I-PCs, umehluko phakathi kwe- “cs" iboshelwe enhlanganweni, inyunyana, noma inhlangano yezisebenzi (i-pacs) iyisisekelo sezezimali zomkhankaso e-United States, yenza amaqembu ahlelelwe ukuhlanganisa imithombo kanye nomsekeli wenhlangano noma izimbangela. I-PACs, inikeza i-paCs umehluko okhethekile ukuze iphakamise imali evela kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo futhi isebenzise imali engeni elihlukene, isekela, noma iphikiswane. Ukuzibusa kwabo kuvumela ukuba bagxile ngokushesha, ezimisweni ezithile, futhi bagweme umzali ongaxhaswe yinhlangano. Nakuba abaningi abangahambisani i-PaC bazama ukuzuza inzuzo ephawulekayo, lokhu kuhlola ithonya elivelele lendaba emine. Le ngxenye ehlolweni ephumelelayo, isekela, noma i-paC, isekela, noma ukumelana kwabo ezindleleni zezombangazwe, futhi inikeza umphumela owembukwayo.

Ukuhlola Indaba 1: INhlangano Yokulondolozwa Kwemvelo (LCV) PAC

The League of Conservation Voters (LCV) has long been one of the most effective environmental advocacy organizations in the United States. Its associated PAC, LCV PAC, is a non-connected committee that represents the interests of conservation-minded donors without being tied to any specific party or corporate interest. Since its founding in 1970, LCV has evolved from a small endorsing body into a powerhouse that influences federal and state elections through strategic spending and grassroots mobilization.

Amaqhinga Namaqhinga

Isu eliyinhloko le-LCV PAC “lenza indawo ezungezile ibe yindaba yokuvota.” I-PAC itshala kakhulu ukukhangisa [ kanye ne- okubhekiswe kuyo imikhankaso yeposi [[[ eqokomisa amarekhodi endawo ezindawo ezizungezile zabafuna ukuvota, okulungile nokungalungile. Kunokuba isekele nje iDemocratats, LCPAC ngokuvamile itusa amaRepubliclations abonisa izakhiwo zemvelo eziqinile, ngaleyondlela igcine isiqinisekiso emigqeni yeqembu. [[FLT:] futhi i-votetions uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi [[FLD] olubonisa ukuxhumana nokuxhumana, izihloko zocingo, i-'ibocking - transbon, i-jock, i-jognote, i-joach.

Enye insika yempumelelo yeLCV PAC uhlelo lwayo lophawu olungamashumi asibhozo, oluyinani lamalungu e-Congress kumavoti awo emithetho yendawo ezungezile. Lamaqembu acashunwa kabanzi ngemithombo yezindaba futhi asetshenziswa ekukhangiseni kwe-PAC ukufundisa abavoti. Ngokunyathelisa lezilinganiso, LCV PACC idala ukulandisa kanye nezingcindezelo zokuhlela imithetho ukubeka indawo ezungezile endaweni ezungezile.

Imizamo Nemiphumela Ephawulekayo

Phakathi nokhetho lwamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu, i-LCV PAC yachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R220 futhi yasiza ekuthutheleni izihlalo zezindlu eziningi emaphethelweni ezindawo ezihlala abantu lapho izinkinga zendawo ezungezile zathintana kakhulu nabavoti abalinganiselayo. “Izikhangiso ze-PAC's“ Ukuhlanza iMayebo eMelika Enempilo” zahloselwe ukuhlanganisa amarekhodi ezindawo ezizungezile ezingekho ngokomthetho, ukuvala ngokuphumelela amavoti azo ezokungcoliswa kwempilo yomphakathi. Ngo-202020, i-LCV PPACC yandisa ukugxila kwayo ukuze ihlanganise ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, iqala izikhangiso ezihlophakanisa izenzakalo zezulu ezihlobene nokungabi naleso sinyathelo somthetho. I-PACC yafaka ithonya ekudlulisweni kwezindawo ezinkulu zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nomthetho womthetho womthetho eminyakeni elandelayo, ibonisa indlela ikomiti engaxhunyiweyo engenziwa ngayo ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuvolwayo.

Inkululeko ye-LCV PAC ivumela ukuba isebenzise imali ezikhangisweni ezingasekeli ngokuqondile ukukhethwa noma ukunqotshwa kombhalisa, iwunika umthetho owengeziwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC). Lokhu kushintshashintsha kuye kwaba isihluthulelo sobude bayo nokusebenza. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ezinyatheloni zabo zamanje, bheka ingosi engokomthetho ye-LC .]

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: I - National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF)

I-NRA-PVF mhlawumbe iyi-PAC edumile kakhulu engaxhunyiwe kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, isebenzisa ithonya elinamandla enkambisweni yezibhamu amashumi eminyaka. Naphezu kwesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi nezinselele zomthetho zamuva nje, i-PAC ilokhu iyisibonelo se-issue-addective. Ukusebenza ngokuhlukile kwengalo ka NRA yokungenela, i-Institute for Legislative Action, i-NRA-PVF iphakamisa imali kumalungu ngamanye futhi iyisebenzisa ukusekela i-prone·second Constmentation yabangenistry abangenisi be-profood pro·seconed Remediation.

Amakhorali

NRA-PVF impumelelo ixhomeke esimisweni sokukhipha iposi esifana ne-LCV's khadiaddicard, inikeza amamaki abhalweyo (A+ kuya ku-F) abazofunda ngokusekelwe emarekhodini abo okuvota nasemagameni omphakathi aphathelene namalungelo ezibhamu. Lezi zigaba zikhishwa e-PAC's eziphumelela kakhulu iposi engaqondile kanye [[FLT:]] namapheshana eposi [[FLT] asekelwe emagameni ezindawo zokhetho ezithiwe NRA, eziqeqeshelwe ukuvota ezingeni zazo. I-PCPRA futhi i-roctive enkulu engaziguqula izigwegwegwegwe, ezika kakhulu ezika kakhulu ezika zika NRA ezikathi ze-NRA.

Elinye iqhinga liwukusetshenziswa kwezindleko ezizimele ekukhangiseni izikhangiso ezikhuthaza abafuna ukufakwa kwezibhamu noma ezihlasela labo ababhekwa njengezisongelo. Phakathi nokhetho oluphezulu, i-NRA-PVF isebenzisa kakhulu izikhangiso zethelevishini ezifundazweni ezishintshanayo, ngokuvamile ifaka impikiswano emalungani namalungelo omthetho-mthethweni kanye nokuphepha komuntu siqu.

Imizamo Nemiphumela Ephawulekayo

Kukhetho lukamongameli luka 2016, i-NRA-PVF yachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R22 esekela uDonald Trump noHillary Clinton ophikisayo, imali eyayenza yaba ngenye yezimali ezinkulu kakhulu ngaphandle. Izikhangiso ze-PAC zahlosa amadolobha namavoti asemadolobheni ngemiyalezo ephathelene nokumiswa kokwahlulela neSichibiyelo sesibili. Ngokufanayo, phakathi nonyaka ka-2014, i-NRA-PVF yasiza ekukhipheni izigigaba eziningana zezisebenzi ezazivotele ukulawula izibhamu ngemva kokubulala kweSandy Hoke, ibonakalisa ikhono layo lokujezisa abakhi bomthetho.

Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje ithonya le-PAC liye lancipha ngenxa yamahlazo angaphakathi noshintsho lwemibono yomphakathi ngokuphepha kwezibhamu. Ngo-2022, i-NRA-PVF yasetshenziswa ngokuphawulekayo ngaphansi kwemijikelezo engaphambili, kodwa isadlala indima emjahweni wezihlupho ezinkulu eOhio naseFlorida. Ucwaningo luqokomisa kokubili amandla nokuchayeka kwe-PAC okungaxhunyiwe okusekelwe kakhulu empikiswaneni eyodwa nesisekelo esithekelelwe kakhulu. Ukunyukela kakhulu ekwakheni kweNRA-PVF’s, kuthintane ne-Expression, kuhlola iKhomisha yokhetho ye-E [[FLT]]

Ukutadisha Indaba 3: Isikhungo Senkululeko Nganye (CFIF)

Ikakhulukazi, iCFIF iwuphawu lwayo ngenhlanganisela ye ye-PAC engaxhunyiwe egxila ezimisweni ezikhululekile, kuhulumeni olinganiselwe, nomthetho-sisekelo. Yasungulwa ngo-1998, i-CFIFF isebenza ngokungeyodwa kunoma iliphi iqembu lezombangazwe futhi iye yenza uphawu lwayo ngenhlanganisela ye- i-dicacial advocacy [[ kanye no-'umkhankaso owenziwe ngobubanzi wezokukhangisa [. Ngokungafani nomthetho we-PACC osekela ngokuqondile, i-CFIFCCCCromes ezithinta isimiso sokulungisa inqubo ebanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo ezihlanganisa nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Isu Nokuphumelela

I-CFIF iphethe uhlelo lwethelevishini oluqanjwe ngokwesizwe olubizwa ngokuthi “i-Freedom Watch,” olukhipha izintambo futhi lufinyelele ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu ze-teksi. Uhlelo lusetshenziselwa ukuthonya umbono womphakathi nokukhuthaza izibukeli ukuba zinikele emisebenzini yomkhankaso we-PAC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CFIF ikhiqiza okubhaliwe okuningi okubhaliwe ("i-ep-ed, amaphephandaba, nezinsi zama-hmbhusayithi) − eziboshelwa izikhungo zezindaba, ezikhuthamisa izikhundla zayo zemithetho ngaphandle kokukhangisa okungokwezombangazwe.

Uma i-CFIF ihlanganyela ekukhetheni, isebenzisa kakhulu izikhangiso zokukhangisa ngezemfundo ezigwema ukugunyaza okusobala kodwa zigxeke noma zituse umlando womuntu ozohlolwayo ngesihloko esithile esifana ne-offaice noma intela. Lendlela ivumela i-PAC ukugwema izimfuneko ezithile zokwembula futhi inike inkululeko eyengeziwe yokubheka phambili phakathi kwezinhlanga.

Imizamo Nemiphumela Ephawulekayo

Omunye wemikhankaso ephawuleka kakhulu yeCFIF kwakuwumzamo wayo wokusekela ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji abambelele ekulawuleni iTrump. I-PAC yachitha izigidi zezikhangiso zethelevishini ezifundazweni ezinjengoMaine no-Alaska, icindezela abameli ukuba bavote. Ukuzimela kwayo kwayenza yakwazi ukuhlangana namanye amaqembu abambelele kakhulu ngokunakekela isigijimi sayo siqu esihlukile. Kuwo wonke umjikelezo ka-2020, i-CFIF yahlasela i-Democratic inctantments eHouse ngezikhangiso ezibopha intela ephakeme nentela engaphezulu, isiza ekulondolozeni izihlalo zezihlalo zeRepublicans.

Ithonya le-CFIF licashile kodwa liqinile. Ngokushintsha ushintsho lwemibono lwesikhathi eside ngenxa yempumalanga yokukhetha, i-PAC iye yanezela ekushintsheni okulungile engosini yejaji nakuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngobukhulu bukahulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kokusungula izinhlelo zezokuxhumana kuyenza ihluke kuma-PAC amaningi angokwesiko angaxhunyiwe. Funda okwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yamanje ye-CFIF kuwebsite yayo .

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 4: Imali Yokukhulisa Abazali Ehlelwe Uhlelo

Uma iqhubeka, iPlanned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) ivelele njenge-PAC enkulu engaxhunyiwe enikezelwe emalungelweni okuzala nakukwazi ukungenela impilo emisha. Njengoba ingalo ye-Planned Parenthood Federation of America, i-Action Fund isebenza njenge-PAC ehlukene engaphakamisa futhi isebenzise imali engenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye. Yikomiti ye-i-iquasseen ekhule ngamandla nasebunjukwini, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemithetho ekhushuliwe yokukhishwa kwezisu.

Amasu Namacebo

PPAF ihlanganisa izimpande ezihlanganisayo ne [[FLT:] imikhankaso ehlangeneyo . I-PAC igcina uhlu olukhulu lwe-imeyili lwabasekeli abacelwa njalo ukuba banikele futhi bathintane nabameleli babo. Phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha, i-PPAF iqhuba “imikhankaso yeminyaka eyinkulungwane ehloselwe ukuBuntu bethu” ebhekene noGen Zvota, igcizelela izindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nemiphumela yemithola mpilo. I-PAC isebenzisa namapulatifomu ezenhlalo anjenge-Instagram ne-TikTo ukuze ifinyelele iziqu zabantwana, umgomo ovamile owenziwe i-PCC.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko i- i-evolution kanye nerekhodi lokuvota . I-PPAF itusa abathembise ukusekela amalungelo okukhipha isisu futhi baphikise imingcele. I-PAC khona-ke iveza iziyalezo zokuvota futhi iphumele izikhangiso ezizimele zezindleko ezisezindaweni ezinkulu nasezizweni. Ekuncintisaneni, ukusekela kwe-PPAF kungaba okunganqamuki, njengoba kunikeza kokubili ukuxhasa nokuxhasa nokuvimbela izivumelwano zezisebenzi zokuzithandela.

Imizamo Nemiphumela Ephawulekayo

Phakathi nonyaka ka-2018, i-PPAF yasiza ekukhetheni inani eliqopha umlando labasekeli bokukhipha izisu, iguqula iNdlu yabameleli be-Oults ipenie. I-PAC yachitha isikhathi esiningi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho imfundo nezokunakekelwa kwempilo kwakuyizindaba eziphambili khona. Ngo-202020, i-PPAF yagxila kakhulu ezigebengwini ezisezingeni eziphezulu, ikakhulukazi emincintiswaneni ye-gubernar eyanquma ukuda kwemithetho yokukhishwa kwezisu ezizweni njengeVirginia naseWisconsin. Ngemva kwesinqumo sama Dobbs ngo-20222, i-PAC yaphinda kabili imizamo yayo, i-injini yokuthatha izinyathelo kanye nezinhlanga zemithetho ye-mthetho yesizwe ezindaweni lapho ukukhishwa kwezisulo kwakusongelwa ngokushesha.

I-PPAF engekho ekuxhumeni ivumela ukuba iqongelele imali esekelwe ezindaweni ezibanzi zabanikeli abancane abanikela nge-dilor kanye nokusebenzisa kokubili ukukhangisa komjoli noku "i" ukukhangisa ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa ngemithetho ye-PAC yenkampani ehlangene. Lokhu kuvumelana kuye kwenza ukuba kube ngenye yamandla anamandla kakhulu kwezombangazwe zokuzala. Imibiko eningiliziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, i-Opensets database ye-[ iwusizo oluhle kakhulu.

Isihluthulelo Sokuphuma Ezincwadini Zesonto Ezingaxhunyiwe Eziphumelelayo

Lezi zifundo ezine zinikeza izifundo eziningana ezibucayi kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda − impumelelo yamaPaC angaxhunyiwe.

Ukugxila Entweni Ebalulekile Kwakha Isisekelo Esiqotho

I-PAC ngayinye ephumelelayo kulokhu kuhlola igxile emfunweni owodwa noma efana ne-laser. I-LCV PAC inikeza indawo ezungezile; i-NRA-PVFes inelungelo lesibhamu; i-CFIF ingenamakethe ekhululekile; i-Planned Parenthood Fund inamalungelo okuzala. Lokhu kugxilisa ingqondo kuvumela i-PAC ukuba ithuthukise ulwazi olujulile, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo okungaguquguquki, nesisekelo esinentshiseko esizimisele ukunikeza ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukuthatha i-NRA-PVFF kunciphisa imithombo yezentengiselwano futhi kwenze ukuqashelwa kophawu oluqinile.

Isu Lokuzinqumela

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe achuma ngokusebenzisa izindleko ezizimele − ama-pad asekela noma aphikisa umbhalisa ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa nomkhankaso walowo mbhalisa. Lendlela yandisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho igwema imingcele engokomthetho esebenza ekuqondiseni iminikelo. Ama-PAC ayazi kahle ukuthi izikhangiso ezizimele zingaba nzima kakhulu futhi zikhumbuleke kakhulu kunamachashaza akhiqizwe umbhanqwazi. Abuye akwazi ubuciko “bokukhipha umoya ama-ave” ngaphambi kokuba umkhangisi angenele ekuxazululeni.

Ukuxhashazwa Kwamaqembu Ezimoto

Oma-PAC amane manje asebenzisa amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi obuchwepheshe: i-LCV isebenzisa izikhangiso ze-Facebook ezifakelwe ezincumisayo; i-NRA-PVF incike kuhlu lwe-imeyili; i-CFIF iveza eyayo i-menu ye-imeyili; i-Planned Pareotious Action Fund ingcono kakhulu kwi-vidiyo yezenhlalo. Izinsuku zabathumeleli-zincwadi bodwa seziphelile. I-PAC engaxhunyiweyo efaka ekwazisweni ye-data kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-midwebo ziyo i-methoba enamathela ezindleleni ezindala.

Ukudla Okusesilinganisweni Nezinhlayiya

I-PACC enjenge-LCV ne NRA-PVF ibonise ukuthi ibanga elilula, elikhumbulekayo (A ku F) lingawenza lula amarekhodi okuvota ayinkimbinkimbi omvoti ovamile. Uma izinga lika-PAC lisakazwa kabanzi, lakha ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kokuziphatha komvoti nosekela kwesikhathi esizayo. Ama-Endoresment, uma kuchazwe ngokucacile, angaguqula abaxhasi bomvoti babe yizisebenzi zokuzithandela ze-PAC.

Ukuzibusa Kunikeza Ithuba Lokuvuleka

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awakwazi ukuphendulwa ebhodini lenkampani noma isigaba seqembu, angasekela noma aphikise abazobhapathizwa ngokusekelwe ngokuqinile ezikhundleni zabo zenkambiso. Lokhu kukhululeka kungandisa ukuthembeka kwabo abavoti abadukiswe yizombangazwe ezihlukene. Futhi kuvumela i-PAC ukuba inqamule imigqa yezinhlangano lapho kudingekile, njengoba i-LCV yenze namaRepublic akwayo.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa lamaPacco angaxhunyiwe

Ukuhlolwa kwe-LCV, NRA-PVF, CFIF, ne-Planned Parenthood Action Fund kubonisa ukuthi ama-PAC awawona amaqhaza asebenzayo futhi emvelweni yezezimali. Angaphumelela kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho efaka impikiswano ecacile, afaka umshini wezokuxhumana, futhi alondoloze ukuzimela okuqinile ekulawuleni umkhakhakha. Njengoba imithetho yezezimali engekhona ukuxhumana iqhubeka iguqula i-"kakhulu ngokuphakama kwe-PACs elandela [[FLT:]] i-United[FLT:] [12:] [umg.] Intambo phakathi kwe-PAC kanye namanye amakomiti azimeleyo emali ihlala ingenayo. Inzuzo ephakathi: okuncintisana ikhona

Kubafundisi nabafundi abafunda ithonya lezombangazwe, lezi zibonelo zinikeza imephu yomgwaqo. Impumelelo idinga okungaphezu kwemali; idinga ukuqeqeshwa okunemisebenzi, ukuqonda okujulile kwe-volotete, kanye nokuzimisela ukusungula. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sama-PAC cishe siyohlanganisa ukuhlasela kwe-LCV okungaxhunyiwe kanye ne-Svavy ye-CFIF kanye namandla otshani ePlanned Parenthood Action Fund, okwakha ngisho namandla amakhulu kakhulu edemocracy yethu.