Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lombuso

Amagunya ohulumeni bakahulumeni akakho kuhulumeni; azalwa futhi ayinhloko. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sombuso we-U.S., imibuso ilondoloza wonke amandla angaphathi ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni i-U.S. Umthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso sifakwe kuhulumeni weSichibiyelo se-10], esigcinela ezindaweni, noma kubantu, amandla anganikezwanga uhulumeni wombuso.

Leligunya elisemthethweni livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "igunya lamaphoyisa". Linikeza ithuba elikhulu lokumisa imvume yempilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Uma uphefumula ubheka emigwaqweni ohamba kuyo, imithetho kahulumeni imisa uhlelo lwemisebenzi yakho eminingi yansuku zonke. Ngokungafani nohulumeni wezwe, osebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso samandla acushiwe, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho unikeza igunya elivamile lemithetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungasebenza cishe kunoma iyiphi impikiswano ngaphandle kokuba umthetho-Mpalm.

Enye indlela ebucayi ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwezifundazwe nomasipala bazo bendawo. Ngaphansi komthetho Dillon], ohulumeni bendawo (izifunda kanye namabala) babhekwa njengomthetho "okwakha umbuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi banawo amandla okunikezwa yizwe kuphela. Nokho, amanye amazwe, anika i-"Lord Reaunce" igunya emadolobheni awo, abavumela ukuba bazimele ezindabeni zendawo. Lobu buhlobo phakathi kwezwe nehholo lombuso bungumshayeli omkhulu wesimiso sendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi banawo kuphela amandla anikezwa umbuso onamandla ngokulandela umthetho. [[FLTLD:3] kodwa, inikeza izakhamuzi igunya elibanzi lokulawula amadolobhanawo, izizazisa izikhulu zeze izindaba ezinjenge-jonga, nemfundo.


Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Noma isiphi isakhiwo sikahulumeni siveza isakhiwo sikahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene aklanyelwe ukunikeza izinhlolo nezilinganiso. Nokho, izindima nemibuso yegatsha ngalinye kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye.

Igatsha Eliphethe Ihhovisi: Akuwona Nje Umbusi

IGovernor isebenza njengomphathi omkhulu, isebenzisa amandla amakhulu phezu kohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, iveto (kuhlanganise nohlu lwengxenye yeveto ezifundazweni eziningi), kanye nokumiswa kwabaqondisi bezinhlangano zikahulumeni. UMbusi uhlela uhlelo lwezinqubo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile uhambisa "Isimo sikaHulumeni" amakheli kanye nemali ebhaywayo noma yaminyaka yonke.

Ngokungafani nomphathi wezwe, imithetho-mfuno yezwe eminingi yenza izikhulu ezizimele ezizikhethele. Litenants gerns, Attorneys General[, [[FLT]] [[FLT]] izikhundla zesifundazwe [[[[FLT]], [[FLT]] nezingameleli zezimali [FLT]] ngokuvamile zikhethwa ngabantu, hhayi uMbusi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbusi angahlanganyela amandla nelungu leqembu eliphikisanayo kulemisebenzi eyinhloko. Izwe i-Attorleney, ngokwesibonelo, iphethe imithetho eminingi yokuthengisela, izinhlangano zemithetho ehlangene, noma izinhlangano zemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, ihlangene nezimiso ezihlangene nezimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Lapho Imithetho Yenziwa Khona

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyizinjini zeqiniso zokwenza umthetho waseMelika. Ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska (one metaral system), zonke izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyi-bimeral, ezikhiwa yiSigeqe sezwe isigebengu sezwe ne [[FLT]S] Indlu yeSigoldential of Advests (noma umhlangano). Lemikhandlu inomthwalo wokulungisa nokudlulisa imithetho elawula ukuxhaswa kwezemfundo, izilinganiso zezempilo, izimiso zezeluleko zezemthetho zomthetho.

Abashaya imithetho bayizizakhamuzi zesikhashana, hhayi ezezombangazwe ezingochwepheshe, futhi basebenza esiqephini sezinsuku ezimbalwa unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kubenza bafinyeleleke kakhulu kubantu abahlangene. ikomiti yesivumelwano [ ezindlini zomthetho kulapho umsebenzi wangempela uyenzeka khona. U Bills uxoxwa, ulungiswe, futhi ubulawe noma uthuthuke. Ngemva kokulandela incwadi ngezabelo zayo zekomiti, kungenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izwi Lokugcina Lomthetho WoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamahhashi asebenzayo esimiso somthetho waseMelika. Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ithatha amacala angaphansi kwekhulu ngonyaka, isho ukuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme zizwa izinkulungwane. Lezinkantolo zichaza imithetho-mthetho yombuso nezimiso, futhi zingabaqondisi bokugcina bomthetho kazwelonke. Ukukhethwa kwamajaji ezwe kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela kusuka kukhetho lweqembu kuya kuvumelanisa izimiso zokumisa (iSicwangciso saseMissouri).

Ngoba izinkantolo eziphakeme zinegunya eliyinhloko enqubeni yazo siqu yezwe, zinganikeza isivikelo samalungelo esidlula lezo ezinikezwa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lokhu kuye kwaba isici esiyinhloko sejaji lanamuhla ezimpikiswaneni ezisukela kumalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kuya ezinkolelweni zesikole. iziqondisi eziphehlwayo eziya embusweni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokukhetha kokwahlulela, kungatholakala eBallotpedia.


Indlela Amandla Ombuso Athonya Ngayo IWattle, Impilo, Nekhaya Lakho

Ithonya eliqondile likahulumeni libonakala ezicini zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lamandla akhethekile kwembula ukuthi kungani izimpi zikahulumeni zesimiso sezinga eliphezulu zivame ukuba umphumela omkhulu kunezombuso.

Imfundo Nentela Yakho

Imfundo ingenye yezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zikahulumeni, ezithatha cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemali kahulumeni. Ohulumeni boMbuso banquma indlela yokuxhasa izikole zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ezincike kakhulu ezintelani zendawo. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni okukhulu kwezesikole ngokwezimali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu, umthombo wokuzifunela izimali ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Amazwe amisa izindinganiso zemfundo (njengeCommon Core), asebenzise izivivinyo ezivamile, futhi agunyaze izimfuneko zothisha zokugunyaza izitifiketi. Agunyaza futhi alawula izikole zomthetho kanye nezinhlelo zomgunyathi . Imfundo ephakeme, izifunda zemfundo yomphakathi (njenge-UC, SUNY, noma i-UT) futhi amise izimfuneko zemfundo ephakeme. Ukutshala kwemfundo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukukhokha kwezifundo zemfundo yezomphakathi (njenge-UNC, i-SONY, noma i-UT).

Ukutholakala Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo Ne - Medicaid

Ohulumeni boMbuso bayiziqondisi eziyinhloko zemakethe yomshuwalense wezempilo. I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) enikeziwe isho ukukhetha ukwandisa iMedicaid[ ukumboza abantu abadala abathola imali ephansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwaba nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe ezandisiweyo nezifunda ezingezona ezeqinisi, ezithinta ngokuqondile ukukhokhelwa kwezigidi zabantu ngempilo.

Amazwe futhi aphethe uMshuwalense weHealth Mmakers, alawula amazinga emali yomshuwalense, futhi aqondise umsebenzi wodokotela, abahlengikazi, nezinye izazi zezempilo. Iminyango yezempilo yomphakathi inakekela konke kusukela ekuhloleni kwezindawo zokudlela kuya emikhankasweni yokugoma. Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 waqokomisa amandla amakhulu ababusi bombuso ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu ezithinta izifihlabuso, imisebenzi yezebhizinisi, kanye nezingqwebo zesikole.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Isimo semigwaqo namabhuloho owasebenzisa nsuku zonke siwumphumela oqondile wenkambiso kahulumeni. Izwe Izindawo Zokuthutha [i-DOTS] lilawula ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu, ukunakekelwa, nokuphepha kwezimoto. Umthombo oyinhloko walemisebenzi yintela ye-intengo ye-. Amazwe anquma ukuthi ayayiphakamisa yini intela, ngokuvamile enquma izinga lezenqolobane nesilinganiso se-transmical.

I- INdawo yemoto Vehicles (DMV) iyisibonelo esivelele sikahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe othinta isakhamuzi ngokuqondile. EUnited States ilawula amalayisense abashayeli, ukubhalisa izimoto, namakhadi okuhlukanisa. Babeka futhi imithetho yomgwaqo, isilinganiso sesivinini, kanye nezimiso zokushayela eziphazamisekile.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ohulumeni bahulumeni baqondisa amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, namajele. Lapho iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo isingatha ukugada kwansuku zonke, izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zinikeza amaphoyisa akhethekile futhi zigade imigwaqo emikhulu. Imithetho yoMbuso ichaza amacala obugebengu amaningi, kusukela ebubini nasekuhlaseleni kuya ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa nasekubulaleni. inqubo yezigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye, inquma imiphumela yalabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu.

Ohulumeni bamisa iziqondiso zokugweba, ukuphatha amabhodi agwetshwayo, nokuphatha izimiso zamajele kahulumeni. Ukukhetha kwemithetho okwenziwa yizishayamthetho zikahulumeni kuqhubela ngokuqondile emasikweni okuboshwa. “Naphezu kobugebengu” kusukela ngawo 1990 imithetho yaholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwamajele kahulumeni. Namuhla, isahlulelo sobugebengu siguqula inguquko yebheyili, ukuncishiswa kwesigwebo, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhishwa kwesigwebo. `i-Attorney' ye-Atjoney' ifeza indima enkulu ekumangaliseni ubugebengu obuhleliwe nenkohlakalo yomphakathi.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Wezomnotho

Isimiso sentela kahulumeni singumshayeli onamandla wendlela yokuziphatha kwezomnotho nenhlalakahle yomuntu siqu. Imali eholwayo, intela yokuthengisa, intela yempahla, kanye nokukhipha intela ezimpahlani ezinjengophethiloli, utshwala, nogwayi. Isinqumo sikahulumeni sokuphoqa intela yeholo eqhubekayo (njenge California) noma ukungayikhokhi intela yemali konke (njengeTexas noma iFlorida) inemiphumela emikhulu ezindaweni amabhizinisi afuna kuzo nendawo ahlala kuyo nalapho abantu bekhetha khona.

I-United States futhi yamisa umholo [ ophansi kakhulu , ongaba ngaphezulu kakhulu kuneholo eliphansi likahulumeni. Basebenzisa umshuwalense wezemisebenzi nezinhlelo zembuyiselo zezisebenzi. Ohulumeni basebenzisa izikweleti zentela nezisusa ukuze bakhange amabhizinisi, okuholela ekuncintisaneni okukhulu phakathi kwemibuso yezentengiselwano ezinkulu zenkampani, njengezindawo ezintsha zokukhiqiza noma indlunkulu. Lo mncintiswano wezomnotho ophakeme uhlela izinga lethuba eMelika.

Ukushintsha Kwemvelo Nemithombo Yemvelo

Ohulumeni boMbuso bamisa imithetho eyisisekelo yendawo ezungezile evikela umoya namanzi eMelika. I-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni, kodwa imibuso iphathiswe igunya lokuzisebenzisa nokuzicindezela. Ezinye izifundazwe zidlula kakhulu ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni. ICalilifornia’s Air Resources Board (CARB) ihlela izindinganiso zokukhipha imoto ezinethonya kangangokuba zimise indinganiso yezwe lonke. Ezinye izifunda zingakhetha ukwamukela imithetho ye-parliter ye-liter California esikhundleni semithetho ye-ogastery ye-ogaster.

Izwe liphethe amazwe omphakathi, lilawula amalungelo amanzi (ikakhulukazi abucayi eNtshonalanga eyomile), futhi lengamele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. I - grid yamandla yaseTexas (ERCOT), esebenza ngaphandle kokwengamela kukahulumeni, iyisibonelo esinamandla sokulawula uhulumeni ezinhlanganweni ezibucayi. Amazwe futhi alawula ukuwohloka kwamandla elanga, nokuvuselelwa kwezinhlelo zokuvuselela amandla.

Ukukhetha Nokusekela Amalungelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ushiyela ukuphatha kokhetho cishe ngokuphelele ezifundazweni. Lokhu kungenye yamandla alandelayo kakhulu uhulumeni wezwe. Izwe linquma izinqubo zokuvota, indawo namahora ezindawo zokuvota, uhlobo lwemishini yokuvota esetshenziswayo, nemithetho yokuvota nokuvota.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidweba imingcele yezindawo zombuso nezindawo zomthetho ngenqubo ye yokuhlukanisa , okwenzekayo njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu. Indlela lemigqa edwe ngayo ingavala emandleni ezombangazwe iminyaka eyishumi, yenza ukulawula kwezwe kokumisa impikiswano ephikisana kakhulu. Amazwe anikeza nemithetho ephathelene nezimfuneko ze-ID zovota, izinkathi zokuvota zakuqala, kanye nokukhishwa kwemigqa evotayo. Lezi zinqumo zine umphumela oqondile nongaqondakaliyo ekuvotini nasebuqokeni kokhetho.


Ukukhululwa: Umshikashika Wamandla Phakathi KoMbuso Nemithetho Yendawo

Enye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zombuso kahulumeni i- ihlawulo. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe uvala izitebhu noma ususa igunya lohulumeni bendawo (izifunda nezibalo) ukuze adlulisele imithetho yabo siqu. Eminyakeni yamuva, izigungu ziye zasebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlenga ukubulala imithetho yendawo ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise:

  • Imali ephansi kakhulu:[ i-Asstates iye yavimbela amadolobha ekubekeni iholo lawo siqu, eliphansi kakhulu.
  • Ibhanki yePlastic: i-Estates iye yavimbela amadolobha asogwini ukuba avimbele ipulasitiki esetshenziswayo eyodwa.
  • Izindawo ezinama-frearm: Izwe lidlulise imithetho enqabela izilinganiso zokulawula izibhamu zendawo, idala izinga elifanayo elisezweni lonke.
  • Izwe libeke inselele yemithetho elinganisela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni.

Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwesifundazwe nehholo ledolobha kuyisici esivelele sokubusa kwanamuhla. Kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nentando yeningi nokulawula kwendawo. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukubona ushintsho zizithola zihamba kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi ekhungethe ukudlula kwayo.


Ukuvikela Nokwandisa Amalungelo Ngemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. ubeka indawo ephansi yamalungelo abantu ngabanye, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ingamisa futhi ikwenze kube nophahla oluphakeme. izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ephakeme ukuze inikeze isivikelo esibanzi sokuba wedwa, ukukhuluma, nokulingana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. iwuchaza kanjani umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo eziningana eziphakeme zikahulumeni ziye zanquma ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wazo wezwe uvikela ilungelo lemfundo eyanele, uphoqelela ukuba amazwe asebenzise kakhulu izimiso zemali ezisesikoleni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zibuye zihole ekuqapheleni amalungelo emfihlo enkathini yobuchwepheshe, abusa ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yendawo yocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini kanye nekhamera yomzimba. Amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni okwandisa amalungelo, ngaphandle kwesimiso se-jadicary, ayingxenye ebalulekile ye-American penisticism.


Ukuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni Wakho

Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wezwe usondelene nabantu, futhi ufinyeleleka kakhulu. Ukusebenzelana nohulumeni wezwe kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthonya isimiso. Ngokungafani nohulumeni kahulumeni, lapho iphimbo elilodwa lingase lizwane khona, izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukumane nje ziwucingo noma zihlangane ehholo ledolobha.

Ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Thola iMithetho Yakho: UneSiphathi-Mbuso noMmeleli weZwe. Bheka ukwaziswa kwabo kokuxhumana kanye namarekhodi okuvota.
  • Landela Umthetho:[ Amawebhusayithi ezwe okulawula umthetho akuvumela ukuba ulandelele izikweletu ngesihloko. Beka izixwayiso ngezindleko zemfundo, ezokunakekela impilo, noma izintela.
  • Attend Public Livings:[ Izincwadi zibunjwe ezindlebeni zamakomiti. Ukuqinisekisa noma nje ukuba khona kwecala elibalulekile kuwe kungaba nethonya elikhulu.
  • Ivote kukhetho lwezwe: I-Turmout yezwe futhi ukhetho lwendawo luphansi kakhulu, okusho ukuthi ukhetho lwakho luthwala ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu kunokhetho lukamongameli.
  • Isifundazwe esihambisanayo: Uma inxusa likahulumeni (njenge-DMV noma uMshuwalense) lihluleka ukukhonza umphakathi, ukuxhumana nomenzi wakho wemithetho kungavusa ukuqondisa okusheshayo.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amandla Kahulumeni Abaluleke Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi

Ohulumeni boMbuso abawona amanxusa okuqondisa; bayizinyathelo eziyinhloko zenkambiso yomphakathi e-United States. Izinqumo ezenziwa kuhulumeni zinquma izinga lezikole, ukuphepha kwemigwaqo, ukuhlanzeka komoya, izindleko zobuhlakani, nokungakhethi kwezempilo. Ukuqonda amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo. Ngokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, izakhamuzi zingaqondisa izintambo ezisheshayo nezinamandla kakhulu ze-demokraticratic, zilolonge imiphakathi ezihlala kuyo futhi zijabulela amalungelo ayo. "Ukulawula idemocrali" kuvuleka, futhi zonke izakhamuzi zimenywa ukuba zihlanganyele ekuhloleni ukuphila okuchazwa yi-America.