Isingeniso: Ukubukeka Kwezombangazwe Namalungelo Amancane EJapane

Izwe laseJapane liye lalawulwa amashumi eminyaka iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), amandla angaguquki aye athonya izimiso zesizwe kusukela ngo-1955. Nakuba i-LDP iye yangamela ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwezomnotho nokuzinza, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kwayo kuye kwephuza ukusingatha amalungelo amaqembu amancane. Ngokukakhulu abantu abambalwa eJapane. Ithonya elikhulu lezizwe ezithinta lalamaqembu esizwe njenge-Ainu, iBurakun, ne-Zainichichi, kanye nabantu base-Korea, abantu abakhubazekile, nomphakathi weLBBTQhre ngomlando libhekenelo lwesimiso sobuzwe futhi ngaphansi kokubusa. Ukuqonda indlela ithonya elikhulu lezizwe zezombangazwe ezithinta ngayo lamaqembu empilweni yaseJapane elibalulekile ekuhloleni ukulingana nakulingana.

Ngokuphambene, amaqembu aphikisayo njenge-Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP), iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane (JCP), namaqembu amancane athuthukayo aye aqhubezela ngokuqhubekayo imithetho enamandla yokulwa nobandlululo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu komphakathi. Ithonya lawo liye lakhula eminyakeni yamuva, liphoqelela izimpikiswano zesizwe ngamalungelo amancane ngaphambili aye abekwa eceleni. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuma kwamaqembu ezombangazwe ayinhloko aseJapane, ithonya eliqinile emaqenjinini athile amancane, umbuso wezombangazwe, kanye nezithiyo ezikhona ngaphambili ukuze kuthuthukiswe inguquko.

Umlando Wamalungelo Amancane EJapane

I-Japane yangemva kweMpi II, yamiswa ngo-1947, ikhipha amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo nokulingana ngaphansi komthetho ( Article 14). Nokho, lencwadi ayikwenqabeli ngokuqondile ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebuhlangani, ebuhlangani, ebulilini, noma ebulilini. Lokhu kushiye isikhala esingokomthetho esishiye amaqembu ezombangazwe ebambenezela ukugcwalisa. Ngokomlando, uhulumeni waseJapane waphishekela inkambiso kubantu bomdabu-Ainu futhi wabeka imingcele enzima emphakathini wase-Zainchie Korea, abaningi abaphoqelelwe ukuba baqhubekele eJapane ngemva kwempi. [FLT.]Buramus[Fla] [Flactive], inzala yezelo yobandlululo, idedelwayo, naphezu kokwa kwezelelwa kwezelelwa ngomthetho ka-197066]

Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, ukugxila kwe-LDP entuthukweni yezomnotho nasebudlelwaneni bezenhlalo ngokuvamile kwakusho ukuhlanganisa izinkathazo zedlanzana. Ukubambisana kwaleliqembu namaqembu enkolo adla ngokudla ngoludala kanye nezithakazelo zebhizinisi kwaqinisa isibonelo sezesiko sezenhlalo. Akukangangonyaka ka-1990 lapho i-Ainu yathola ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho njengabantu bomdabu, futhi ngo-2019 kuphela uDiet wadlula Ain [Ain Protendionsion Act[, okuthiyamukela amalungelo ayo nempucuko kodwa iyeka ukunikeza ilungelo lokuzinika ilungelo noma amalungelo ezwe. Ngokufanayo, ukufuna umshado ofanayo owezentengiweyo kuye kwaqala kusukela ngo-2019, kungekho mthetho weze-LGTT+-dimin ngokomthetho wezombangazwe nangokwezombangazwe. Iqembu lezombangazwe liye lathuthuka kakhulu ukuqondene ngomqondo ofanayo.

Izimpi Ezinkulu Zezombangazwe Nezibopho Zazo Zamalungelo Amancane

Isimiso seqembu laseJapane siphawuleka ngeqembu elilodwa elinamandla elithatha izinto zakudala neqembu elincane eliphikisayo.

I - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

I-LDP iye yalawula cishe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1955, yakha ohulumeni abahlangene neqembu laseKomeito. Isimiso sayo sokusebenza sigcizelela ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nezindinganiso zomkhaya ezingokwesiko. Emalungelweni amancane, i-LDP ngokomlando ibimadolonzima ukumisa umthetho owenabile omelene nomthetho we-discrinicnation. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lamelana nomthetho wama-2021 owawuhloselwe “ukuqonda” kwe-LGBTQ+ izihloko zesizwe, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi zangaphambili [1] [FLDP] ivie i-kadekile izinyathelo eziqinile. [FLD:]

Kumaqembu amancane, i-LDP yasekela i-Ainu Provention Act kodwa yamelana nezidingo zenkohla yokuzihlela. Leliqembu futhi lilondoloza ubuhlobo obuseduze ne-Buraku Liberation League??

I - Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP)

ICDP, eyakhiwa ngo-2017 njenge-kuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amaningana aphakathi kwesobunxele, iyiqembu elikhulu eliphikisayo. Isekela izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvikela amalungelo amancane, kuhlanganise nomthetho owenazelelayo ohlanganisa uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, ubulili, nokukhubazeka. ICDP ihlongoze “Umthetho oyisisekelo wamalungelo abantu” ozoqinisa inqubo yokuqinisa inqubo yokusebenza. Phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho lwama 2021, i-costation, i-commong jolise ukubhalisa umshado ofanayo wezelele, ubulili obungasese, nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane neqembu labo abambalwa kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi i-CDP iye yazibiza futhi lezi zimfuno zokuqamba nokuqamba i-Aii, nakuba i-Aichin ihlelwe ngokwezindawo ezithile, noma imibuso ethile yesizwe.

Komeito

Komeito, umngane we-LDP-externet, usuka ehlelweni lobuBuddha i-Soka Gakkai lisemqoka. Iqophelweni layo ligcizelela inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, ukuthula, nesithunzi sabantu. IKomeito ivame ukusebenza njengegunya elishukumisayo phakathi kwemifelandawonye, iqhubela phambili izinguquko eziyahlukeneyo ezimpikiswaneni ezimbalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, yafeza indima eyinhloko ekudluliseni amalungelo ama-LGBT+ ukuqonda. Nokho, iKomeito ibiqaphile ngokuqaphayo emshadweni ofanayo we-sex, iveza ukucabangela okungokwenkolo. Ezizweni ezincane, iqembu lisekela ukulondoloza amasiko kodwa alixhasi ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo. Ithonya lalo elungelweni oluncane lilinganiselwe ngenxa yesimo salo.

IQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseJapane (JCP)

I-JCP iyiqembu elithuthuka ngokuqhubekayo kumalungelo amancane. Ifuna ukunqatshelwa okucacile komthetho-mthetho ngokumelene nobandlululo lobuhlanga nobulili, ukumiswa ngokomthetho okusheshayo kwesigwebo esifanayo sokufa , nokuqedwa kwesigwebo sokufa (/) nendaba yecala elingahlangene ngokuqondile neqembu elincane kodwa elihlobene nobulungisa bezenhlalo. I-JCP futhi isekela amalungelo amaZainichi Korea, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuvota okhethweni lwendawo, futhi iye yahlongoza ukuvunywa kwemithetho eJapane esikhathini esidlule. Naphezu kwesinqumo sayo esicacile, iJCP ibekwe ngokwezihlalo zezombangazwe zesizwe, iphethe izihlalo ezicishe eziyi-10 kuphela endlini ephansi. Imibono yayo ayivamile ukuba ibe umthetho, kodwa igcina izimpikiswano ezisobala engqungqubeni.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Iqembu Lokulungisa Izinkinga LaseJapane)

Leliqembu elisekelwe e-Osaka ligxile ekuthotyeni kwe-ralrive ne-fiscal conaturalism. Alizange libe nezikhundla eziqinile emalungelweni amancane, ngokuvamile lishiyela izindaba ezinjalo kubenzi bomthetho ngabanye. Ngo-2022, amanye amalungu e-Ishin aphikisa umthetho omelene nomthetho owenqabela ukuhlukana kwe-Osaka, uveza ithonya laleliqembu. Ithonya lika-shin kumalungelo amancane lihlala lilincane.

Ithonya Eqenjini Elincane

Izizwe Ezincane: IsiAinu, isiBurakumin nesiZainichi saseKorea

Ukulandisa okungokomthetho kweJapane kokuba isizwe esifanayo sekunesikhathi eside kufihla izinhlobonhlobo zobuzwe eziphawulekayo. Ainu, eyandayo ezindaweni zase Hokkaido nasenyakatho, yaqashelwa ngo-2008 ngesinqumo sikaDiet esingafaki amalungelo aphezulu. I-201919A Proventionion Act yamisa isikhwama semisebenzi yamasiko kodwa yaphika ngokuqondile amalungelo esizwe ezwe noma empumeleni. I-LDP-oce i-UN iphisene izituso zokunikeza i-Ainu ukulawula amasimu ayo amasiko. Ngokungafani, izigaba eziphikisa njengeCDP ne-JCP zisekela amalungelo ezwe ne-ICP.

Umphakathi i-Burakumin, olinganiselwa kubantu abayizigidi ezingu - 1,2], uyaqhubeka ubhekene nobandlululo emsebenzini nasemshadweni. I-LDP iye yasekela i-Buraku Liberation [ [(1969]]]] nabalandeli bayo, kodwa lemithetho igxile ekuthuthukiseni izimo zokuphila kunokulwa kwemithetho. Ukuphikiswa kuye kwaphoqa i-ase ngokomthetho onamandla nekhomisha yeqiniso, kodwa lezi ziphakamiso zezombangazwe ziye zanqamuka. Amaqembu ezombangazwe awavamile alwela ukumelana nobunzima obungokwenhlalo.

uZainichis waseKorea, inzalo yesithathu nesine yesizukulwane yabafuduki abavela ezindaweni ezihlukene, ibhekene nobandlululo olungokomthetho: banqatshelwa ukuvota okhethweni lwesizwe futhi balinganiselwe ekutholeni izindlu zomphakathi. i-LDP iye yamelana nokunikeza amalungelo okuvota, kuyilapho iCDP ne-JCP isekela. i-Komeito nayo isho ukuthi isekela. Nokho, ezombangazwe ziyowushintsha umthetho uhlale uphansi, futhi umzwelo omelene nomthetho kaKorean ngezikhathi ezithile uyaqhubeka uvutha ezinhlangothini zezombangazwe ezingokwesiko.

Abesifazane Nokulingana Kwabantu Bezinhlanga

Abesifazane eJapane babhekene nemingcele ephikelelayo: ukubukelwa phansi kobuholi, ubulili obukhokha igebe lamashumi amabili nane, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili. “i-LDP's.'inyathelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sezisebenzi zabesifazane elikhuphukayo” kodwa alizange likhulume ngezinkinga zokwakha ezifana nomsebenzi wasekhaya ongakhokhelwanga noma ukuntuleka kwezingane. ICDP ne JCP abameleli bezezikhundla ezibophanayo zobufana ezinkampanini nezihlalo eziphezulu. Ngo-202020, iJapan yathatha isigaba se-120 kumazwe angu-156 eHlolongo lwe-Gentum's. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe azizange zenze ukulingana kwabesifazane kube yindawo yokuqala; i-LDP iphuzu eliqinile elingokwezinga elivamile lokuthi izindima ezingokwezinobulili.

Ngo-2023, umthetho ofuna izinkampani ezinezisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka 300 ukuba ziveze igebe lazo lobulili wamiswa ngaphansi komfelandawonye we-LDP-Komeito, inyathelo eliphambili. Nokho, izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo zihlala zisemthethweni. Amaqembu aphikisayo ayaqhubeka ezama ukuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile, kodwa ukumelana ne-LDP kuye kwathatha intuthuko.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

IJapane ilokhu iyizwe elingu-G7 kuphela elingawuqapheli ngokomthetho umshado ongokobulili noma izinyunyana zomphakathi. Ngo-2021, i-LDP-Komeito imise umthetho oye wamane nje “waveza ukuqonda” we-LGBTQ+ + abantu qha, i-a eyekethisayo enganqabelanga ukucwasana. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkantolo zesigodi eziningi ziye zanquma ukuthi ukuntula komshado ofanayo wobulili obuxhumi, akukona ukuhlobana, kodwa i-LDP ayizange ishukumise ukuguqula umthetho. ICDP ne-JCP isungule izivumelwano zokulingana komshado kanye nezenzo zokulwa kwemithetho elwa nomthetho ebanzi, kodwa azizange zidlule ngenxa ye-LDPP.

Umbono womphakathi ushintshe ngokushesha: ukuhlola manje kubonisa ukusekela okungaphezulu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa% emshadweni ongokobulili obufanayo. Kodwa amaqembu ezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi i-LDP, asalela emuva. Abamisi-mthetho abadla ngoludala besaba ukucasula abasekeli benkolo nababambelele emasikweni esonto. Ithonya lisobala: LGBTQ+ abantu babika amazinga aphakeme okuzibulala nokuzehlukanisa emphakathini. Ukuma kwezombangazwe kuthonya ngokuqondile isimo esingokomthetho nesezenhlalo.

Ukumiswa Kwezombangazwe Nesimiso Kuyancipha

Amancane angaphansi kakhulu e-Diet yaseJapan. Abesifazane baphatha cishe amaphesenti angu-14 kuphela ezihlalo eziphansi zendlu ngezansi kwamazwe ase-OECD. Kukhona isilinganiso esimbalwa kuphela se-LGBTQ + abamisi-mthetho, futhi akukho hlanga oluncane oluyingcosana lwe-MPs endlini engezansi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Buramamini[[FLD:1] [1] inemin umumeleli othile we-LDP-emuva i-Buraku INhlangano yenkululeko , kodwa ayivamile ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngesizinda sawo. [[FLT:] [FLD:] [FLD] [FFFD]]

Imiphumela ibonisa lokhu kuntula ukumelelwa. Isenzo sokuKhuthaza i-Ainu Culture asiwafuni amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Act-Antiricing Act[ (2013]) ayikhuthazi ngokukhethekile abafundi abambalwa. [[FLT:]] Ukulingana kwezombangazwe [[FT] [2017]) ikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba angabi namanani alinganayo abalandelayo kodwa awanaso isijeziso ngenxa yokungahlanga. Akukho mthetho ovamile omelene ne-divraliv. Umthetho owenqabelayo ukuvikela ukuzonda inzondo noma ukucwaswa kwemizwa, noma ukucwalwa kwemisebenzi, noma izinkonzo. [FTT] [FT] [5] Isenzo se-Act:[206]

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anecala ngala magebe. Ukubusa kwe-LDP kusho ukuthi izindleko zobungane obuncane azifinyeleli evotini. Ukuphikiswa, nakuba kungenawo amanani okuphoqelela ukuthatha umthetho. Umphumela uyindlela eguquguqukayo evame ukuhlangabezana nokugxekwa kwezizwe zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeUN yokususa izinhlanga iye yakhuthaza iJapane ukuba ithathe umthetho obanzi.

Intuthuko Nezinselele Zamuva

Eminyakeni yamuva, amalungelo amancane aye athola ukunakekela komphakathi, eshukunyiswa ukucindezela komhlaba wonke, izintambo zotshani, nokushintsha kwezizukulwane. I-2020 Tokyo Olympics yahlola indlela iJapane ephathwa ngayo i-Ainu ne-LGBTQ+ umphakathi. Izinkantolo eSaproro, eTokyo, neFukuoka ziye zanquma ukuthi ukuvinjelwa komshado ofanayo we-expressism kuphula umthetho-mscrinic (*) uhulumeni uye wanxusa. Ngo-2023, i-LDP yalahla iziphakamiso zokuphikisa ukuba nengxoxo yemithetho ephethe ukulingana komshado, ukuvuthela ulaka.

Umphakathi ubonile futhi ukunqoba okuncane ngo-2022 lapho uhulumeni ebela ukuxhaswa kwemali yemfundo yolimi, kodwa ukuntuleka kwamalungelo ezombangazwe kuseyimpikiswano enzima. Okwamanje, yinzondo iZainichi Corées[ iyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi kuyi - Internet, futhi amaqembu ezombangazwe aye enza okuncane ukuyilawula. ICDP ne JCP asungula umthetho wokuvimbela ukuzonda inkulumo kabanzi, kodwa awuzange udlule.

Izinselele zihlanganisa ukubambelela kwe-socianatic, i-LDP's ekulawuleni amandla, nokuhlukana kwamaqembu aphikisayo. I-CDP iye yazama ukuveza i-stude, futhi amalungu amancane ayabambisana ngokungelula. Ukuntuleka kwesimiso sokumela i-ontactus eqinile ne-odocism eqinileyo kuphazamisa ushintsho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LDP ngokuvamile i-P efaka amaqembu amancane omphakathi, ilulaza izimfuno zawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Buraku INhlangano yenkululeko ye- iye yagxekwa ngokwamukela i-LDPigage ngokusekela kwezombangazwe.

Umbono Oqhathaniswa Nekusasa

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye imibuso yentando yeningi ethuthukisiwe, iJapane iphelelwa amalungelo amancane. I-United States, iCanada, kanye nezizwe zaseYurophu zinemithetho ebanzi emelene nobandlululo, umshado oxubile, nokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile sokuvuma. Ukuntula kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi nomphakathi wayo obuthakathaka kuyizici. Amaqembu ezombangazwe eJapane awasabeli kakhulu kuhulumeni abambalwa ngoba lamaqembu anamandla okhetho alinganiselwe.

Nokho, izinguquko zenani labantu nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kucindezela abahlangene ukuba bavumelane nezimo. I-Human Rights Watch 2024] umbiko eJapane waphawula intuthuko ekuqashelweni kwe-Ainu kodwa wagxeka ukungabikho komthetho we-discrinithi kahulumeni. International Labour Organization [ isho futhi ukuvikelwa okunamandla kakhulu ekulweni nobandlululo. Icala eliqhubekayo lomshado ofanayo lingase liphoqelele i-LDP ukuba i-LD, ikakhulukazi uma umbono womphakathi uqhubeka nokushintsha.

Ikusasa lamalungelo amancane eJapane lixhomeke embangweni wezombangazwe. Uma i-LDP ihlala inamandla, intuthuko izothatha ijubane futhi iqhubeke. Inhlangano yamaqembu aphikisayo athola iningi ingasheshisa izinguquko. Okanye, ukwehlukana phakathi kwamaphiko ayo aqinile nawanamuhla kungaveza ushintsho. Indima kaKomeito njengelungu elisebenza neqembu lizobaluleka: ingaphoqelela izinqubo ezengeziwe eziqhubekayo uma ikhetha.

Amaqembu omphakathi, anjenge ukwenzeka kwempi yaseJapane yonke kanye ne-[FT]Ainu Association of Hokkaido[, ayaqhubeka emukela ushintsho. Imizamo yawo, ihlangene nokuhlola kwezizwe zonke, ingase yenze buthaka ukumelana ne-LDP. Nokho, kuze kube yilapho ukumelelwa kwamaqoqo eDit kwanda ngobubanzi noma ngenguquko ekhethiwe, cishe kuhlale kulinganiselwe.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane afeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni amalungelo amancane. Ukubusa kwe-LDP isikhathi eside ngokuvamile kuye kwalondoloza isimo, kwamisa kuqala ukuqina ngenxa yokufakwa. Amaqembu okuphikiswa, ikakhulukazi i CDP ne JCP, aye aqhubekisela phambili njalo ukuze avikeleke kakhulu, kodwa ukuntula kwawo amandla okulawula amanani emithetho kulinganiselwe. Intuthuko iye yenziwa kwezinye izibheno , LGBTQ + imithetho yokuqonda, kanye nokuthatha kwezindlela ezihloniphekile kwabesifazane.

Ikusasa lamalungelo amancane eJapane aliqinisekile. Lizoxhomeka ekufuneni kwezombangazwe kwamaqembu amakhulu, ukubuthwa kwemiphakathi emincane, kanye nokucindezela kwangaphandle. Okwamanje, igebe phakathi kwesibopho samazwe ngamazwe neqiniso lomkhaya waseJapane lisalokhu libanzi. Ukufinyelela ukulingana ngeke kudinge ushintsho lwemithetho kuphela kodwa futhi ukushintshwa kwempucuko yezombangazwe − okubaluleke ngempela ukuhlukahluka nokungena. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwezezombangazwe zaseJapane, nakuba zihamba kancane, zibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ochwepheshe banxusa iJapane ukuba isebenzise umthetho obanzi omelene nokungavumelani → BBC: amaqembu amancane aseJapane kanye nokulwela amalungelo[