Igatsha eliphethe liyinjini yokubusa kwansuku zonke, liguqulela izinhloso zokushaya umthetho ekwenzeni izenzo eziphathekayo. Libekwa icala ngokumisa imithetho, ukuphatha ubudlelwane bakwamanye amazwe, nokuqondisa imishini emikhulu kahulumeni, lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwesizwe. Ukuqonda isimo sayo, imithwalo yayo yemfanelo, nemibuso kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi izinqumo eziphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe, isimiso sezomnotho, kanye nezinkonzo zomphakathi zenziwa futhi zifezwe.

Umsuka Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. basungula umongameli oyedwa okhethwe nge-Electoral College ukuze abe namandla anele okwenza isenzo esiwujuqu kodwa siphoqelelwe ngokwanele ukuba sivimbele ubushiqela. Ukuhlangana kwe-Constitutional Convention of the Conference ka 1787, Article II[ wamisa umongameli oyedwa okhethwe nge-Electoral College, enqaba bobabili umphathi obuthakathaka ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso ze-Confederation nesibonelo sobuMonal. Lomkla waveza ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwamandla esikhulu nakwesinye isiphathi nakwamanye amagatsha.

Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho umphathi ephuma khona esishaya umthetho, isibonelo sakha igunya elihlukile, elikhethwe kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaqinisekisa umongameli ukuthi uhlola iKhongolo-mfuyo nejaji, kuyilapho amanye amagatsha ahlola igunya lobumongameli ngokufanayo. UMthetho-sisekelo ubala ngokuqondile amandla ambalwa kuphela ababusi, anjengeveto nesikhulu esiphethe sase-U. kodwa indima kamongameli iye yanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo ngokusebenzisa, ngemithetho, nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

Izingxenye eziyisihluthulelo zegatsha eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lesimanje liyiqoqo elikhulu lamahhovisi, iminyango, izinhlangano, nemikhandlu. Ingxenye ngayinye inendima ehlukile ekufezeni imisebenzi kamongameli engokomthetho nengokomthetho.

UMongameli

Njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, umongameli ugqoka izigqoko eziningi. Amandla alawulayo ahlanganisa ukukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, ukunikeza izimvume nokuthethelelwa kwamacala kahulumeni, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigele nemvume), ukumisa amanxusa, amajaji ombuso, nezinye izikhulu, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibulawa ngokwethembeka. Ekwenzeleni, umongameli ubuye asebenzise amandla ethumo abalulekile, ukuphembelela, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, kanye neziyalezo zesikhulu sombuso.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ubukhulu begunya lomongameli. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukuze adale amanxusa a-New Deal, kuyilapho uMongameli uHarry Truman ehlukanisa amabutho ahlomile ngemvume yezikhulu. Muva nje, amongameli baye basebenzisa izenzo zokuphatha ekuthutheleni kwamanye amazwe, ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, nakwemali ebolekwayo yabafundi ukuba benze isenzo lapho iSishaya - Congress. Lezizenzo zivame ukubangela izinselele zomthetho nempikiswano yezombangazwe, ziqokomisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nezici ezifanele zamandla kamongameli.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Ekuqaleni indima enkulu yemikhosi, isekela likamongameli liye laphenduka isikhulu esiyinhloko sobumongameli nesikhundla sokusebenza. Isekela likamongameli likhonza njengomongameli weSigele, livota ngokuphula isibopho, futhi limi kuqala emgqeni wokulandelana. Isekela lomongameli wanamuhla lithatha iziphathi ezinkulu zesimiso, izimemezelo zezokuxhumana, nemithwalo yenkonzo yezikhulu zegatsha. ISichibiyelo sama-25 samisa inqubo yokugcwalisa isekela likamongameli wesigebengu kanye nesobukhosana sesikhashana ngenxa yokukhubazeka.

IKhabhinethi

Ikhabethe linezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengezisekelo zikaHulumeni, zeSivikelo, zeMali, ne-Attorney General. Lezizikhulu zimiswa ngumongameli futhi ziqiniswa yiSigele. Imihlangano yeKhabhinethi inikeza umongameli i-foneum ukuba aqondise umthetho phakathi kukahulumeni. Nokho, izikhulu zekhathenamende zisebenza futhi njengabasekeli beminyango yazo siqu, futhi ukungezwani phakathi kwezithakazelo zomnyango nendlu yabamhlophe kuvamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli umisa izikhundla ezithile njengesikhundla sekhabethe ngaphandle kokuhola umnyango, njengoMqondisi weHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali noHlawulo, i-Trade Memodential Imastiwer, neWhite House of Staff. Lezi zindima zinikeza ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezinqamule.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP)

Idalwe ngo-1939, i-EOP inezinhlangano ezimsekela ngokuqondile umongameli. Ingxenye eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Office of Management and Baccurs (OMB) - - Lungisa uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ihlola ukusebenza kwemishini, kanye nokubukeza iziyalezo.
  • Umphakathi wesizwe we-National Security Council (NSC) - I-Advice umongameli enkambisweni yezwe neyokuzivikela, futhi uhlanganisa ukusabela okuvumelanayo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ikhonucileti ye-Economic Advisers (CEA) – inikeza ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho nezibikezelo.
  • Office ye-United States Trade Messadential (USTR) – ihola izingxoxo zezohwebo kanye nenqubo yokuhlela ukuhwebelana.
  • Ihhovisi lendlu elimhlophe – lihlanganisa umphathi wezisebenzi, unobhala wezindaba, iqembu lezokuxhumana, kanye nabanye abeluleki abakhulu.

Ubukhulu nethonya le - EOP liye landa kancane kancane, okubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okwandayo kokubusa kukamongameli.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Neziyalezo Zokuqondisa

Ngalé kweminyango ye-15 ye-pabertec, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele nezinhlangano ezizimele ezisebenza ngamazinga ahlukene ombuso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iFederal Reserve, i-Securence ne-Exchange Commission, i-Nzaleko Yendawo Ezungezile (nakuba inkampani ezimele), neFederal Communications Commission. Amakhanda azo amiswa umongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele, kodwa ngokuvamile asebenza ngezindlela ezishaqinisiwe futhi angasuswa ngenxa yembangela, awavikele ekucindezeleni okuqondile kwezombangazwe.

Umbuso WaseBudreaul

Izigidi zezisebenzi zomphakathi zisebenza egatsheni eliphethe, zisebenzisa imithetho, zibhala imithetho, zinikeza izinkonzo, futhi ziqhube ukucwaninga. Inhlangano kahulumeni ihlelwe yaba iminyango, izinhlangano, ama-bureau, namahhovisi, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ekhethekile. Isimiso sekhono lokungathathi hlangothi [[[[FLT: 0]] siphethe ukuthi izisebenzi ezisebenzayo kufanele zisebenzise isimiso ngaphandle kobandlululo, nakuba abamiselwe kwezombangazwe abaqondisi abaqondisi abaphezulu kakhulu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamakhoba

Imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe iwela ezigabani eziningi ezibanzi, ngayinye ebaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni okuphumelelayo.

Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Ngokwethembeka

Umsebenzi womthetho-mthetho kamongameli "Ukunakekela ukuba imithetho ibekwe ngokwethembeka" isisekelo samandla aphethe. Lokhu kuhilela ukwengamela ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho okudluliswa yiKhomishane. Izinhlangano zihumusha iziyalo zemithetho ezibanzi zibe yimithetho eqondile ngenqubo yokubeka imithetho, ehlanganisa isaziso somphakathi nenkulumo. Ukuqapha kokuphoqelela kunikeza ithonya elibalulekile lesikhulu esifuna ukulandelwa, okungakhokhwa okumelwe kuphoqelelwe, futhi isiphi isiqondiso sokulungisa inqubo.

Ukuziphatha Kwezindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe

Umongameli ungumphathi wezwe, omelela i-United States phesheya, oxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezingaphansi kweSigele sokuhlobisa), futhi angene ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. NgoMnyango woMbuso nangamaqembu ahlangene, igatsha eliphethe lilawula ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kanye nezivumelwano zokhuseleko lwembulunga yonke. Umongameli uyala futhi umphakathi wokuhlakanipha, kuhlanganise neCIA ne-NSA, okunikeza ukwaziswa okugxekayo ngezimiso zamazwe angaphandle.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuzivikela

Njengomphathi-nhloko, umongameli unegunya eliphethe amabutho ahlomile. Lo mbuso uhlanganisa ukuthumela amabutho, ukuyala impi, nokumisa imfundiso ehleliwe. Nokho, i-War Powers Resolution ka-1973 ifuna umongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile nokuxosha amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo. Lokhu kudala ukuxabana okungapheli phakathi kobumongameli nobuphathi benhlangano.

Ukuqondiswa Kwezinhlelo Zikahulumeni

Igatsha eliphethe izinhlelo eziningi ezihlanganisa i-Social Security, iMedicare, izimali zezemfundo, imali ebolekwayo yemfundo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nezinye eziningi. Imishini enjenge-Social Security Administrations ne-Derce of Veterans Affairs kumelwe ihlele izigidi zezimali nokukhokha unyaka ngamunye ngokunempumelelo nangokulunga. Isihlongozo sohlelo lwemali sisekela ukuxhasa ukuxhasa kwemali, kodwa ekugcineni i-Congressbery ilawula ukuhlelwa kwe-social Administration.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Abaholi banikeza iziyalo zezikhulu nomongameli we-tranda ukuba baqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Lamathuluzi aphethe umthetho wezinhlangano eziphethe futhi angasetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa inqubo, ukuhlela kabusha amahhovisi, noma ukumisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zifanele ukubukezwa futhi zingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho. Ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu njenge-EMancation Proclation, ukuhlanganisa ama-Japane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kanye nokusungulwa kweSivimba sokuthula.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Ajule

Ngaphandle kwemithwalo yemfanelo yansuku zonke, uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza umongameli amandla akhethekile asebenza njengethuluzi ekuhlukaniseni isimiso semibuso.

Amandla E - Veto

Umongameli angase akhiphe izindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress, azibuyisele ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingadlula iveto ngobukhulu obungama-3 emagumbini womabili, kodwa lokhu kuyivelakancane (ingxenye engamaphesenti angu-7 kuphela yama-vetos emlandweni waseMelika). Usongo lweveto lunikeza umongameli amandla okuvumelana nenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Umongameli uveza i-pocketvetoes uma engathathi nyathelo elithathangasithathanga nyathelo esikhwameni somthetho ne-Congress Congressment phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi, ebulala isilinganiso.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

ISivumelwano sika-Claus ugunyaza umongameli ukuba athathe amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, izikhulu zekhathemende, nezinye izikhulu ezibekwa phezulu, ezingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho. Lomandla avumela umongameli ukuba amise i-jaji ne-computer. Amandla okususa awanakwelula kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi umongameli angasusa izikhulu zesikhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu kodwa amanxusa azimele angaphoqelela "ngesizathu" izivikelo zokuvikela imisebenzi yawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-quasi-judicial (bona ]] [iHMFUMphrey's Exectorv.]

Igunya Lomkhuzi-Mphathi

Njengegunya lezempi eliphakeme kakhulu, umongameli uqondisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezisemthethweni, ugunyaza imisebenzi yokufihla, futhi uyala abaqondisi benkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Lombuso uye wanwetshwa ngemvume yokusebenzisa amabutho ezempi (AMF), njenge-2001 AUMF eye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukulwa nempi ngokumelene nobuphekula phakathi kwabaqondisi abaningi. Ikhono lomongameli lokuthumela amabutho ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi lihlala likhona kwezinye zezici eziphikisana kakhulu zamandla aphethe.

Amandla EPardon

Igunya likamongameli lokunikeza ukuvunyelwa kwecala likahulumeni licishe liphelele, lisebenza ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuqiniseka. AmaPardon angabuyisela amalungelo omphakathi futhi asuse imiphumela engokomthetho, nakuba engenakusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuyenga noma imiphumela yayo. Intethelelo ephakeme, njengoGerald Ford's rever Richard Nixon noma uDonald Trump, ngokuvamile ibangela impikiswano yezombangazwe futhi iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulandisa.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Kahle

Ukuqinisekisa iseluleko esiqotho phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe, abaphathi baye babiza ilungelo lokuphatha izikhulu, “‘ ilungelo lokugodlela ulwazi kuKhomishane noma ezinkantolo. Lokhu akuwona amandla aphelele; iNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT]][1] United States v. Nixon[[FLT]] waqaphela ilungelo kodwa wadinga ukuvezwa kwezinto ezithile ekuphenyeni kobugebengu. Izimpikiswano ziye zahilela izincwadi nezincwadi zendlu ezimhlophe nabeluleki abaseduze, kanye nemiphumela kuye ngezinzuzo zezezinzuzo.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Igatsha eliphethe linemingcele eminingi evimbela ukuqina komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

AmaKomiti eNdlu neSigele aphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala, amapheya, nokucela izincwadi zokuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo. ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okuningi komongameli nezivumelwano ze-rafénce. ISishaya-mthetho futhi silawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali − namandla esikhwama semali(ase-asethini) futhi angasisusa noma avimbele izenzo zezikhulu. Ukuhlolwa komthetho kuyinhlolo: Indlu ingamgomela umongameli ngenxa "yesulelo, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye namacala angafaneleki," futhi iNkathi ithatha icala ngevoti ezimbili ezifunekayo ukuze isuswe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zezikhulu zingamemezela izenzo ezingekho ngokwesivumelwano noma zithole ukuthi zidlula igunya elingokomthetho. Kusukela [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison, i-judicary ibiyisithazulu sokugcina sencazelo yemithetho-siseko. Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana intsha ebhabhabhayo i-'i-'i-Tube. v. Sayerter[FLT] (ibhabhabhaza i-bhungane lensimbi) ne [FLTL:] Thum. Hawaii v[FLT] (enye imingcele) (ivise imingcele yezokuhamba).

Umbono Wezindaba Nomphakathi

Iphephandaba elizimele nokhetho olunolwazi lusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokwethukela. Ukubika, ukuhlola, nokuhlola umphakathi kungadalula ukuxhashazwa, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, futhi ekugcineni kuthinte okhethweni. Izimpawu zokuvuma kukamongameli zisebenza ekuzimiseleni kweSishaya-mthetho ukusekela noma ukuphikisa ihlombe lezikhulu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezinto Ezinamandla Ezishintshashintshayo

Igatsha eliphethe namuhla libhekene nezingcindezi ezingaziwa kubaqondisi. Ukuphakama kwesifundazwe sokuphatha, lapho izinyusela iziphathi eziphethe amanxusa ezikhokhiswayo eziphethe kakhulu, kuye kwandisa ukwahlulela kobuphathi. Imfundiso ye [FLT][1]CHEVron[ ukucwebezela [ [manje] [okushintshwe ngezinqumo zeNkanto yamuva]) amajaji akuyaliwe ukuba athathe indiciso yemithetho ehlukahlukeneyo, izakhi zomthetho eziveza amandla. Ukwanda kwemiyalo yezikhulu, izimemezelo zezesimo, nezinqumo zesizwe kubangele ushintsho.

Ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo kudala umehluko omkhulu lapho amongameli bephendukela khona ekuthatheni isinyathelo sobuzwe uma ukuyekethisa kwemithetho kuhluleka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iSishaya-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi siye sanikeza amandla amakhulu, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni zezomnotho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Umbango phakathi kokuphumelela kwesikhulu nokuziphendulela ngokwentando yeningi ulokhu uyindaba eyinhloko yokubusa kwaseMelika.

Izakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso ngokufanayo bayazuza ngokuqonda lezi zakhiwo nezimpikiswano. Igatsha eliphethe akuyona inhlangano eqhelelene kodwa yinhlangano eqinile, elawulayo enezenzo zayo ezithinta indawo ezungezile, engokomnotho, inkululeko yomphakathi, kanye nokuthula komhlaba wonke. Ukuhlala benolwazi kunika abavoti amandla okufuna kokubili ikhono nokuzibamba kulabo abaphethe.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe lingaphezu kwehhovisi elilodwa .isimiso sabantu esiyinkimbinkimbi, esishukumisayo nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuguqula umthetho usebenze. Kusukela kuyipulani engokomthetho yeSiphakamiso II kuya kuhulumeni ogcwele wekhulu lamashumi amabili nakuqala, imithwalo yemfanelo yesikhulu kanye nemibuso iye yakhula ngenxa yezinselele zesizwe. Nokho amasheke okuqala asasele: uKhongolo lulawula isikhwama futhi lungahlola; amajaji abukeza futhi avimbele; futhi ekugcineni abantu banquma ukuthi ubani ophethe iHhovisi leOli. Ukuqonda ukuthi leligatsha lisebenza kanjani akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kodwa kuyimfuneko yokuthembisa impumelelo ezweni elisemthethweni.