Ukuqonda Umklamo Wesimiso Sobuchwepheshe

Izimiso ze-Electoral zakha umgogodla wentando yeningi yabameleli, ukunquma indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo ezihlalweni futhi ekugcineni amise ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-litarian (obizwa futhi ngokuthi ubuningi noma umfuziselo wokuqala) kanye nokumelelwa (PR) kuveza ukudayiswa okuyisisekelo phakathi kokuzinza nokungaguquguquki, ukulandisa nokuhlukahlukahluka. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuhlola kokubili izimiso ngokujule, ukudweba ubufakazi bezesayensi kanye nobezwe ukuze kusizwe abafundisi, abafundi, nabakhi bezimiso baqonde lokho abakushoyo.

Izimpikiswano zenguquko ze-Electoral ziye zakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva nje njengoba idemokrasi izama ukunciphisa i-demokrasi ngokunciphisa kwe-oversist, ukunyuka kwe-populism, nokufuna ukumelelwa okukhulu. Ngokwe- Internationalternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Intection (IDEA), amazwe angaphezu kuka-80 manje asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwezilinganiso zomklami ezilinganisayo, kuyilapho izimiso ezinkulu zihlala zikhona emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi anjenge-United States, United Kingdom, neCanada. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke imfundo yomphakathi, ezombangazwe, noma umklamo wokubusa.

Imifanekiso Eyinhloko: Izimiso Ze - Core Nemishini

Izimpawu ze-jornarial zibhekisela ezimisweni zokuvota lapho umvoti noma iqembu elithola khona amavoti amaningi, ngisho noma lokho kungena esilinganisweni esiphelele. Ukwehluka okuvame kakhulu yisiqalo sokuqala se-pred-past (FPTP), esisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezizimele. Izimiso ezimbili ezizingxenye ezimbili, njengalezo zaseFrance, zidinga ukubaleka uma kungekho mfundaze ofinyelela ku-50% engqukuva yokuqala.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zezimiso Eziyinhloko

  • Izigodi eziyizingxenye eyodwa: Izwe ngalinye eliphethe inxusa elilodwa, kwakha ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamalungu nemethi yemithetho yawo.
  • Umphakathi noma umthetho weningi[: Owinayo ungowokuvota kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kuhlanganisa amavoti amaningi akhandwayo.
  • Ukuthambekela kokuntula emncintiswaneni oyingxenye ezimbili: Ngenxa yoMthetho kaDuverger, izimiso eziyinhloko zinqanda amaqembu amancane ngoba abavoti besaba "ukuhlobisa" amabhola abo ezikhethelweni ezingekho.
  • Isakhiwo esilula sebhola : amavoter avame ukuphawula umlandeli oyedwa, ukwenza inqubo iqonde futhi iqondise.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Eziyinhloko

  • Imiphumela eqinisekile[: Izinhlelo zivame ukwenza uhulumeni wengxenye eyodwa eyodwa, wenze kube nobuholi obucacile besikhulu nezenzo zomthetho.
  • ukukhokha imali [: Amavoter angabona ummeleli wawo wendawo futhi awabeke icala ngezindaba zesilinganiso somthetho.
  • Ukubusa kwe-: Ama- coalition ayivelakancane, inciphisa ingozi yokufakwa kwe-grid lock nokhetho oluvamile.
  • ukuphikiswa : Iqembu lomgijimi livame ukusebenza njengokuphikiswa okuhambisanayo, lithembisa abavoti abacacile.

Izingozi Zezimiso Eziyinhloko

  • Ukuthatha indawo [: Imikhosi esekelwa ngokuxokozelayo ingazuza izihlalo eziningi ngedlanzana lamavoti, kuyilapho amaqembu amancane asekelwa kakhulu engakhishwa ngokuphelele. Ukuhlolwa okungu-2020 [umphakathi weNguquko we-Ector Society [ wathola ukuthi ukhetho oluvamile lwe-UK luye lwaveza imiphumela enzima kakhulu phakathi kwe-democraticism emisiwe.
  • Ukubekwa kweqembu elincane: ukugcwala kwe-econographic yamaqembu amancane kungaholela ekudluliselweni noma ekumeleni kwalo kuphela ezifundeni ezithile.
  • Yavota [: Amavoti akhandwa abalahlekelwayo noma abawinile abadlula ubuningi awathinteli ukubekwa kwesihlalo, okungacindezela ukuphuma.
  • Gerrymaning: imingcele yesigodi ingasetshenziswa ukuze ithandwe isigaba esisodwa, ilulaze ubulungisa obulungile.

Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo Zezimiso Eziyinhloko

I-Boom isebenzisa i-FPP ye House of Commons convens. Kukhetho oluvamile lwango-2019, i-Conservative Party yawina 56% yezihlalo ngezigqebhezana ezingu- 436% kuphela zevoti ethandwayo, kuyilapho iLiberal Democrates yakha uhulumeni ophansi 11% wamavoti kodwa 1.1% kuphela wezihlalo. [[[FLT:][FFTP][FP] ngokufanayo ikhetha iNDlame yayo ehamba ngo FPP, ngokunye ukuvota okukhulu, ngo-2021, i-Liberal Par yakha uhulumeni ombalwa ovamile owenziwa ngama-33% evotike. [FFFF:]

Ukufanekisela: Ukuklama Ukuhlomela Ukuhlangana Kwezihlobo

I-Propogational ihlanganisa umkhaya wezimiso ze-vota eziklanyelwe ukuhumusha amavoti ahlanganyela eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. I-PR isetshenziswa cishe ingxenye yamazwe e-OECD futhi ivame kakhulu eYurophu. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-PR yesigaba sombango, i-MMP exubeneyo, kanye nezimiso ezidluliswayo (STV).

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezimiso Zokusakaza

  • Izigodi eziyizingxenye: Izifunda zivame ukukhetha abameleli abaningi, ngokuvamile ngezinhlu zeqembu noma amabhola aphezulu.
  • 'ukwabela amafomu : Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu esele (umz., isilinganiso) noma isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu (umz., d'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë). Ngasinye siveza amazinga ahlukene kancane esilinganiso.
  • Umnyango ongokomthetho: Amanye amazwe afunza ipesenti levoti elinciphile (ngokuvamile 3-5%) ukuze avimbele ukuhlukana, kuyilapho amanye engenawo umnyango.
  • Ukusetshenziswa komncintiswano onezigaba eziningi: Amavoter angakhetha phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi amele izinkolelo ezihlukene, kusukela emaqenjini aluhlaza okwengca kuya ezinhlanganweni zezifunda.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Ezingokwembuyiselo

  • I-alphamfecture : Ukwakha ngokusondeleneyo izibuko ezithandwayo, kuveza izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemibono yezesilisa, ubuzwe, nezombangazwe. Ukucwaninga [nge- I-Inter-Parliamentation Union[ kubonisa ukuthi izimiso ze-PR zithambekele ekukhetheni abesifazane abaningi kunezimiso ezinkulu.
  • Ukwethuka: Amaqembu amancane amele amaphaphu amancane noma izithakazelo zendawo zingathola izihlalo nenkambiso yethonya.
  • Ukwakha inzuzo : Ohulumeni bakha ngokuxhunyaniswa okuxhunyanisweyo, ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana okuqinile nokubanzi.
  • IFower yachitha amavoti: amavoti amaningi anikela ekubekeni indawo yokuhlala, anciphisa isisusa sokuvota ngokufanelekile.

Izingozi Zezimiso Zokuhwebelana

  • [ Izishaya-mthetho ezihlangene: Amaqembu amaningi angawenza abe nzima ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni, kuholele ezingxoxweni ezithatha isikhathi eside futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinxulumani eziguquguqukayo.
  • [: Amavoter angase angabi nommeleli oyedwa wendawo, futhi ohulumeni abahlangene benza kube nzima ukunikeza ikweleta noma ukusola ngemiphumela yezimiso.
  • Itshe lika maqembu ashisekayo: Imikhawulo ephansi ingavumela amaqembu amelene nesimiso ukuba athole iziteshi zephalamende, njengoba kubonakala kukhetho lwamuva lwaseYurophu.
  • Izombangazwe zamashumi aphakathi [: Izindawo ezithatha iphakethe zivame ukubukelwa abaholi beqembu kunokuba zibukwe abasendaweni, okungase kunciphise inkonzo engcono.

Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo Zezimiso Zokuhwebelana

Selfen usebenzisa indlela elungisiweyo yeSainte-Laguë ngendlela ehlangeneyo. Kukhetho lwamazwe angu-2022, izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili zawina izihlalo, futhi uhulumeni wakha njengenhlangano ephakathi-yokusuka ekuxhaseni kwe-Sweden ngakwesokudla. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Gejamani [[[ isebenzisa iqoqo elixubile lesigaba (MMP), lapho u-vota ufaka khona izihlalo ezimbili: eyodwa ye-mjolo yendawo neyodwa yeqembu. Lesimiso sihlanganisa ukumelelwa kwemiyandawo nemiphumela yesilinganiso, nakuba sikhiqiniswe ohulumeni abaningi abangenza umsebenzi owenziwa ngokushelela. [FTLD [F] [FFF] [FFF]: [FFF]

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Ukunamathela, Ukumelela, Nokuhlanganyela Kwezigaxa Zomoya

Izimiso ezihlanganisayo nezilinganisayo zidinga ukuhlola indlela abasebenza ngayo phakathi kwezindinganiso eziyinhloko zentando yeningi. Izazi zezombangazwe ngokuvamile zihlela ukukhetha njengokususa phakathi ukuphumelela (ohulumeni abaqinile, abaqinileyo) kanye nokungahlangani [ (isithombe esibanzi sezinto ezithandwayo ezihlukene). Nokho, ubufakazi bamuva busikisela ukuthi izimiso zePR eziphawulwe kahle zingafinyelela zombili.

Ukuqina Kukahulumeni Nokunamathela Kwesimiso

Izinqubo zokuzisebenzela ngokuvamile zituswa ngokuveza ohulumeni abaningi abayingxenye eyodwa abangamisa izinhlelo ezivumelanayo. Izimiso ze-United Kingdom's 2010-2015 ezihlangene ngaphansi kukaDavid Cameron zazihlukile, hhayi umthetho. Nokho, lokhu kuzinzisa kungavela ngezindleko zenqubo eguquguqukayo: ohulumeni abahlukene bangashintsha isimiso esiqinile ngemva kokhetho, ukululaza ukubikezela. Ngokungafani, izinhlelo ze-PR ziveza uhulumeni abahlangene okumelwe bavumelane nenqubo, okungandisa ukuqhubekeka kwenqubo kodwa futhi kuholele ekuqhubeni i-propati yemithetho. Unyaka ka-201818 wanyatheliswa kuyi- Journal of Political Economy [FLTY[FLY1] ayitholi mehluko ehleliwe ngokwezomnotho phakathi kwenqubo enkulu ye-PActalbaccouststion ngemva kokulawula ezinye izici.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Ukuhlakanipha okuhlangene kubonisa ukuthi izimiso ze-PR eziphethe isilinganiso se-PR zicindezela umvoti ngenxa yokuthi amavoti amaningi "ayafakwa" ezifundeni eziphephile. Uma kuqhathaniswa ulwazi oluvela ku- InternationalIndity Institute for Democracy and Electoral Active Transplation[ lubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zePR ephakathi kwe 5-pasenti akhuphukayo kunamazwe aphakeme, ngisho nangemva kokubala imithetho yokuvota ephoqelelwe. Nokho, ubulula bungabuye buvuse: ezimisweni ezinkulu, u-Rehovita idinga kuphela ukukhetha umjoli wawo othandekayo, kanti kwezinye izimiso zePR ezinezinhlu ezivulekile, abavotiweyo bangazizwa begcwele yizinke izinhlelo ezikhethelwe. Noma kunjalo, izimiso ze-PR ngokuvamile zivumela ukuvota abavotiwe, ukuba basekele amalungu ezindaweni ezisemthethweni, bathanda ukuvota futhi banciphise izinhlangano ezivamile.

Ithonya Ezimisweni Zezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Izimiso zezikhulu zemisebenzi ziwenza kube nokuncintisana okunengxenye ezimbili, njengoba kuboniswa e-United States nase-United Kingdom. UMthetho kaDuverger ubikezela ukuthi lomphumela womshini, uhlangene nokucindezela kwengqondo kwabavoti nabanikeli, ucindezela izigaba zesithathu. Izimiso zePR, ngokwehluke kwazo, zivumela izimiso eziningi ezingabonisa incazelo ebanzi. Nokho, ukwanda kwamaqembu kungabangela izingxoxo zesivumelwano zibe neziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibe nethonya elikhudlwana, njengeziphathisi ezingathi zinkulu kakhulu. Ku-Kne et (isimiso se-PR esinenomnyango ophansi), i-svenective-ss nestudictivessssssss.

Ukumelela Izwe Nezidingo Zendawo

Okunye ukugxekwa okungapheli kwezimiso ze-PR okungaqinile phakathi kwabavoti nabameleli ngabanye. Izimiso zamaMajoritarian aletha umpetha wendawo ocacile ongasekela izimpikiswano zesigodi. Kuzimiso ze-PR, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zohlelo oluvaliwe, abameleli banecala ngokwesifunda nangokobuzwe ngokuyinhloko ekuholeni kweqembu. Izimiso ezixubile njenge-MMP zizama ukulinganisela lezi zinkathazo ngokugcina amalungu endawo kuyilapho zinezela izihlalo eziphakeme ukuze afinyelele isilinganiso. IJalimane ne-New Zealand zibonisa ukuthi lenhlanganisela inganikeza kokubili ukulandisa komphakathi kanye nemiphumela ehlukene, nakuba inezela ukucuthanisa nokubala.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Okuhlangenwe Nakho Okuqhathanisayo

I - United Kingdom: Isimiso Sezincwadi Eziyinhloko

Isimiso se-UK's FPTP siye saveza uchungechunge lwezihlalo ezinkulu zomhlaba naphezu kokuncipha kwevoti ehlanganyela ekuwineni izigaba. Ngo-2019, i-Boris Johnson's Consorvatives yawina iningi elinethezekile elingu 43.6% kuphela levoti, kuyilapho i-Labour Party 32% ihlanganyela izihlalo ezingu 202 kuphela. I-Liberal Democrates, enezihlalo ezingu-11 kuphela. Lo mphumela uphendulile izihlalo ezingu-11 kuphela. Lokhu kufake izingcingo ezindeze isikhathi eside zokufuna inguquko, nakuba kubhekiselwa ekushintsheni isimiso (kuhlanganise ne-2011 u-2010) iphumele i-Votem. Abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi i-Pnternen, inqanda ukulinganisela, futhi ikhipha amahlamvu amaningi. Abasekeli abaxhasi abaningi baveza ukuvinyelelwa kwe-Roces."

ESweden: Ukumelelwa Kwenkulumo Nokubusa Komphakathi

I-Riksdag yaseSweden ikhethwa ngendlela elungisiweyo kaSainte-Laguë ngomnyango ongamaphesenti amane. Isimiso siye sahambisa ngokuqhubekayo ihlukana kodwa sisebenza ohulumeni. Phakathi kuka-202062, alikho iqembu elilodwa elizuze ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-30 evoti, kodwa iSweden yalondoloza izimiso eziqinile zezenhlalo, isifunda sezenhlalakahle, nokukhula okuqinile kwezomnotho. Ukukhula kwezwe laseSweden elikhulu elingcono kakhulu nge-Democrat kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuholela ekwakhenini kwesikhungo esiqinile esisekelwe epalamendeni esisekelwe eqenjinini le-populist. Abaxhasi be-PR baphikisa ngokuthi i-Sweden i-eversent, impumelelo nenkambiso yezeko yeze.

INew Zealand: Indaba Yenguquko Ephumelelayo

INew Zealand yathatha indawo ye-Westminster-style FPP ne-MMP ngo-1996 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuzizwa kabi. Ushintsho lwaholela ekwandeni okusheshayo kwenani lamaqembu ePhalamende, kusukela kwamabili kuya kwamahlanu kukhetho lokuqala lwe-MMP. Abagxeki baye basola ukungaguquguquki, kodwa kusukela kudala iNew Zealand iye yathola ukuthi ukwaneliseka komphakathi ngentando yeningi kukhuphuke kusukela kushintsho lwenguquko. Indaba ibonisa ukuthi i-Māori ithuthukisiwe kakhulu, nakuba kunzima ngokwezombangazwe, ingaphumelela uma isimiso esidala sibhekwa njengesingafanelekile.

Imiphumela Yemithetho Nezinzuzo Zokubusa

Isimiso sokhetho singathonya ukumelelwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nesimiso sezimiso. Izimiso ze-Maditarian zithambekele ekusekeleni izinqubo eziyinhloko: ukunakekelwa kwempilo okukodwa, izindinganiso zemfundo, nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle eziqinile zingadlula ngokushesha ngokusekela okukhulu. Nokho, zingaholela futhi ekuhleleni lapho amandla enziwa. Izimiso ze-PR, kanye nohulumeni bazo abahlangene, ziveza inqubo ehlangene kakhulu, esekelwe ekuboniseni izithakazelo ezibanzi. Isibonelo, amazwe aseScandinavia (asebenzisa iPR) aye akha izivumelo ezaziwayo ngezivumelwano eziphambaxaza, kuyilapho imibuso ye-United Kingdom's's ikanye iye yashintsha imithetho ehleliwe ngokuphelele ngemva kokhetho. A ahlangana ngokuhlangana nge-'iphana okulinganayo. [FLPLDR]

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Isimiso Esifanele Solimi Lwakho

Akukho hlelo lwezinqumo oluphelele. Ukukhetha phakathi kokumelelwa kwezwe ne-athomu elilinganayo kuxhomeke ekuhlakanipheni kwezwe kwezombangazwe, ukusakazwa kwezindawo kwamaqembu, izingxabano ezingokomlando, kanye nentando yeningi. Izimiso zamakhulu zinikeza ukulula, ukunquma, nokuziphendulela okukhulu kwendawo kodwa zifaka isilinganiso esiphansi futhi ziveze imiphumela ephambene. Izimiso zezentengiselwano zinikeza ukuma okunembile, ukuvumelana, nokwakha kodwa zingadela ukuqina nomthwalo wemfanelo ocacile kahulumeni.

Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi siya ngokuya sizama ngezimiso ezixubile njenge-MMP (Germany, New Zealand, Lesotho) noma ukuhlanganisa i-STV ezifundeni eziningi (i-Ireland, iMalta) ukuze ikwazi ukuthatha amandla azo zombili izindlela. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlela uhlelo lwezimiso ngezindinganiso zomphakathi othandwa kakhulu: ukuqina, ukumelelwa, noma ukulandisa. Kubafundisi abafundisa ukuqhathanisa ezombangazwe, isifundo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izimiso zokhetho azithathi hlangothi: zibumba yona kanye imvelo yokuncintisana kwentando yeningi kanye nemiphumela ebusayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhwebo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okumelana nomthetho ongcono kakhulu neziphakamiso zenguquko nokusekela izimiso ezisebenzela kakhulu imiphakathi yazo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral helper (I-IDEA) i-database yohlelo lwesimiso sokukhetha, i-[Flectoral Reformation Society' [ ukucubungula okungafaniyo, nemisebenzi yemfundo enjenge [FLT]][FLT]] Izimiso ze-ELTY: Izimiso ze-EFLT