Isiqalo: Isizathu Sokuba Kuphoqelelwe Ukuqondisa Izinto

Imithetho yokulawula iyindlela ohulumeni nezinhlangano eziqondisayo abaqinisekisa ngayo ukuthi imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela abathengi, indawo ezungezile, izimakethe zezimali, nempilo yomphakathi iyalandelwa. Ngaphandle kokuqiniswa okungaguquguquki nokunenzuzo, ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle kakhulu ziyize. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule anikeza uchungechunge lwezenzakalo eziphezulu eziye zaveza imiphumela engagcini nje yemiphumela yokuhluleka kokulawula kodwa futhi iveza imiphumela yezakhiwo nemikhuba eyenza ukuba isebenze. Ngokuhlola eduze lamacala, abaqondisi, abaholi bezebhizinisi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho bangasusa izimiso ezinciphisa izingozi, zithuthukise ukuthobela, futhi ziqinise ukwethemba umphakathi. Lesihloko sihlola ukugcinwa okungoko okuphawulekayo, ukulandisa okusobala, ukulandisa kwezenziwa kwemisebenzi, ukuphatha, nokulinganisela kwemisebenzi.

Ukubukeka Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa: Imisebenzi Yokuzenzela Nezinselele

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezimweni ezithile, kuwusizo ukuqonda indawo lapho umthetho usebenza khona. Izimo ezinjenge-Nzalo yokuvikela imvelo (EPA), i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), futhi abameli basemthethweni basebenzisa igunya ngalinye ezindaweni ezithile. Ukuphoqelelwa kungathatha uhlobo lwezijeziso zomphakathi, ukuvinjelwa kwezemthetho, imithetho evumayo, noma ukushwa kwemithetho emisha. Ukuphumelela kwanoma yisiphi isenzo sokuqinisekisa kuxhomeke ekukhanyeni kwemithetho engaphansi kwe-mgalelo, imithombo etholakalayo enqunyiweyo, kanye nokuzimisela kwezinkantolo ukusekela izijeziso. Isihloko esiphindaphindwayo singathatha impumelelo enkulu uma kulandelwa, ukuvuseneka, futhi kusekelwa ngokukhishwa ngokuphindwa okungalele.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: I - Volkswagen Ihlaba Umxhwele

Isizinda Nokutholakala Kwayo

Ngo-September 2015, i-Environmental Protection Agency yase-U.S. yakhipha isaziso sokwephulwa kwe-Volkswagen AG, iveza ukuthi le nkampani yayifake izinhlelo ze-software ezaziwa ngokuthi i- “deat umshini i-” ezimotweni zika diesel ezicishe zibe ngu-500 000 ezithengiswe eUnited States. Le program yakwazi ukuqaphela lapho imoto ihamba ihlola futhi inciphisa igesi ye-oxygen oxide ngokwethule. Phakathi nokushayela okuvamile, izimoto zakhipha ukungcola okungango-40 emazingeni angoko angokomthetho. Inkohliso yayilokhu iqhubeka kusukela ngo-2009, futhi yathatha abacwaningi besebenza nge-International Comption Council ukuze ivulule i-Stive.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso Nokungokomthetho

Icala lalilikhulu. I-volkswagen ekugcineni yavuma ukuhlala engqikithini engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 e-United States, kuhlanganise nokuthenga izinto ezingezinhle, ukupheliswa kwendawo ezungezile, nezijeziso zomphakathi. Izikhulu eziningana zabekwa icala, futhi inkampani yanxusa ukuba ibekwe icala emacala obugebengu ngo-2017. Icala futhi labangela ukukhishwa kwemoto yediesel futhi kwabangela ukuncishiswa kwezindinganiso ze-crycredial nokuhlola imithetho esemthethweni esemhlabeni wonke. I-Regugallerers eYurophu, lapho i-Volkwagen ibekwa khona ikhanda, yabhekana nokugxekwa kwecala ngenxa yokuncishwa kakhulu kwemininingwane yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi nokungahlolwanga.

Izifundo Ezifundiwe

  • Ubufakazi obuzimele abunakungaguquguquki. Ukuthembela kumkhiqizi ozibika ngaphandle kokuzihlola okuqinile kwadala indawo lapho inkohliso ingaqhubeka khona iminyaka eminingi. Abalawuli kumelwe bafake imali yabo ezisekelweni zokuhlola nokuhlola okungagunyaziwe.
  • Ukwehluleka kwakha ukwethembana, futhi ukungakho kwayo kuyayibhubhisa. Volkswagen ’ ukukhohlisa ngamabomu kuqeda ukuthemba kwabathengi hhayi kuphela emshinini kodwa nasezobuchwephesheni buka diesel njengendawo yonke. Izinkampani ezifaka phambili isiko lokuvuleka komthetho wengozi zinciphisa ingozi yokuhluleka ukubuyisela inhlekelele.
  • Isivikelo nomcwaningi. Ukutholakala kwavela kubacwaningi bemfundo, hhayi abacuphi bekhwelo bangaphakathi. Ukuqinisa isivikelo kulabo ababona ukuhluleka kokulalela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwenhlangano, kungasheshisa ukutholwa.
  • Izindawo kumelwe zibe yizinto. Isabelo esiyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 [R1] sathumela uphawu olucacile lokuthi ukukhwabanisa ngesilinganiso esikhulu kunemiphumela edlula noma iyiphi inzuzo. Imali ebotshelelwe engcupheni ehlobene nomonakalo iba izindleko zokwenza ibhizinisi.

Ukuhlola Inkinga 2: Isipikili Sikawoyela Esiwuketshezi Olujulile Lwamanzi Angaphansi Kwe - bP

Isizinda Nezimbangela

Ngo-April 20, 2010, ukuqhuma kwe-Deep Water Horiyon emba i-BP eGulf of Mexico, kwabulala izisebenzi ezingu-11 futhi kwaqala ukuchitheka kukawoyela omkhulu kakhulu wasolwandle emlandweni wase-U.S. ezinsukwini ezingu-87 ezalandela, imiphongolo ka-oyile elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-4,9 yaphuma eMacondo ngaphambi kokuba igcine inqanyulwe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Bureauau of Oce Ener Management, Regintence kanye ne-Ectivementment (BOEMRE) kanye neKhomisha yesizwe eBPiewater Fieding Spill ne-Drilling yaveza ukwehluleka okuphindwe ka-intshingalele: umsebenzi ongalungile, ukudukiswa okungafanelekile kokulawula, nokungalawule kahle, nokungakhokhi ngaphansi kwezindleko.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso Nokungokomthetho

I-BP yabhekana nezijeziso zomphakathi nezezelele ezifinyelela ingqikithi yama-20 000 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zama-20, kuhlanganise nezigidi zamaRandi eziyizigidi ezingu-5 e-Cease Water Act nezigidi ezingu-amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-8 ukuze kukhishwe inzuzo engokwemvelo. Inkampani yacela ukulahlwa kwezephulamthetho ezingu-14, kuhlanganise nokubulawa nokuvinjelwa kwe-Congress. Ukuchitheka kwabangela ukubuthwa okukhulu komthetho. I-Minerals Manal Management Service yavulwe yaba izinhlangano ezintathu ezihlukene ukuze kuqedwe ukungeniswa kwenzuzo phakathi kwenkongozelo, ukugcinwa kokuphepha, ukugcinwa kwezokuvikela, nokuqondisa imvelo. Imithetho emisha yakhishwa ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwemigomo, ukuhlelwa kahle, nokuhlelwa kwesimo esiphuthuma.

Izifundo Ezifundiwe

  • Ukuphatha kwe-Risk kumele kufakwe emikhankasweni, hhayi nje emabhukwini agunyazisiweyo. BP yayinohlelo olungokomthetho lokuphatha izingozi ephepheni, kodwa ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi ukucindezela okubizayo okuphindaphindwayo kokuphepha. Ukulawula izingozi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba imithetho yokuphepha iphoqelelwe kuzo zonke izinga, ngokulandisa okucacile uma inganakiwe.
  • [ Ukuthunjwa okulawulayo kuyisenzakalo sangempela nesiyingozi. INkonzo yeMinerals Management Service yagxekwa ngokusebenzelana okufudumele nemboni kawoyela negesi, kuhlanganise nezenzakalo zezisebenzi ezamukela izipho futhi eziziphatha kabi. Izimo zokuhlola kumelwe zilondoloze ukuzibusa futhi zihlelwe ukuba zifake ukuphepha komphakathi ezimbonini.
  • Amasu okulungiselela afanele ahlolwe, hhayi nje ukuthi abhalwe. Icebo lokusabela litholakele linganele ngokudabukisayo, futhi amasu amaningi asetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa ukuchitheka okumelwe kucaciswe. Abalawuli kufanele bafune izinkampani ukuba ziqondise izinsimbi eziphilayo futhi zibonise ukuthi zinamathuluzi nobuchwepheshe bokusabela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
  • imiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside yendawo ezungezile nengokwezimali ingadlula kude izibalo zokuqala. Ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka kamuva, i-BP iyaqhubeka ibhekene nokumangalelwa nokuhlanzwa. Icala libonisa ukuthi izindleko ezigcwele zokwehluleka okukhulu kokulawula ngokuvamile azinakwaziwa iminyaka eminingi, zenza ukuphoqelelwa kwangaphambi nanonya kube okunzima ngisho nakakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 3: Imithombo Yama - Wells Efashysay Amanani Ayiphutha

Isizinda Nokutholakala Kwayo

Ngo-2016, i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, kanye ne-Office of the Comptroller of the Lage and the City and County of Los Angeles, kwakhokhwa amafacensi amelene noWells Fargo ayizigidi ezingu-R25. Ibhange lalingene emkhankasweni ohleliwe wokuvula izigidi zemali engagunyaziwe nama-akhawunti amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu angenagunyaziwe, ngaphandle kolwazi noma ukuvuma. Abaqashi, ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kokudayisa izimali ezinzima, babesebenzise ukwaziswa kwabathengi ukuze basungule ama-akhawunti omgunyazi, ngokuvamile befaka izigqephuzo nenkongozo zokufaka izimali. Imibiko yangaphakathi yayiye yafaka inselele impikiswano ekuqaleni kuka-200222, kodwa abaphathi abakhulu behluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo esinenzuzo.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso Nokungokomthetho

I-CFB’ ukuphoqelela kwaba yinkathi yokushintsha. Ngaphezu kwenkokhelo, uWells Fargo wabhekana nomyalo odinga ukuba abathengi abalimele futhi acindezele imikhuba yabo yokuthengisa. Kamuva ibhange lavuma ukukhokha amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200) ukuze lilungise iziphakamiso zezezemthetho ze-Dodd-Frank Act. Icala lezelele ekuyekeni kweCEO John Stumpf kanye nokukhokhwa kwamashumi ezigidi zamaRandi ngokukhokhelwa kwezikhulu. Yabuye yashukumisela i-Hulumente ukuba idlulise umthetho emuva ezinye izici ze-Puary ze-Dodd-Frank Act, nakuba umbango wokwenza inguquko waqhubeka ukuhlolwa.

Izifundo Ezifundiwe

  • Impucuko yezentengiselwano ayiyona ingozi elula; iyingozi elawulayo. Isiko lokuthengisa ngonya eWells Fargo lalingeyona ingozi. Laklanywa, lakhuliswa, futhi laqiniswa ezikhungweni zokukhokha ezavuza umsebenzi owenziwe ngobukhulu ngaphandle kokuhlola okwanele ngezinga eliphezulu noma ngezimiso. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe bahlole izici ezingokwesiko njengengxenye yenqubo yabo yokuhlola.
  • Izivikelo zeWattleer kumelwe zibe ezingokoqobo nezifinyelelekayo. Abaqashwa ababika izingxenyana zokuphamba babhekana nokuphindisela, kuhlanganise nokuqeda. Isiko lapho izisebenzi ezisaba ukukhuluma liyilelo lapho ukuziphatha okubi kungakhula khona. Izivikelo zokufutha impepho, kuhlanganise nokubika okungaziwa kwezindlela kanye nokuphoqelela ukulwa kokulwa nokuthathela imvume, kugxeka.
  • Izakhiwo zokuthengisela kufanele zivumelane nokuziphatha. I- “ isiphambano-saphu esilawula ukuziphatha okubi kwafakwa ezisusweni zokudayisa nasebhonasini. Abalawuli kufanele bahlole amapulani akhokhelwayo, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezidayisayo lapho ingozi iphakeme khona.
  • Izindaba zokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa. Indaba kaWells Fango yayihilela iziphathi-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni nombuso ezisebenza ekhonsathini. Lokho kuxhumanisa kwaveza umphumela wokusebenza kwamandla okubanzi kunanoma iyiphi inhlangano eyodwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 4: I - eron Charal

Isizinda Nokuwa

I-Entron Corporation, eyake yaba umkhohlisi omkhulu weWall Street ne-Fortune 500, yafaka imvume yokuwinwa kwemali ngo-December 2001 ngemva kokuthola ukuthi inkampani yayihileleke ekukhwabaniseni okukhulu kwemali. U-Entron wasebenzisa izinjongo ezikhethekile ezilinganayo ukuze afihle isikweleti futhi athengise inzuzo. Ukukhwabanisa kwagunyazwa yimboni yokukhokha i-Arthur Andersen, eyavumela ukukhomba okukhohlisayo futhi kamuva yachitha izincwadi ezihlobene nomsebenzi wayo wokubhalisa izimali. Lapho kuvela iqiniso, i-Entron &quo; intengo yemali yemali yancipha ku-R190 ngenani elingaphansi kuka-R1, kanti izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zalahlekelwa imali yazo zomsebenzi.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso Nokungokomthetho

Ihlazo le-Entron, kanye nehlazo leNkathi Yomhlaba elalandela, laholela ngokuqondile ekudluleni kweSarbanes-Oxley Act ka-2002. Lo mthetho ophawula izenzakalo wasungula i-Public Company Accouncing Oversight Board (PCAOB), wamisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokubusa kwenkampani, wagunyaza ukuthi uCEOs noCFOs bagunyaza izimemezelo zezimali, futhi isijeziso sezelele esikhungelelwe ngenxa yokukhwaba. U-Arthursen wabekwa icala lokuvimbela inkampani ngokulunga, nakuba kamuva yagumbuqelwa yiNka enguNkakhulu. Izikhulu eziningi ze-Endos zabekwa icala futhi zagwetshwa ejele, kuhlanganise ne-CEffrey Sybing Syling kanye no-o Caceman.

Izifundo Ezifundiwe

  • Ukukhululeka komphakathi kubalulekile futhi kumelwe kuphoqelelwe. U-Arthur Andersen waxabana kakhulu, wathola izindleko zokuhlola ezisuka e-Eron kodwa futhi usebenza njengomgcini wayo. I-Sarbanes-Oxley Act isho lokhu ngokunqabela izimboni ezithile ezingafundi ukunikeza abathengi izinkonzo ezithile abangafundanga. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe baqhubeke behlola izingxabano zenzalo ezingahlenga.
  • Izakhiwo ezilingana nesisekelo zidinga imithetho eqinile. I-Entron yasebenzisa izimoto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimali ezingokobuchwepheshe kodwa eziklanyelwe ukudukisa abanikazi bezimali. Ihlazo lagcizelela isidingo semithetho ecacile, esekelwe ezimisweni edinga izakhi ekubikeni imali.
  • Amahlelo okulawula azimele kumelwe ahlanganise ukuqondisa kwangempela. Enron ’ ibhodi labaqondisi lagunyaza ukuthengiselana okungalinganiyo futhi lalahla inkampani i-’ izikhomba ezizimele ezingokokuziphatha ngezikhathi eziningi. Ngempela amabhodi azimele anekhono negunya lokubekela inselele isivikelo.
  • [ Isivikelo sobukhomanisi sidinga kokubili imithetho nemfundo. Izisebenzi eziningi ze-Enton zazinemali yazo yomhlalaphansi enkampanini zingaqondi ingozi. Nakuba izikhungo zokuvikela ukubuyiselwa zibalulekile, izikhokhiso ezikhokhelwayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano nezingozi zihlala ziyingxenye ebalulekile yobuqotho bamakethe.

Ukuhlola Isimo 5: Isivumelwano Esiyinhloko Sikagwayi

Isizinda Nokuvulwa Kwemisho

Ngo-1998, abameli abaphethe uhulumeni basayina i-Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) nezinkampani zikagwayi ezine ezinkulu kakhulu e-United States. I-MSA yaxazulula ukumangalelwa kwemithetho elethwa yimibuso ukuze iphinde ithole izindleko zezempilo ezihlobene nokubhema. Izinkampani zavuma ukukhokha cishe ama - R2,000 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200 eminyakeni yokuqala engu-25, ukuze zivimbele ukukhangisa nokuthengisa, ikakhulukazi leyo misebenzi yokuhlasela intsha, nokususa izinhlangano zezemboni ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ubudlelwane nokwamukela imizamo yomphakathi. I-MSA yadinga ukudilinywa koMkhandlu we-Compalst forficious of the Tobacco and the Trivertioctive Institute.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso Nokungokomthetho

IMSA yayingeyona isenzo esingokwesiko sokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho esilethwe yinhlangano kahulumeni; kwakuwumzamo ohlangene owenziwa yizigqeqeba zikahulumeni zisebenzisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwenkathazo yomphakathi, isivikelo sabathengi, nomthetho wokuvimbela ukuthembeka. Isivumelwano saba nemiphumela enzima. Saguqula ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo kagwayi, ukususwa kwamabhodi okukhangisa nomfanekiso owenziwe njenge Joe Camel. Yamisa futhi uhlelo lwemali ekhokhwayo eqhubekayo ukuze kuqhubeke kugcinwa imithetho elawula ugwayi. Kamuva, i-Family Shom Devition and Tobacco Control ka-2009 yanika i-RPFUP igunya lokulawula imikhiqizo kagwayi, ukwakha esisekelweni se-MSA.

Izifundo Ezifundiwe

  • Ukubekelwa kwamandla emithetho eminingi kungafinyelela lokho inhlangano eyodwa engakwazi ukukufeza. IMS yabonisa ukuthi abameli bezwe jikelele abasebenza ndawonye bangathatha imboni eyake yamelana nemithetho kahulumeni. Lesisibonelo siye saboniswa emacaleni ahilela ama-opioid, imininingwane, kanye nokungaphathi.
  • Izithiyo zingaba yithuluzi loshintsho lokwakha, hhayi ukululama ngokwezimali kuphela. IMiSA’ imingcele yokuthengiswa nokuwohloka kwamaqembu aphambili embonini aveza izinguquko ezihlala njalo ekuziphatheni kwezemboni okudlula isijeziso semali. Abaqondisi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi amagama okuzinza angahlanganisa yini amakhambi ezimiso zokuziphatha athinta izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuziphatha okubi.
  • Impilo ye-Public ingenza ukuqinisana. I-MS yandulelwa iminyaka yokuqashwa, ukucwaninga, nokubekwa phambili kwamaqembu empilo yomphakathi. Indaba ibonisa ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yemithetho kuphumelela kakhulu uma kusekelwa yiqembu elikhulu labagcini-zigxobo abangakha ukucindezela komphakathi futhi banikeze ubufakazi.
  • Izinqubo zokwengamela ezithatha isikhathi eside ziyadingeka. IMS ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuhlola nokukhipha izivumelwano okuqhubekayo. Izivumelwano zokuphoqelela ezingahlanganisi izinqubo zengozi yokuqondisa isikhathi eside ziba eziphelelwe yisikhathi noma ezingasebenzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemisebe: Izindikimba Ezivamile Ngalé Kwezimo Eziphoqelelwe

Nakuba inqubo ngayinye ihilela imboni ehlukene namaqiniso, kuvela izihloko eziningana eziphindaphindwayo. Okokuqala, impucuko yokulalela kumelwe igcinwe phezulu; uma ukuhola okukhulu kubonisa ukuthi izinto ngokwezimali zingaphezu kokuziphatha okuhle, ukuziphatha okubi kuyavunywa. Okwesibili, ukuqondisa okuzimele kubalulekile, kungaba ngokuhlola, abalawuli, noma ngokuhlola kwesithathu. Isijeziso kumelwe sibe sikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba singanqandi inkampani ephambukayo kuphela kodwa futhi sibheke nabanye abantu abacabangela ukuziphatha okufanayo. Okwesine, ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano eziqondisayo kuyaphumelela. Okwesihlanu, isivinini sokusebenza komthetho sibalulekile; ukulibala nokusabela kokungalawuleki, ukukhomba nokwenza ukuziphatha okubi kunciphe kakhulu.

Ukutuswa Okuwusizo Kwabaqondisi Nabagqugquzeli

Kusekelwe ezifundweni ezitholakala kule miphumela, izenzo eziningana eziqinile zingathuthukisa imiphumela yokugcinwa kwalamaqembu. Abaqondisi kufanele bafake imali ekwazini ukubhalisa i-data nekhono lokuhlola elizimele ukuze baqaphele ukuthi izinhlelo zingabonisa ukukhohlisa noma ukuqamba. Izisebenzi zenkampani kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi ukubika imishini akunalwazi ngempela nokuthi abachazi bempempepho bavikelwa ekuphindiseleni. Amabhodi abaqondisi kufanele athole ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke ngezingozi zokuzilawula futhi afune ubufakazi bokuthi izinhlelo zokuthobela izinhlelo azikho ephepheni nje kuphela kodwa ziyasebenza.

Enye indawo edinga ukunakwa ngokukhethekile yindima yobuchwepheshe ekwakheni nasekuqapheleni ukuziphatha okubi. I-volkswagen icebo lobuchwepheshe lokudambisa inkinga yokulalela, kodwa yayisetshenziselwa ukukhohlisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudayisa i-alytics kanye nokufunda ngomshini kusetshenziswa kakhulu abalawuli ukuchaza izindlela ezisolekayo zokuhwebelana ngokwezimali, ukudayisa imfucumfucu, nokukhononda kwabathengi. Ikusasa lokulawula ukulawulwa kwezikhali liyohlanganisa umkhakhakha phakathi kobuchwepheshe obuphambili nobuchwepheshe be-evation. Ama-Reagellator kumelwe ahlale phambili kuloluhlangothi ngokufaka imali ekhonweni awo ngokwazo ezobuchwepheshe nangokubambisana nabacwaningi nochwepheshe bezemboni.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isimiso Sokubuyisela Amandla

Ukuhlolwa kwendaba okuhlolwe kulesi sihloko kwembula ukuthi ukuphoqelela ukulawulwa kwengozi akuyona nje indlela yokujezisa abadlali ababi; kusekudaleni ukuvuma okungalawuleki. Icala leVolkswagen labonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuzimela, ukuzihlukanisa kungahluleka. Inhlekelele ye-Deeater Hopearl ibonisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kwengozi kumelwe kusebenze, hhayi ukuqanjiswa. Wells Fargo ifanekisa ukuthi impucuko nokunxenxenxa ukuziphatha. I-enron igcizelela isidingo sokuzimela nokubika okuqotho kwezentengiselwano. I-Database I-MS yabonisa ukuthi ukuhleleka okuhlangene kungaveza ushintsho kwezekhiwe. Indaba ngayinye inikeza ingxenye yendida ye-disking. Ihlolwa ndawonye, ikha i-pulani ye-scisol, i-octiveivesss (ithromarks) evikela isithakazelo somphakathi nezimiso ezinamandla.