Isingeniso: Ithonya Elishintshashintshayo Lezombangazwe ZaseJapane

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane, esibonakala isikhathi eside sigcwele ukubusa okuqhubekayo kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kusukela ngo-19555, siye sabhekana nokuhlukana okuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ukuphakama okuqhubekayo kwezinhlangano zezifundazwe. .S.Amazwe ahlela izinhlangano zezezombangazwe ezihlela izithakazelo zendawo, ukuvelela, ukuma kwempucuko, nokulawula, ukulawulwa kwemithetho ephakathi, iTokyo echaza izwe ngokwesiko. Ithonya lazo eliye lakhula ngokunganeliseki kwezomnotho phakathi kwezindawo zasedolobheni nasemaphandleni, isifiso sokulawula okwengeziwe okusabelayo, nokungaqiniseki okubanzi ngakuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kwesizwe. Nakuba ithonya lazo lihlala liyidla idlanzalo eliphakathi (isishaya umthetho wesizwe saseJapan), liye lakhula likhula lize liba iphuzu lapho lishintsha khona izingxoxo zezombangazwe, lisebenza njengezingxoxo zezombangazwe zesikhathi esizayo, izihloko zezindaba zezindaba ezingokomlando, izihloko eziphambili, izihloko eziphambili, izihloko eziphambili, izihloko zezezezezezezezombili,

Umlando Ongokomlando: Kusukela ELDP Hegemony Kuya Ekuhlukaneni Kwezombangazwe

Ngenkathi enzima yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isimo sezombangazwe saseJapane sachazwa yi-oday ebizwa ngokuthi “Uhlelo luka-19555,” lapho i-LDP ethatha imingcele eqinile yamandla ngesikhathi iJapan Socialist Party (JSP) isebenza njengokuphikiswa okukhulu. Lelilungiselelo laletha ukuzinza kodwa laholela futhi esifundeni esiphezulu lapho amabhulawuucrates eTokyo elawula khona izimali, imisebenzi, kanye nezikhungo zokulawula. Ohulumeni bendawo, nakuba babegunyazwe ngokomthetho ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wezwe ngo 1947, babencike kakhulu ekunikezeleni izimvume neziqondiso. Ukungavumelani leli lungiselelo elasakazwa amashumi eminyaka kodwa elalingavamile lihunyushelwe ezinhlangothini ezingcono kwaze kwaba ngo-19909.

Izenzakalo ezimbili ezinkulu zaphula ubukhosi be-LDP. Okokuqala, ukhetho luka-1993 lwalahlekelwa iningi lalo okokuqala kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo, okuholela ohulumeni abahlangene abathatha isikhathi esifushane. Lenkathi yasungula izinguquko zezekhethelo − kuhlanganise nokushintshwa kwesimiso sobumbangi esixubile eHouse of Messages. Okwakwehlisa umngcele wamaqembu amancane ukuze azuze izihlalo. Okwesibili, ukuqhuma kwentengo yentengo yentengo ngo-1999, kwabangela ukuphelelwa kwekhono likahulumeni ophakathi lokulawula izomnotho. Kuleli zwe elivundile, izigaba zokuqala zanamuhla zaqala ukuvela.

Isibonelo sokuqala esiphawuleka kakhulu kwakuyi- ye-Japan New Party (Nihon Shintō) eyasungulwa nguMorihiro Hosokawa ngo 1993, eyakhankasela inguquko yezombangazwe nokubekwa ngokwesizotha. Nakuba yaphela phakathi neminyaka embalwa, yabeka isibonelo kubaholi bendawo ukuba baphikise isimo. Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngama 2000 lapho amaqembu anezimpande zesifunda afinyelela khona embusweni wezenkolo ehlala njalo.

Imikhosi Eyinhloko Yesifunda Nemibono Yayo

Kusukela kulezo ezifuna izinguquko eziwumthetho nokwezokuphatha kuya kulezo ezigxile ezindabeni ezithile zendawo ezinjengezikhungo zezempi noma ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho.

IQembu Lokubuyisana LaseJapane (Nippon Ishin noKai)

Ngokungangabazeki, isigaba sesifunda esiphumelela kakhulu nesivelele kakhulu eJapane yangaleso sikhathi, iQembu leJapane i - Innovation (ngokuvamile elibhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi i-Ishin) lasungulwa ngo-2012 yizikhulu ezimbili ezazingababusi: iTōru Hashimoto, umphathi weOsaka Prefecture, ne-Ichirō Matsui, umphathi wesifunda wesifunda sase-Osaka City. Indawo yokuqala yeqembu egxile ekuguquleni i-Osaka ibe igumbi elilodwa, elicishe libe i-auniopolistry" elifana nelaseTokyo elikhethekile, elinegunya elikhulu kakhulu ne-fical ne-constical. Nokho, uShin wandisa ngokushesha ukushisekela kwayo kwezombangazwe, esekela ngokuphelele isimo sokuphatha kwezwe lonke iJapan.

Izikhundla eziyinhloko zeQembu Lokubuyisana laseJapane zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubekwa phambili:[ Ukunciphisa noma ukunciphisa kakhulu indima yezikhulu futhi esikhundleni sazo kubekwe izifundazwe ezinkulu, ezizilawulayo (dōshūsei).
  • Ukuguqula i-Constigation: Wenezela isigqebhezana esiqinisekisa ngokucacile ukuzimela kwendawo, nakuba iqembu liye lasekela futhi ukubuyisela iSiphakamiso 9 ukuvumela ibutho eliphelele lezempi.
  • Ukuvuleka komnotho: Ukusika iteyipu ebomvu yebhizinisi, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane namaphakathi ezindaweni zesifunda.
  • Izinguquko zemfundo: zifaka umncintiswano ezikoleni zomphakathi ngokukhetha isikole nangezikhombisi.

Imali ka-Ishin yokukhetha iye yanyuka kancane. Kukhetho oluvamile lwama-2021, yawina izihlalo ezingu-41 eGay of Messars, iyenza ibe yiqembu lesithathu elikhudlwana. Iphethe futhi i-ajaji yase-Osaka kanye nokuba khona okunamandla esifundeni saseKansai. Ukuzimisela kweqembu ukubambisana ne-LDP kwezinye izindaba (umz., ukukhula kwezomnotho) kuyilapho ukuphikisa ezinye (umk., ukuhlelwa kwemali) kuye kwenza ukuba kube yimboni engenakukholekiswa kodwa ebalulekile ekwakheni isakhiwo. Ingqapheli yangaphandle emelela isimo “sobukhali" sesifunda: kokubili kungukuthatha iqembu lenguquko ehlukeneyo nemoto yezomdako neze emasikweni nakwezomnotho.

Iqembu Leqembu Lezenhlalo LaseOkinawa Nezinhlangano Zendawo

I-Okinawa ibilokhu iyindawo ephambili yemizwa yesifunda, eshukunyiswa kakhulu ukuba khona kwezakhiwo zempi zase-U.S. kanye nefa elingokomlando leRyukyu Kingdom. [u-Okinawa Social Mass Party] [ [u-Okinawa Shakai Taishūtō] wasungulwa ngo-1952 futhi uyaqhubeka usekela ukususwa noma ukuncitshiswa kwesizinda saseMelika, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuzifunela i-odwa okukhulu i-Providuture yesiqhingi. Nakuba ingafuni ukuzimela okungokomthetho, inkulumo yayo igcizelela ukubonakala okuhlukile ezweni lase-Japan.

Ku-Diet yesizwe, leliqembu ngokuvamile livumelana namaqoqo aphikisayo (ngokuvamile i-Constitutional Democratic Party yaseJapan noma iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane) ukuze liqhubekisele phambili uhlelo lwalo. Ithonya lalo lisendaweni kodwa linemiphumela yesizwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi nesivumelwano se-U.S.-Japane. Ngo-2018, umbusi wase-Okinawan Denny Tamaki −a owayeyilungu lomkhankaso we-Social Masty·won Reecommentation ekuvingtion ekuvinjeni isikhululo se-Futenma se-Henoko. Lokho kunqoba kugcizelela amandla esivumelwano sesivumelwano sezokuphepha ngisho nesemphiningo kaPricious eyodwa ukuze ithinte isimiso sesizwe.

Eminye Imikhosi Yesifunda Neyendawo

Ngalé kwalezizibonelo ezimbili eziyinhloko, kuye kwavela amaqembu amancane ezigodi namalungu azimele eminyakeni yamuva:

  • I-Tokyoites Kuqala (iTomin kuqala akuyi Kai): Yasungulwa nguMbusi wamanje waseTokyo Yuriko Koike ngo-2017, leliqembu lawina ukhetho lwe-Tokyo Metropolitan Community ngo-2017 eqophelweni lenguquko yokuqondisa futhi libonakala kakhulu. Nakuba iyiqembu lesifunda esiphethe kunendawo eqondile kunase- “iqembu lobuningi le-region, impumelelo yabonisa ukukhanga kwezombangazwe zendawo ngisho nasenhloko - dolobhani.
  • SEKA no Kai (Iqembu lokubusa okuhle): Iqembu lendawo eKōchi Prefecture eligxile ekusekeleni ezolimo nasekuncipheni kwenani labantu.
  • Amaqembu esifunda azimele: Nakuba esemaceleni, amaqembu e Hokkaido, Tohoku, noKyushu aye afune ukuba abangenisi bafune ukuzibusa okukhulu. Lamaqembu awavamile ukuwina izihlalo zika Diet kodwa angathonya imihlangano emikhulu.

Ukuhluka kwalamaqembu kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi ubuzwe bezifunda eJapane abuyona inkolelo eyodwa kodwa buwuhlobo olusukela ekushintsheni kwesimiso sokuqondisa kuya kwezombangazwe ezisekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni.

Izici Zokushayela: Isizathu Sokuba Imikhosi Yesifunda Ithole Ukuvikelwa

Ukudlondlobala kwamaqembu ezindawo akuzenzakaleli.

Izingxabano Zezomnotho Nezithi “Tokyoupe”

Isimangaliso sezomnotho sangemva kwempi saseJapane sanqwabelana nengcebo kanye nethuba lokukhokha intela enhloko - dolobha. ITokyo kanye nezindawo zayo ezizungezile manje ziveza cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ze-GDP, kuyilapho izikhulu zasemaphandleni njengeTottori, Shimane, ne-Akita zibhekene nokuhlolwa okungapheli kwenani labantu, abantu abagugile, kanye nokuncipha kwentela. Ukuthutha kukahulumeni omkhulu ngokusuka e-Almacreation Graduant Gradate Institute ngezikhathi ezingu-1, kodwa izinkonzo zabo zezentengiselwano ziyaqhubeka ziwohloka. Voter kulezindawo zibheka ukuvinjelwa kwentsha njengezimpiko. Ngokwesilinganiso samashumi amabili amabili amashanamba anezingalo zesizwe ukuba zilwe izivumelwano zokulwa kweNational Graduate Institute for Policture, izindawo zasemaphandleni ngo-1, kodwa izinkonzo zazo ziyaqhubeka ukuwohloka.

Inhlangano engenisa amandla kanye nokuheha kwe “Autonomy Yasendaweni Yakhona”

Naphezu kwezivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho, iJapane ihlala ingenye yemibuso ethuthukisiwe ephakathi kakhulu. Uhulumeni ophethe imibuso yentando yeningi ulawula ingqikithi yemali ewunyaka ka - 70%, futhi kudingeka ukuba ohulumeni bendawo basebenzise ingxenye enkulu yemali yabo ehlelwe izinhlelo ezigunyazwe yiTokyo. Iziphakamiso zezinguquko zokususa intela eyengeziwe nokusebenzisa igunya lokubusa kuqhubekela phambili kwamashumi eminyaka kodwa baye benza intuthuko esheshayo. [i-Denturiation Provetion Proventiation Law [[ yowangonyaka ka-19959] kanye nezinguquko eziningi nokusebenzisa igunya lokubusa kunakho ukukhokha kwezelelwa kwezwe, ngaphandle kwemfundo yesizwe.

Ukuncipha Kwenani Labantu Nokuphelelwa Yithemba

Inani labantu baseJapane lincipha futhi liguga ngokushesha kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izomnotho ezithuthukile. Izikhulu zasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi, zibhekene nenselele ebili yokuncishiswa kwenani labantu nentela egugile. Uhulumeni wezwe usungule izinhlelo ezinjengo “IziNguqulo Zesifunda” ezithathwa ngaphansi koNdunankulu uFumio Kishida, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lezi ziphansi futhi azikwazi ukusingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo. Amaqembu amazwe anxusa ukuvota ngokuthembisa ukuletha isinqumo eduze kwekhaya, okwenza kube lula ukumisa izisusa zezeluleko zezezezekelelwa cishe zizenze intela yemikhaya emisha, intela ekude, izimali zomsebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zemali zendawo ezingafanelani izimpawu zesizwe.

Ukuqoshwa Kwendlela Yokuphila Nokumelana Nesimiso Somzimba

IJapane ivame ukubhekwa njengesizwe esifanayo, kodwa izifunda zihlala zinamandla. Imikhosi ye-Kansai, imikhosi yase-Okinawa, amasiko ahlukile obusika bukaTohoku, nenkumbulo engokomlando yezindawo zobufandala konke kunezela emzweni wokuziqhenya wendawo abezombangazwe bezwe lonke abawushaya indiva ngezinye izikhathi. Amaqembu esizwe ayaziqaphela ukuthi ayazihlakulela lezi zikhundla. Ngokwesibonelo, abaxhasi besizwe sase-Ishin bavame ukushosho i-Osaka, nezazi zezombangazwe zase-Okinawa ngokubhekisa umlando we-thelyu Kingdom. Lesicishin isholo liveza ukushisekela kwe-volusantame. Izikhulu zesizwe ezinomuzwa womphakathi onomuzwa ovamile onomuzwa wokuthi i-Relibray ne-dioperalism ne-dorket.

Ithonya Kwezombangazwe Zesizwe Nesimiso

Nakuba amaqembu ezifunda enezihlalo ezimbalwa kuphela zikaDiet (cishe ezingamaphesenti angu - 15 kuya kwangu - 202 eNdlu Yabameleli njengoka - 2024), ithonya lawo lidlulela ngalé kwamanani abo.

Abenzi Bezindela Nemidwebo Yezigelekeqe

I-LDP yancipha ukuthandwa kakhulu ngawo-2010. Nakuba i-Komeito ibiyi-actine yesiko elihlangene ne-Ishin, ukuvela kwe-Ishin kuye kwanika i-LDP omunye umuntu ekuthatheni izinhlelo ezithile zokulungisa. Ngo-2023, i-LDP ne-Ishin yavuma ukubambisana emalini yokuhlanganisa i-Osaka ne-P, umgomo wokulawula owodwa. Ngokushintshisana, u-Ishin wasekela i-LD P kunyuswa uhlelo lwemali lwe-LDP. Loluhlobo lwe-international arvocation ivumela amaqembu esizwe ukuba akhiphe ukuvumelana kwemithetho ngisho noma engangeni ngokomthetho ehlangene ne-octiverality.

Ukuhlaliswa Kwezinsalela Njengempikiswano Eyinhloko

Ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kokulawula kwe-Ishin kanye nabanye, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho kuye kwaba yisihloko esivelele kwezombangazwe zezwe. “Izimo zesizwe se-Garden City" zikahulumeni zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuvumela ukuhlola kokususa umngcele, futhi i-2024 yezisebenzi ihlola izindlela zokunikeza ukulawulwa kwezempilo kanye nezimiso zemfundo. Nakuba i-LDP isamelana nokusetshenziswa okugcwele kwe-digidic devolution, ingxoxo iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekutheni ihlelweni kobunjani ukwenziwa kwemithetho ehloniphekile.

Izithungu Zase - Electoral Nesimiso Seqembu

Amaqembu ezifunda futhi aye afaka isandla ekuwohlokeni kwamangxenye amabili (LDP vs.) anamandla. Ku-2022 House of Countals vs, ishin wawina 10 ezihlalweni zesigodi ezingamashumi amahlanu, ekhipha iCDPJ ezihlalweni eziningi zasemaphandleni. Lokhu kuye kwaphoqelela ukuphikisa okukhulu ukuphinde ucabange ngecebo lakhe; abanye abaholi beCDPJ manje basekela isigaba seqembu elinikeza amagatsha inkululeko eyengeziwe. Okwamanje, i-LDP ngokwayo iye yabona izinhlalo zangaphakathi, ngezihloko ezithile ezibonisa ukumelana sobala nemithetho eTokyo enjengokuthiward projectivesssss. Lezizenzakalo zisikisela ukuthi i-CDPJ ayisekeli nje isigaba se-LDP kodwa futhi ifaka i-transfermus.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Okubhekene Nemibuthano Yesifunda

Naphezu kwempumelelo yabo, amaqembu asekela izifunda abhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Ukukhanga Kwesizwe Esilinganiselwe

Izindawo eziningi zihlala zigcwele kakhulu. Ishin ithola izihlalo ezingaphezu kwezingu-90% ze-Diet yayo e-Kansai, futhi i-Okinawa Social Mass Party ifuna kuphela amasimu e-Okinawa. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngabo ukuba babe abasebenzisi bezwe abaqotho. Futhi bazama ukuhlanganisa imithetho ngapha nangapha kwezindawo ezihlukene, njengezinto eziza kuqala zendawo (umzzz., ukususwa kwe-Okinawa. inguquko ye-metro e-Osaka) ngokuvamile iyaxabana.

Iziphazamiso Zenhlangano Nomthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane asiklanyelwe ukuthoba. UMthetho-sisekelo awubuchazi ubudlelwane phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobendawo ngokuningiliziwe, futhi noma yibuphi ushintsho olukhulu lungadinga ukushintshwa komthetho-mfantu (ofuna amandla amakhulu kakhulu angamashumi amabili anesithathu kuzo zombili izindlu kanye ne-parente) noma ukuchazwa kabusha okuyisisekelo kwe-Diet. Zombili izinke izinke izinke izinke izinketho zinzima ngokwezombangazwe kanye nesikhathi. Ngaleyondlela amaqembu amaqembu asekela izifundazwe abhekene nengozi yokusebenzisa amandla awo angokomthetho ongokomfanekiso ongakhiqizi ushintsho olubonakalayo.

Ingozi yokuthola i - coOpation yama - LDP

I-LDP inomlando omude wokuthola imibono ephumelelayo nezombangazwe ezinhlanganweni ezincane. Kakade, amanye amalungu e-LDP asethathe ulimi lwe-Ishin-style mayelana “nozimele kwendawo,” futhi leliqembu liye lahlanganisa ama-Ishin ambalwa akhona ezinhlwini zalo. Uma i-LDP ihlanganisa izimiso ezanele zezifunda, ingasehlisa isizathu sokuba khona kwezinhlangano zezifunda-"iyazivumela ukuba zingene evoti yesikhashana egcina ibuyele eqenjini lesifunda.

Umbono Wekusasa: Ingabe IJapane Yayaluza?

Uma ubheka phambili, ugqozi lwamaqembu ezifunda luyoxhomeka ezicini eziningana:

  • [[FLT: 0] Amandla okwanda: Njengoba ukuncipha komphakathi kukhula, isisindo sezombangazwe sezindawo zasemadolobheni njengeTokyo ne-Osaka singakhula, ngenza ukunxusa kwezifunda ezifundeni zasemaphandleni kungaphumeli kakhulu. Nokho, i-clout yezomnotho yesifunda saseKansai inganika i-Ishin isisekelo esiqinile.
  • imiphumela yesimiso sobuntwana: Isimiso esixubene namalungu sisathanda amaqembu amakhulu ezinhlu zokulinganisa kodwa sivumela amaqembu amancane esifunda ukuba awine izifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa. Uma i-LDP iqhubezela enye inguquko ye-operal (njengoba abanye behlongoze ukuthi), ingazibeka ngamabomu izihlalo zezihlalo zendawo.
  • Izimo zezomnotho: Ukuntengantenga okuthatha isikhathi eside okujulisa umehluko wezifunda kungaqinisa ukusekela okwengeziwe kwezindawo, kuyilapho ukululama okuqinile kunganciphisa ukunganeliseki.
  • Ukubukeza kwe-Constitualial:[ uma kuvela ivoti yendawo yonke kumthetho-sisekelo, amaqembu ezindawo angayifaka imvume yokufaka ilungiselelo lenkululeko yendawo, aqinise ukubaluleka kwayo.

Isenzakalo esingenzeka kakhulu siwukuthi amaqembu anezifunda ayaqhubeka ekhula, athathe izihlalo zikaDiet ezingu-30-50 futhi adlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezihlangene. Bazocindezela i-fiscal devolution nesimiso sokulawula, futhi bangashukumisela isizukulwane esisha sabaholi bendawo esibheka isikhundla sezwe njengetshe elinyathelayo kunokuba sibe umgomo wokugcina. Ngokwenza kanjalo, babhebhethekisa ushintsho olucashile kodwa olungokoqobo lwezwe laseJapane ukusuka esimweni esiphezulu ukuya ezindaweni ezisebuningini, ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu, zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuphakama kwamaqembu ezifunda eJapane kuyimpendulo yezinkinga zezesayensi ezijulile , ukulinganisela kwezomnotho, ukuncipha kwenani labantu, nokuhla kwempucuko . Ukungahlangani kwezizwe ezinkulu ziye zahluleka ukunikeza i-authry ephelele. Nakuba zingakakulungeli ukuqeda ukubambelela kwe-LDP ekulawuleni, kakade sezishintshe isimo sempikiswano yezombangazwe futhi ziphoqelele uhulumeni ukuba acabangele izinguquko ebezingeke zibonwe esizukulwaneni esidlule. Ukuthi ziphendukela ekubeni isizinda esihlala njalo seqembu lesizwe noma zihlale ziwumzila wesikhashana wokunganeliseki ekugcineni ziyo zixhomeke ekutheni zingaguqula izikhalo zendawo zibe yithonya lesizwe. Ngoba manje, zimelela omunye wemikhosi enamandla enamandla kakhulu kwezombangazwe eJapane, zinikeza umbono wesimiso esilinganiselwe nesabelayo.