakwezinye izindawo.
  • Ukunikeza inkathi yokuvota: Phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam, amazwe amaningi anciphisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 (umz., iSichibiyelo se-U.S. sa 26 ngo- 1971, UK ngo-1969). Muva nje, amanye amazwe aye aphikisana ngenkathi yobusha eneminyaka engu-16 nengu-17.

Ukuvota komhlaba wonke kusalokhu kuwumsebenzi oqhubekayo: kusukela ngo - 2025, amazwe ambalwa asakuvimbela ukuvota okusekelwe ebulilini, esizweni, noma esimweni sokuba izakhamuzi, futhi imithetho yama - indium noma imigoqo yokubhalisa ingawahlukanisa ngokuphumelelayo amaqembu ancintisanayo.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Zobuchwepheshe Ekusebenziseni Izinto Zokuvocavoca

Abakhandi bebhola elibhaliwe baye basuka ephinini nasephepheni baya emishinini nasemishinini esetshenziswayo. Izinhlelo zakudala zazihlanganisa:

  • Imishini yokukhosela esetshenziswayo: yavezwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, laba bavumela abavoti ukuba badonse izikhali ezisetshenziswayo eduze kwamagama acelayo, kanye nomshini uqopha ivoti ngendlela esemthethweni. Bathuthukisa ijubane futhi banciphisa amabhola angasebenzi, kodwa babengenawo umkhondo wephepha wokuhlola.
  • Izimiso zamakhadi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu: kusukela kuma 1960 kuya kuma 1990, laba badinga abavoti ukuba bafake izimbobo ekhadini (umz., u "hining chad" kusukela kukhetho lukamongameli wase- 2000 eU.S.). Bavumela ukunqanda ngokushesha kodwa bahlushwa ngamaphutha nobunzima obulandiswayo.
  • Imishini yokuvota exhunyiwe ye-Electronic (DRE) yaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngemva kuka- 2000, ukunikeza izici zokungenwa kwabavoti abakhubazekileyo. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwe-software nokungakho kwezindlela zephepha ezikhonjwayo kwaholela ezindaweni eziningi zokubuyela emuva ezimisweni ze-scape efunda amabhola abhalwe ngesandla.
  • [[FLT: 0] i-scape optical bollot: Namuhla, izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa amavoti amaphepha agcwaliswe yivoti, abese ehlolwa futhi ebalwa nge-electron. Lokhu kunikeza indlela yokuhlola iphepha ngokufaka umshini kuyilapho kugcinwa isivinini sokubala kwe-electronic.

Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka buhlela okhetho, kodwa ukusungulwa ngakunye kuthwala izikhawu zohwebo phakathi kosizo, ukulondeka, kanye nokubonana. Umbiko we-Pew Research Center e-techology yovota [ unikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwalezintuthuko nezimpikiswano zamanje.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Kwezimiso Zokukhetha

Imibuso yomhlaba wonke isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuguqula amavoti ezihlalweni. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokhetho kuthinta kakhulu inani nezinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu, isimo sokuma, ngisho nomvoti. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni imiphumela yezombangazwe.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi "winPner takes-all," ihlukanisa izwe libe yizifundazwe ezinezingxenye eyodwa. Umfundi onezivoti eziningi (ngisho noma zingaphansi kweningi) uwina isihlalo. Esetshenziswa e-United States, eCanada, eUnited Kingdom, naseNdiya, i-FPTP ilula futhi yenza imiphumela ecacile. Nokho, ngokuvamile iholela ekuphumeleni kwemiphumela engabonakali kakhulu. I-Conservevet i-partment ingawina ingxenye enkulu yezihlalo ngenani elingaphansi kakhulu kweningi lamavoti. Ithanda ukusekela izimiso ezimbili eziphakame futhi ingashiya abaningi abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi abangeniswe. Isibonelo, ku-UK jikelele, ukhetho lwe-UK, i-Conserverative.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR zihlose ukwaba izihlalo ngokwezivoti ezitholwa yilungu ngalinye. Abahlali bahlanganisa:

  • Ingxenye-yohlu lwe-PR: amavoter akhetha idili, futhi izihlalo zihlukaniswa ngokwengxenye yevoti yesizwe noma yesifunda (umz., Sweden, Netherlands, Israel). Lokhu kuphumela ezindaweni zephalamende ezihlukene futhi kukhuthaza ohulumeni abahlangeneyo.
  • [[NTL:0] I-MEMber Proportionel (MMP): ihlanganisa izifunda eziyizingxenye eyodwa ezinohlu lwesizwe olukhokhela ukukhiphiswa kobuhlaziyi. IJalimane ne New Zealand zisebenzisa iMMP, ziveza ukumelelwa okulinganiselwe.
  • I Vote edluliswayo eyodwa (STV): esetshenziswa e-Ireland naseMalta, i-STV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ezifundeni eziningi. Iveza imiphumela elinganayo futhi inikeza abavoti abakhethele hhayi phakathi kwemicimbi kuphela kodwa futhi naphakathi kwabavoti phakathi kwedili.

Izimiso ze - PR zithambekele ekunikezeni ukwaneliseka okukhulu nodumo lwamavoti amancane, kodwa zingaholela nasekwahlukaneni kwephalamende nobunzima bokwakha ohulumeni abaqinile.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

RCV, ebizwa futhi ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, icela abavoti ukuba bakhethe i-RCV ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othola ingxenye yamavoti okuqala, othatha indawo yokugcina ususiwe, futhi amavoti alowo mvoti athathelwe kwenye indlela. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umuntu ofundayo efinyelela iningi. I-Australia isebenzisa i-RCV yendlu yayo engezansi, futhi amadolobha amaningana (umz. S. San Francisco, New York for pricerities) aye amukela. I-RCV isusa isidingo sokuhamba ngokuhlukanisa nokhetho, ikhuthaza ukuba kufike kuningi kakhulu. Nokho, ingabhikisha ngemiphumela engcono futhi ikhiqiniswa kwezinye izimboni futhi ikhiqiniswe ngaphandle kobuningi.

Isimiso ngasinye sibonisa izinto eziza kuqala ezihlukene: i-FPP ibeka kuqala ukuzinza nokuziphendulela okucacile; i-PR ihlela ngokulunga nokumelelwa; i-RCV igcizelela ukukhetha nokuvumelana. i-National Conference of State Legislatures website[ inikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwalezi zimiso nokutholwa kwazo emazweni ahlukene.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekukhetheni Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe manje bugcwele kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokhetho, kusukela kuvota kuya kuvota. Nakuba bunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, bubuye buveze imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi okumelwe ikwazi ukuyilawula.

Ukubhalisa nge - Internet

Amazwe amaningi manje avumela abavoti ukuba babhalise noma bahlaziye imininingwane yabo kuyi-inthanethi. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokuqondisa, kuthuthukisa ukunemba ngokususa ukufakwa kwe-data yencwadi, futhi kungathuthukisa amazinga okubhalisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha. I-Oregon iqala ukubhalisa i-voter nge-web sign, okuye kwabhebhebhethekiswa ngenani elingaphezu kuka-30 000 ngonyaka wokuqala. Nokho, izimiso ze-website kumelwe ziqiniswe ekunqandeni futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi ezifanelekelekile kuphela ezingabhalisa.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nemikhankaso Yomphakathi

Ama-computer ezokuxhumana aguqula indlela abafuna ukuxhumana ngayo nabavoti. I-Twitter, i-Facebook, ne-Tik Tok, ivumela ukuba kuthunyelwe imiyalezo eqondile, idluliswe abagcini bamasango bezezindaba abavamile. Lokhu kungandisa ukubophana nokwaziswa kodwa futhi kuvule ukusakazeka okusheshayo kwe-transformation, izikhangiso ezifakwe ezincane, nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Unyulo lwase-U.U.S. nokhetho lwamaNdiya angu-2019 lwabonisa kokubili amandla nengozi yezokuxhumana ngokhetho. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe amaningi athuthukisa iziqondiso zezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe kanye nezindaba zezentethelekiso zezentengo.

Ugesi We - electronic Nomshini Wokukhipha Imishini

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic (eVM) novota kwe-Intanethi kuye kwasetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokutholakala. I-Estonia iyiphayona: kusukela ngo 2005, abavoti base-Estonia bangafaka amavota kuyi-intanethi besebenzisa ikhadi le-ID elondekile, futhi abangaba ngu- 46% abavoti manje bavota ngapha. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwabavoti bamazwe angaphandle kanye nabantu abakhubazekile. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokucushwa, ukukhuthuthwa kwemizwa kwemisebe engokoqobo kusekhona izithiyo ezinkulu. Izizwe ezifana ne-United States ziye zagwema kakhulu ukuvota i-intanethi ngenxa yezingozi zomphakathi, nakuba izinkampani ezizimele ezinjengo Voatz ziye zafaka izinhlelo zokuvota abasha amasosha.

Inselele iwukusebenzisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuthembeka nokwethemba okusekela ukhetho lwentando yeningi. Brennan Center for Justice ihlaziya njalo ukudayisa phakathi kokusungulwa kokhetho nokhuseleko lokhetho.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinqubo Zokunqoba Izindiza Namuhla

Naphezu kwentuthuko, izinqubo zokukhetha ezinqubweni eziningi zentando yeningi ziyacindezela.

Ukucindezelwa Kwemishini Nezithiyo

Ukucindezelwa kwe-voter kubhekisela emikhubeni eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuvota amaqembu athile. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imithetho eqinile yomvoti, ukukhishwa kwemicu yevoti, ukuncishiswa kwezinsuku zokuvota zakuqala, ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, nefelonyy directisionment. EUnited States, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 2013 eShelby County v. I-Barer yenza ukuba i-Least Act yaphulwe kakhulu, kuholele ekuncipheni kwemingcele emisha emisha. Ngokufanayo, kwamanye amazwe, imfuneko yokubhalisa ithinta inzuzo ephansi nemiphakathi kwezindawo ezihambayo. Ngokwe-[FLT:][FLD] Branton. [[FLT]]], lemingcele inganciphisa imingcele eminingana, inguquko.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Inkathi yemitapo iye yaveza ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo ngabavoti, izinqubo, kanye nenqubo yokuvota ngokwayo. Ukungakhohliswa okuqukethwe yikho.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ibhekene nokuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe okuvimbela ukubambisana futhi kuqede ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zokukhetha. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka amaqembu aphikisanayo hhayi njengezincintisani ezingokomthetho kodwa njengezinsongo ezikhona, zingamukela `noma zifune(izindlela zedemokrati) ukuze zinqobe. Ukuzimela kungaholela ekuthatheni i-gerrymandering, ukwenqaba ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, kanye nokuvala imingcele yezimiso zokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States, iphesenti labavoti abathemba isimiso sokhetho lihluka ngokuphawulekayo ngeqembu, ngemibono ecishe i-Democrats neRepublicans ephethe ubuqotho bayo. Ukwenqabela i-Clantination kudinga izinguquko ezikhuthaza imifelandawo ebanzi, ukuhlangana kwesimiso sentando yentando yentando yeningi, kanye nokuhlanganyela ezizibophotholo.

Usongo Lokuphepha

Izakhiwo zokuhlela zezemisebenzi .(-voter) zeze-tecravity , imishini yokuvota, izimiso zokuvimbela i-tebula . Ngo-2016, abacuphi bamaqhinga baseRussia bahlola izimiso zokhetho e-U.S. kuzo zonke izifunda-50 futhi baphumelela ukuphula ezinye izisekelo zokuxhumana. Nakuba kungekho mavoti ashintshwa, isenzakalo esambuliwe sezembulwayo sesimiso sokusebenza kwe-operatial. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe amaningi aye aqinisa isivikelo sawo, aveza amapenditor, ama-filters, nokuqinisekisa okuningi. Kodwa izinsongobo zilokhu zikhona: intengiselwano zingavala izimiso zokhetho, noma amavidiyo ajulile angagcwalisa imithombo yezezindaba nezinhlangano zezizwe zibalulekile ukuba ahlale phambili.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Emiklamweni Yokukhetha

Uma sibheka phambili, izinhlelo eziningana ezintsha nezinguquko zokwakha zingase ziphinde zishintshe indlela intando yeningi eqhuba ngayo ukhetho.

Ubuhlakani Nokwaziswa Okunemisebe

I-AI cishe izoba nendima enkulu ekulweni kwenqubo yomkhankaso, ukuvota, kanye nokuphatha ukhetho. Imishini yokuhlola ama-mishini ingahlaziya ama-mimese amakhulu okubona abasekeli abangenzeka, ukubikezela ukubuya, kanye nemithombo yomkhankaso engcono. Nokho, i-Al ingasetshenziselwa futhi ukuveza i-revolution egrand (izinsiba) noma abantu abachanekayo abachanekileyo abanezigijimi ezilawulayo. Abaphathi bohlelo bangasebenzisa i-AIFO ukuze baqaphele amavota anokuvota noma baqonde izindlela ezisolekayo zokungena kwe-bolock. Imithetho neziqondiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomthetho ziyo ziyodingeka zivinjelwe ekuvinjelweni.

Ukuvimbela Nobuchwepheshe Obuqondisayo

I-Blockchain inikeza indlela yokuqopha amavoti ngokuguqula, ngokuveza ngaphaya, nangokuqondisa okuhloniphekile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi kungavumela ukuvota nge-inthanethi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sovoti singakanani. Ukulingwa okuncane kuye kwabanjwa emazweni anjenge Switzerland, Estonia, neWest Virginia (USA) kubavoti phesheya. Nokho, ukuvinjelwa akuyona into e-pan: akuyixazululi inkinga yobufakazi be-mvoti (ukuhlola umuntu ongemva kwesikrini), futhi i-provotationstort (ifuna ukuba i-projective) futhi i-software esetshenziswa yi-provition ingabe isahleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthaka kwe-vota okuyinkimbinkimbi kungadidayo, kodwa kuyaqhubeka nokucwaninga.

Ukubhalisa kosuku olulodwa nokwezivolo ezizenzakalelayo

Ukuze kwandiswe ukuvinjelwa nokuncishiswa kwemingcele, izifunda eziningi zisuka kumthetho olandelwayo zithathe isikhathi sokubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo ziye ekubhalisweni (zivumele abavoti ukuba babhalise kuleyo-vocation) noma ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo (lapho uhulumeni abhalisa khona izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ngaphandle kokuba azikhethe). Kusukela ngo-2025, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwama-20220 e-U.S. kanye ne-Frigiograph of Columbia zinezinsuku ezibhaliswe ngokufanayo, futhi inani elikhulayo linokubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo. Lemiya mithetho ilokhu ibhenela phambili, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezincane nezihamba-selula. Izinguquko ezifanayo ziyaphikiswa eCanada nase-UK.

Izindinganiso Zokukhetha Embulungeni Yonke Nokuqaphela Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Njengoba idemokrasi isakazeka futhi ijula, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo ekumiseni izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokhetho olukhululekile nolungakhethi. Izinhlangano ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yedemokrasi ne-Electoral Convice (International IDEA), neCarter Center kakade inikeza iziqondiso nemisebenzi yokuhlola. Ukuthambekela kwesikhathi esizayo kungahlanganisa ukubopha izivumelwano zezizwe ngezivumelwano zokhetho ngokhetho lweze-indecter, ulwazi, nemithetho yezindaba. Amazwe angahlanganyela imikhuba engcono kakhulu ngokwendlela ehlelekile, futhi izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zingasiza ekuvezeni ukugwema izingibengo ezivamile.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwezinhlelo zokhetho emiphakathini yentando yeningi kwembula ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kwenqubo engokomlando, ukulwa kwezenhlalo, nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekugoqweni okuphansi kwezindengezi zamaGreki kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuvota okuyimfihlo kwe-Estonian Internet, inkathi ngayinye iye yakha phezu kwezisekelo zangaphambili kuyilapho ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Namuhla, imibuso yamademokrasi ibhekene nezinsongo zokususa i-projective, ukuhlahlela, nokuncintisana ne-ikhuphonsi, nohlobo lwe-ibernetic converalitural, nohlobo olunezelwe ngokuqaphana kwezimiso zobukhoma. Kodwa ekugcineni, izindaba zokukhetha zinelisa ukulingana nokuhlanganyela, nokuhlanganyela nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi, kodwa kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngokuqaphana okungakholeki kakhulu ukuze kuvinywe umphakathi oqotho.