Umthetho wokunakekela impilo kawonke-wonke usalokhu ungowokuhlelwa kwezimiso eziphikiswana kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, njengoba amazwe elinganisela izinto ezikhona ngokulinganayo ngokuyimfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwempilo kuwo wonke. Izindleko ezikhulayo zempilo, amanani asebegugile, nezifundo zobhadane lwe-COVID-19 ziye zaqinisa ukuhlola izimiso ezihlukene. Lokhu kuhlola lezo zokuhwebelana okukhona emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda i-crevoff ekhona kunoma yisiphi isimo somhlaba wonke ($6969 umkhokheli owedwa, noma umphisindi oxubene wemali, noma ingxube-i ye-injini ehlolwayo elawula inqubo yemali, isilinganiso sokunakekela, isilinganiso sokunakekela, ukubekezela, ukubekezela, nokusebenza isikhathi eside.

Isisekelo Sokukhathazeka Kwempilo Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukuchaza Ukukhokhela Impilo Yomhlaba Wonke

INhlangano yempilo yeZwe lonke ichaza i-UHC njenge-overseversements ezidingekayo zempilo ngaphandle kokuhlupheka ngokwezimali njenge-universe i-UHC njengeqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangangena ezinkonzo zempilo ezidingekayo ngaphandle kokuhlupheka ngokwezimali. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinkonzo zempilo ezidingekayo (ukukhuthaza nokuvimbela ukwelashwa, ukuvuselela, nokuphazanyiswa kwempilo). I-UHC ayinikezi isibonelo esisodwa sezezimali; kunalokho, ibeka umgomo. Amazwe asebenzisa i-UHC ngezindlela ezihlukene, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zikhona: ukulingana, izinga, nesivikelo semali.

Izimiso zomphakathi zokwelapha ngokuvamile zinezigaba ezintathu ezibanzi:

  • Izimiso ezikhokhela u- ```indlela yemali kahulumeni yokunakekela intela kanye nenkokhelo eqondile. ICanada neTaiwan ziyizibonelo ezivelele.
  • [ Izimiso zempilo (umkhokhi) [] [igcwele iminikelo ebotshelelwe abaqashi nezisebenzi, ngokuvamile elawulwa yizikhungo zemali ezingakhi. iJalimane, iFrance, neJapane isebenzisa lendlela.
  • Imishini yesizwe yezempilo (NHS)] `uhulumeni unezindawo eziningi zokunakekela impilo futhi usebenza. I-United Kingdom, Sweden, ne-New Zealand isebenzisa izinhlobo zalesibonelo.

Umlando Nokutholwa Kwabantwana Abancane Embulungeni Yonke

Ukugqugquzelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke kwathola amandla ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iUK imisa i-NHS ngo-1948. Amanye amazwe anezimboni alandela amashumi eminyaka alandelayo. Ngokwe- CD, wonke amazwe angama-38 manje anikeza intengo eseduze nembulunga yonke yezinkonzo, nakuba igebe elisemqoka ekungeneni nasekuvikelweni kwezimali liyaqhubeka. Ezweni elisathuthukayo, amazwe anjengeThailand (2002) neRwanda (2008) aye asungula ukwandiswa okuphawulekayo, ebonisa ukuthi u-UHC unakho ngisho nasezimisweni eziphansi ezikhona.

Ukunciphisa Izinzuzo Zokunakekela Impilo Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukulingana Ngokutholakala

Impikiswano eshukumisa kakhulu ekunakekeleni impilo yendawo yonke ukuncishiswa kokungalingani kwezindawo. Ezimisweni ngaphandle kwemali egcwele yonke, labo abanezimo eziphansi, noma isimo esincane ngokuvamile babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ucwaningo lwango 2021 ku ] lwezindaba zezentengiselwano[ luthole ukuthi abantu abadala abangakhokhelwanga e-United States basengozini ephindwe kathathu kunabantu abadala ababoshelwe ukudela ukunakekelwa kwempilo okudingekayo ngenxa yezindleko. Izimiso zembulunga yonke inciphisa leligebe. Isibonelo, isimiso sokukhokha ikhetha lika-kha elilodwa laseCanada liqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zamukela isibhedlela nemisebenzi yodokotela ngaphandle kwezindleko, ukunikela ekuncipheni kwezentengo yempilo eUnited States ekusebenziseni inzuzo yezentengo.

Ukunakekelwa Kokuzivikela Nokungenela Ngokushesha

Izimiso zembulunga yonke zigcizelela izinkonzo zokuvimbela, njengoba zinciphisa ukwelashwa okubizayo kwemifudlana. Amazwe anezinhlangothi eziqinile zokunakekela eziyinhloko − ngokuvamile isici sokukhokhwa kwembulunga yonke − zibona amazinga aphansi okulaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yezimo ezinjengesifuba, isifo sikashukela, nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Imali yeCommonwealth Fund ifaka i-NHS kuqala phakathi kwamazwe aphezulu athola imvume yokunikeza ukunakekelwa okufikela ngokufanelekile kanye nenkonzo evimbela ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko kwempilo naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwe-US (207).

Ukuvikelwa Kwemali Eyingozi

Ukuwa kwezokwelapha kuseyinkinga enkulu emazweni angenayo indawo yonke. Ukuhlola okuphawulekayo kuyiMelika Journal of Public Health kulinganisela ukuthi i-6,5% yayo yonke izindleko zemali eUnited States yayiboshelwe ezimpikiswaneni zezokwelapha. Ngokungafani, izimiso zendawo yonke noma ziqede izindleko zemali ezisemqoka zokunakekela okubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, ngaphandle kwemali yemali yemali ekhokhelwayo yemali yempilo ephelele engu-13% kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nemali ephelele e-US. Lesivikelo sezimali asivikeleki imikhaya kuphela encipheni encipheni kodwa futhi sinciphisa izindleko ezinkulu zemali ngokunciphisa ukukhokhelwa okungakhokhelwayo nokulahlekelwa.

Imiphumela Yempilo Yezakhamuzi

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezizwe zonke kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwempilo yonke kuhlobene nobude bokuphila obuphakeme kanye nokufa kwezinsana eziphansi. Inhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke ibika ukuthi amazwe acishe ahlanganiseke kabanzi (njengeJapane, Switzerland, ne-Australia) anciphile ngesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo elindeleke ukuba iphile ngokwempilo ehleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVID 2016, izizwe ezinezimiso zempilo ezinamandla kanye nokusabela komphakathi ngokuvamile zathola isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokufa kwabantu abafa kunakho.

Ukukhiqiza Kwezomnotho

Izisebenzi ezinempilo ziveza umkhiqizo ophakeme wezomnotho. Izifo ezingapheli nokukhubazeka okungadayiswayo kunciphisa ukuthatha ingxenye nokukhula kwezisebenzi. I - International Monetary Fund ilinganisela ukuthi ukuvala igebe lezempilo emazweni angenisa imali ephansi naphakathi kungandisa i-GDP ngamaphesenti amabili ngonyaka. Ezimweni eziphakeme, ukunciphisa ubuphili (ukusebenza lapho ugula) ngokuthola inzuzo engcono yokunakekela. Impilo yembulunga yonke inciphisa “isikhala se-job”, lapho abantu behlala emisebenzini engathandeki ukuze balondoloze umshuwalenselo owe futhi banciphe amandla.

Ukuhlola Izinselele Nokugxeka

Ukulondolozwa Kwemali Nokukhokhwa Kwentela

Ukusekela ukunakekelwa kwempilo yonke kudinga izindleko ezigciniwe zomphakathi. Emazweni amaningi e-OECD, imali esetshenziswayo yezempilo idla u-8-12% we-GDP, enohulumeni abathwele 70-80% wentengo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi la mandla aphakeme entela noma izixuku angayifaki enye inzuzo yomphakathi. Nokho, ubufakazi budibene. Izimiso ze-livinia ezikhokhela intela njenge Canada nentela, i-Taiwan zifinyelele izindleko eziphansi (ngokuvamile ezingaphansi kwezingu-5% zemali echithwe) kunezimiso ezithengwayo ezingaphezulu kwengu-7593%, lapho inyuko eUnited States, lapho isithiyo ephansi kwemali engcono kakhulu engcono eUnited States. Kodwa isithiyo yezombangazwe yokunyusa intela noma iholo inzuzo ihlala ngokumangalisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iminikelo yempilo yaseJalimane incishiswa futhi incishiswa abaqashi abaqashi, okunga imali ezikhokhelwayo ezimanywayo ezinkampanini ezithile.

Izikhathi Zokulindela Nesilinganiso Senkonzo

Mhlawumbe ukugxekwa okuphikelela kakhulu kwezimiso zendawo yonke kungathatha isikhathi eside kulindele izinqubo zokuvota. ICanada ne-UK ngokuvamile balinda amasonto amaningi ukuze bashintshe inqulu, ukuhlinza i-cataric, nokuhlola kochwepheshe. Umbiko ka-2022 ovela eFraser Institute wabonisa ukuthi isikhathi sezokuxhumana saseCanada sokwelapha okudingekile sasingu 27,4 masonto , cishe singashintshi kusukela ngonyaka odlule. Nokho, izikhathi zilindele ngokwenqubo nangesifunda. Amazwe amaningi ayakwazi ukubhekana nesidingo esincane ngokusekelwe ekuphuthuma kwezesayensi, aqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakekela okuphuthumayo nomdlavuza kuhlala kusemqoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokulinda kungancishiswa ngokuthuthukisa, ukuhleleka kwekhono, nokukhetha okungakhethi, njengoba kubonwe eJalimane naseNetherlands.

Izinga Lokunakekela Nodokotela

Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kungavimbela ukusungulwa kwe-UK’S futhi kunciphe izisusa eziphambili, futhi kunciphe izinga eliphansi. Kodwa amazinga asemhlabeni wonke awakusekeli lokhu kwesaba. I-Commonwealth Fund ka-2021 “iSisebenzi, i-Virr” umbiko wabeka i-UK’s NHS kuqala ngezinga eliphezulu ne-equaty, nakabili ngokulinganayo, naphezu kokuchitha imali engaphezulu kakhulu kune-US. Ngokungafani, i-compatencerder Fund ka-2021 ekuvikelekeni nokubekezela kodwa ibekelwe isikhathi esifike ngesikhathi. Udokotela angathinta izilinganiso zemali kanye nemigoqondo yokuphatha; amazwe anjengeJalimane neNetherlands aye akhuluma lokhu ngokuhilela izindleko zezokuxhumana nokuvumela izindleko zomphakathi ezilinganiselwe phakathi kwezimiso zomphakathi. Ukulawula izindleko eziqhubekayo.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nendlela Yokuncika KuNkulunkulu

Ukugcwalisa noma ukulungisa ukuphathwa kwempilo yendawo yonke ngokuvamile kubhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwezinkampani ezifaka imingcele emishayo, izinkampani ezithaka imithi, amaqembu anika abathengisi, kanye nabaphikisi bemibono yokulwa nokwanda kukahulumeni. E-United States, imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokwandisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemali iye yaphumelela ngokwengxenye kuphela (umz., iMedicare, iMedicaid, i-Afford Care Act.). Ngisho namazwe anezimiso ezimisiwe zendawo yonke abhekana nezimpikiswano zezikhathi ezithile zokuncintisana, ukuxhasa imali nokuncitshiswa, nokuzuzisa. Ukuncika kwezelela kwezombangazwe kusho ukuthi uma isimiso sesendaweni ethile sisendaweni ethile, izinguquko ezinkulu zezakhiwo zingavamile; ukuqonda umnotho wezezombangazwe wenguquko yempilo kubalulekile ukubikezela ukubonakala kobuphicophelela kwezimiso zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezisembuluko.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obulawulayo

Ngokuphambene nombono wokuthi izimiso zokukhokha u-1909 zilula ukuzisebenzisa, ukulawula isimiso sendawo yonke kuhilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhokhela izimali, izimiso zokwaziswa, kanye nokwengamela. Izimiso eziningi zokukhokha inzuzo, njengezindleko ze-Jalimane,” zidinga izingozi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuvimbela abafaki be-inshorensi abangenileyo ekuthatheni i-cherryâgeria ababhaliswe ngempilo enempilo. Umthwalo wokulawula ungasinda kakhulu (*) kodwa ngokuvamile ungaphansi kokudilika, inzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zokuphatha esimisweni sezempilo sase-US zidlula u-R3800 ngonyaka, kanti eFrance zingaphansi kuka-R1800.Nokho, noma isiphi isimiso sendawo yonke sifuna ukubusa okunempilo, ukubhucunga ngokulinganayo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuphatha, nokuqondisa kwekhono, kanye nokuqondisa kwezempilo.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Kwezimo Ezibonisa Impilo Yomhlaba Wonke

Isimiso Somholo SaseCanada Esiyisisodwa

I-Canada inikeza intela yezezimali ezisetshenziswa isibhedlela nadokotela ngamalungiselelo omshuwalense wesifunda axhaswe yintela kahulumeni nezesifunda. Umshuwalense womuntu siqu uvinjelwe izinkonzo ezifekelwa yicebo lomphakathi. Isimiso sifeza cishe imali ebanzi elingana ne-progrees 88, izindleko eziphansi nge-pacapita (cishe ingxenye yamazinga ase-US), nokwaneliseka okukhulu kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abavamile. Nokho, linda izikhathi zenqubo yokuhlela i-OECD inde ende ende kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe. Isimiso sifaka futhi ngaphandle kwezidakamizwa ezigunyazamayeza ezigunyaziwe, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, kanye nokunakekelwa okuthatha isikhathi eside kwe-imali emalini ekhokhwazwayo yonke, kuholela emaphakatheni e-R1 500, e-UNICT, kuholela ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu zokukhuluma ngezindawo ezikhona manje. [[FLT:]] Inhlangano yezempilo [[FLD:1]] [FG1]]

Umshuwalense Wempilo Engokwenhlalo WaseJalimane

Isimiso saseJalimane singumkhokhisi-mali omningi: izisebenzi nabaqashi banikela ekutholeni inzuzo “izimali ezigulayo” ezincintisana ngenani nangenkonzo. Cishe amaphesenti angu 87 abantu bakhona agcwaliswa umshuwalense womphakathi; abacebile bangakhetha ukufihla imfihlo yangasese. Isimiso sinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, ukulinda izikhathi eziphansi (ngenxa yokuhlela ngokuqinile), kanye nokuzimela okuphakeme. Ukulawula kufezwa ngezimali ezikhokhwakhwanywayo ezihlangene nezinhlangano zodokotela. Imisebenzi yezezimali yezemali iphansi, futhi izinhlelo zesimiso zinikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu engcono nengalinganiyo. Nokho, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezingozi zenqubo yezimiso zezengozi kanye nokuncintisana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. [FL: 0] I-Germann Minityreal Servity ofs of Healthywority of [12][1]

Inkonzo Yezempilo Yesizwe YaseUnited Kingdom

I-NHS inikeza ukunakekela okubanzi okuxhaswe ngentela evamile, engenamali ekhona. Isimiso esilinganayo kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe e-OECD, esinemigoqo emincane yezimali. I-NHS ingcono kakhulu ekunakekeleni okuyinhloko nasekuvimbeleni impilo. Nokho, ibhekene nezinselele ezingapheli, izisekelo zokuguga, kanye nokuswelakala kwezisebenzi. Lindela izikhathi zenqubo ezingakhokhwa kakhulu kusukela kulolubhadane, neziguli ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7 ezilindele ukunakekelwa ekuqaleni kwe-2023. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i-NHS ihlala ithandwa futhi ibiza imali eshibhidiwe kakhulu; [[FLT:] iNgcebo yeNkosi [FLD:1] iphawula ukuthi i-UKPP yemali echithwayo kuphela, i-GP9], naphezu kwemiphumela elingana neyo yempilo yamazwe angu-15].

Umshuwalense Wezwe Wezempilo WaseTaiwan

ITaiwan yasebenzisa isimiso somholo owodwa ngo-1996, ihlanganisa wonke umphakathi ngenzuzo ebanzi. Ukukhokha kuvela ekukhokheni intela esongwayo, izimali zikahulumeni, kanye nemali ekhokhelwayo ephansi. Isimiso saseTaiwan siphawuleka ngezindleko zaso eziphansi (cishe 2% zemali echithwe yiyo yonke) nempumelelo enkulu. Izikhathi ezilindile ziwufinyele wonke umkhakhandi wemali ekhona. Isimiso sisebenzisa imali yembulunga yonke kanye nezimiso zokukhokha ukuze kulawule izindleko, kodwa kulondolozwe impilo etholakala cishe i-6.5% ye-GDP. Nokho, odokotela ngokuvamile babhekene nevoluntengi ephakeme kakhulu, ebangela ukukhathazeka ngokushisa. ITaiwan ibonisa ukuthi isikodi lika-2001 egcwele ukukhokha inzuzo egcwele umphakathi.

Umbono Womphakathi Nethonya Lezombangazwe

Ucwaningo Nemikhuba

Ukusekela komphakathi ekunakekeleni impilo yonke kuyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo emazweni. E-United States, ukuhlola kwe-Gallup kubonisa njalo ukuthi amaMelika amaningi athanda isimiso sokunakekela impilo “kahulumeni u-trarun”, nakuba lokho kusekela kwehla lapho ukuthengiselana njengezintela eziphezulu noma ukulinda izikhathi kuphathwa. ECanada nase-UK, ukusekela isimiso samanje kusalokhu kuqinile, kanti ama-70% abantu abahlolile baveza ukwaneliseka kocwaningo lwamuva. Ukwaziswa kwe-Pew Research Center kubonisa ukuthi abantu baseYurophu ngokuvamile babheka umthwalo kahulumeni womsebenzi wezempilo njengomsebenzi oyinhloko, kanti amaMelika ahlala ehlukene emigqeni e-Rhovisi. Ukuqonda lezi zimo zengqondo kuyagxeka ukufaneleka kwentando yentando yeningi.

Izici Eziphazamisa Umbono

Izinhlobo eziningana zezenzakalo zithonya isimo somphakathi ekuhlanganiseni indawo yonke:

  • [ Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu] [1] labo abaye babhekana nobunzima obungokwezimali ezikweletini zezokwelapha basekela kakhulu.
  • I-media faming
  • [ology]
  • Ukuthembela kuhulumeni
  • Izibonelo zezwe lonke `Izimo zezibonelo eziphumelelayo phesheya zingasusa izimpikiswano zasekhaya.

Ukuhlaziya Ibhizinisi: Indlela Ephambili

Ukulinganisela Ukulinganisela Nokwaneliseka

Akukho simiso esiphelele sokunakekela impilo; ngasinye sihlanganisa ukuthengiselana phakathi kokufinyelela, izindleko, izinga, nenkokhelo. Amazwe afuna ukuhlanganisa indawo yonke kumelwe anqume ukuthi yiziphi izilinganiso ezizobekwa kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, iCanada ne-UK kudela izikhathi ezithile ezilindileyo ukuze kufinyelelwe i-equity, kanti i-Jalimane ne-Netherlands kuhlala kuncishiswe isikhashana ngokuncintisana okubanzi kodwa kwamukele izindleko eziphakeme zokulawula. Ukulinganisela okungcono kuxhomeke ezindinganisweni zesizwe, amandla emali, nesimiso sempilo.

Ukutuswa Kwemithetho

Esebenzisa ubufakazi bomhlaba wonke, amasu amaningana angasiza ekunciphiseni ubuthakathaka bezimiso zendawo yonke:

  • [ Ingxenye ekunakekeleni okuyinhloko[] `ukugcina amasango ngamandla kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwesibhedlela okungadingekile futhi kuthuthukisa impilo yabantu.
  • [ Sebenzisa umniningo namathuluzi okusebenza kwenombolo ```Izimiso zempilo ezifakiwe zingalandelana ngezikhathi zokulinda, i-stator izinga, futhi unciphise udoti wokulawula.
  • Ukwenziwa kwezenzo okuhloselwe ukuphuma ezikepisini ezingaphezulu ukuvikela ngokwezimali kuyilapho kuvumela izindleko ezithile zeziguli ukuba zikhokhelwe izinkonzo ezingezizo ezemisebenzi.
  • [ guqula ithonya lezombangazwe[ [1] [1] Imishini yezempilo encikene nezikhali ezikhokhayo cishe zinganciphisa izinqumo zokuxhasa imali.
  • vumela umshuwalense womuntu siqu ongazikhethela [_lokuvota], njengendlela yokuphepha yokulinda izikhathi, kuyilapho ugcina umthetho oqinile wokuvimbela ukhilimu.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wokunakekela impilo yendawo yonke awuyona into ekhethwayo kodwa utalagu lwezinketho zomklamo, ngalinye liphethe izilinganiso ezihlukene. Ubufakazi bubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izimiso ezinikeza ukuhlanganisa cishe yonke indawo zifeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu, isivikelo sezimali, futhi ngokuvamile engcono kunemiphumelo ehlukene. Kodwa zifuna ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukuze zigweme ukucindezeleka, ukulinda isikhathi eside, nokulungisa isimilo. Njengoba amazwe exoxa ngezinguquko zesikhathi esizayo, kumelwe amise izinqumo ngokwaziswa okungaguquguqukiyo, ukuhwebelana okusobala, kanye nokungagculisi lutho olusobala. Umgomo awusona isimiso se-Treversalton, kodwa uthuthukisa izinga eliphakeme le-56, ukunakekela okubizayo yonke indawo lapho ehlonipha izinto zezomnotho nezombangazwe zesizwe ngasinye.