Table of Contents

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nesimiso somphakathi buyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izimiso zinikeza uhlelo oluvamile oluqondisa ukuhlelwa, ukumiswa, nokuhlolwa kwezimiso, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zifeza okuhle okufanayo kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile sokuziphatha, inqubo yomphakathi iba yithuluzi lokulawula izithakazelo noma inzuzo yesikhashana, isusa ukwethenjwa komphakathi kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo. Lesihloko esandisiwe sigxila ekusebenziseni izinkolelo zefilosofi, izinselele ezisebenzayo, kanye nezindlela zangempela zezimiso zokuziphatha ekumisweni kwezimiso, idweba izibonelo ezingokomlando nezingokwesikhathi esikhona ukuze ibonise ukubaluleka kokucabanga okungoko ngokokuziphatha okungoko kwemibuso.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sezimiso Zokuziphatha Ekubuseni

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha emphakathini akuyona into eqanjwe namuhla. Izazi zefilosofi zasendulo njengo-Aristotle noConfucius zagcizelela indima yobuhle ekuphileni kwezombangazwe, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa nje kudinga ababusi ukuba bahlakulele ukuziphatha okuhle. Emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, ongqondongqondo bokuKhanyiselwayo j. John Locke, Immanuel Kant, noJean-Jacques Rousseau . Izinkolelo ezisunguliwe zelungelo lemvelo nezivumelwano zomphakathi eziqhubeka zithonya izimpikiswano zemithetho yezombangazwe namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko kaKant eyisisekelo, efuna ukuba izenzo zihlonishwe emhlabeni wonke futhi zihloniswe isithunzi somuntu, zivame ukufunwa ezingxoxweni zemithetho engoko yokulwela amalungelo abantu.

Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, ukunyuka kwezifunda zezenhlalakahle namalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kufaka ukucabangela okungokwezimiso ezingokomthetho emphakathini. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) kanye nezivumelwano ezalandela zamisa isisekelo sembulunga yonke sokwenza izimiso zezimiso, ukugcizelela isithunzi, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. Namuhla, ukuhlaziya izimiso zokuziphatha kuyingxenye eyisisekelo yentuthuko yezimiso, nohulumeni abaningi bemukela iziqondiso ezingokomthetho zokuqondisa izimiso nokubukeza.

Imisebenzi Yomphakathi Eyinkimbinkimbi

Abenzi bemithetho basebenzisa imibono eminingi eyinhloko yezimiso zokuziphatha ukuze bahlole ukuthi izinqumo zabo zithinta kanjani.

Izimiso Zokuhlazisa

I-Deontology, ehlotshaniswa noKant, igxila emisebenzini, amalungelo, nemithetho. Enkambisweni yomphakathi, lendlela ibeka kuqala ukunamathela ezimisweni ezinjengobulungisa, ukwethembeka, nokuhlonipha ukuzibusa, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, umbono wobukhompuyuthe ungamelana nokuhlushwa ngisho noma kungavimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, ngoba isenzo ngokwaso sinephutha. Izenzo eziqinisekisa inqubo efanele noma ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi zivame ukuthethelelwa ngokucabanga kokungalawuleki kwezenziwa.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Nokulwela Uhulumeni

Ubunanikazi, obukhuthazwa nguJeremy Benham noJohn Stuart Mill, buhlola izinqubo ezisekelwe ekhonweni labo lokwandisa injabulo yonke noma inhlalakahle. Loluhlelo luvamile ekuhlaziyweni kwezindleko zezindleko, ukungenela komphakathi, nomthetho wezemvelo. Umenzi wemithetho yezesayensi yokusebenza komhlaba angasekela intela yekharbon uma inciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi nokuzuzisa izizukulwane ezizayo, ngisho noma iphoqa izindleko zesikhathi esifushane kwezinye izimboni. Nokho, abagxeki baqaphela ukuthi ukuncintisana kwezemali emalini ekhokhwa ngezindleko ezinganele, noma izaba izaba intengo elimazayo ezohwebo.

Izimiso Zobuhle

Ukuziphatha okuhle, okusekelwe ku-Aristotle, kugcizelela ubuntu nezisusa zabakhi bezimiso. Kunokuba kugxile kuphela emithethweni noma emiphumeleni, kubuza ukuthi umholi olungile ungenzani (ngomuntu obonisa isibindi, ukuzithiba, ubulungisa, nokukhalipha). Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni umphakathi, lapho ukwahlulela kuvame khona. Ukulunga kukhuthaza ukuba sobala, uzwela, nokucabanga isikhathi eside ekubuseni.

Izimiso Zokunakekela Nobulungisa

Izimiso zokunakekela, ezasungulwa izazi zefilosofi zamalungelo abesifazane njengoCarol Gilligan, ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kobuhlobo, uzwela, nomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu abasengozini. Ngokwenqubo, lombono usekela amanetha okuphepha komphakathi, umkhaya ushiya izimiso, nokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa. Zihlangene nemibono yobulungisa(ukusakaza, ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza) izimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zisingatha kokubili ubulungisa nobubele.

Izimiso Ezingokwemithetho Yomphakathi

Izimiso eziningana zamukelwa kabanzi njengezibalulekile ekumisweni kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Lezizimiso aziphelele kodwa zisebenza njengeziwubufakazi bokuhlaziya izindlela zokuhlela.

  • Justice:[ I-Picies kufanele yabe izinzuzo nemithwalo ngokulinganayo, igweme ukucwasa futhi iqinisekise ukufinyelela imithombo yemali ngokulinganayo.
  • [ I-Benecicence:[ Abenzi bemithetho kufanele bathathe isinyathelo ngokwenhlalakahle yomphakathi, bathuthukise impilo, imfundo, nethuba lezomnotho.
  • [[NT:0] Ukungangeni: Gwema ukulimaza, kungaba ngesenzo esiqondile noma ukungakhathalelwa, ikakhulukazi kwabasengozini kakhulu.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izenziso: Zihloniphe amalungelo abantu okuzikhethela ngolwazi ngokuphila kwabo, phakathi kwemingcele yokuphepha komphakathi.
  • Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo kufanele ivuleleke ukucubungula, ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine izikhulu zinecala.
  • [ Ukwethamela:[ Abenzi bomthetho kufanele benze ngokwethembeka nangokungaguquguquki, bagweme izingxabano zesithakazelo.

Izinselele Ekuthuthukiseni Izimiso Zokuziphatha Kube Semithethweni Yomphakathi

Naphezu kwesidingo esisobala sokuzinza ngokwezindinganiso, ukushaya inqubo yangempela emhlabeni kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Izithakazelo Nezindinganiso Ezingqubuzanayo

Abenzi bemithetho bavame ukusebenzisa phakathi kwemithetho edinga ukuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu wedolobha onquma ukuthuthukisa izindlu ezintsha kumelwe ulinganisele ilungelo lezindlu ezithengwayo (izindawo ezizimele nobulungisa) ekulondolozeni indawo ezungezile (izizukulwane ezizayo). Lokhu kucindezeleka akuvamile ukuba kube nempendulo eyodwa elungile, edinga izinqubo zokuzinqumela nokuhlehla.

Ukuntuleka Kobungane

Ababheki bezigwegwe abahlukene − kuhlanganise namaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu ezemboni, kanye nomphakathi womphakathi — ngokuvamile kunezici ezingafani. Impikiswano ngokukhishwa kwesisu, i-euthasia, noma ukulawulwa kwezibhamu zembula ubuningi obujulile bokuziphatha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izimiso zokulawula inqubo (izinqubo zokushaya izinqumo) zibaluleka njengemiphumela ephansi.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuzinza Isikhashana

Imijikelezo yokukhetha kanye nokuhlela ukuzuza okufushane isikhathi eside ezibophweni zezimiso zezimiso. Abezombangazwe bangahlehlisa izinguquko ezingathandwa kodwa ezidingekile (umzk., ukuguqula ikharbon noma ukulungisa kwempesheni) ukuze bagweme ukuvota. Lokhu kululaza ubulungisa phakathi kwezizukulwane nokuqina.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ngisho nezimiso ezinengqondo zezimiso zidinga ukuxhaswa ngemali, izisebenzi, nesisekelo. Emazweni asathuthuka, ohulumeni bangabhekana “nokukhetha okungalawuleki” kokumisa imithombo elinganiselwe yezokwelapha phakathi kwezinkonzo zokwelapha nokuvimbela. Izimiso zesayensi njengendlela yokuhlola izindleko, kuyilapho ziwusizo, zizama ukuthatha isithunzi somuntu ngokugcwele.

Igebe Eliyiphutha

Umklamo wezimiso zezobupolitiki awuqinisekisi ukuthi inqubo yemithetho imisiwe. Ikhono lobudreaucracy, ukonakala, nokungaqondi kungaphazamisa izinhloso zokuqala.

Ukuhlola Icala: Izimiso Ezisebenzayo

Ukuhlola izimiso ezithile kubonisa indlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezisetshenziswa ngayo — noma ezingasetshenziswa ngayo.

I - Affordble Care Act (ACA) e - United States

I-ACA ihlose ukwandisa umshuwalense wempilo, ikhuluma ngokukhathazeka ngezimiso zempilo nokufanele ukunakekelwa. Yasungula izinyathelo ezinjengokwanda kwe-Medicaid, ukuxhasa, nesivikelo sezimo ezikhona ngaphambili. Nakuba lesimiso sibhekene nezinselele zezombangazwe nokuveza, isisekelo saso somthetho sokusebenza ekunikezeleni umvuzo nobulungisa siqashelwa kabanzi. Nokho, impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuthi i-ACA ihamba kahle kangakanani ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ikhona yini yonke indawo.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nesimiso Sokuqala

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zivame ukunikeza isimiso sokuqapha, esithi lapho kubhekene nokulimala okungalungiseki, ukungaqiniseki okugcwele kwesayensi akufanele kusetshenziswe njengesizathu sokuhlehlisa izinyathelo ezithatha izindleko. Lesi simiso sisobala emithethweni ephathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala zinambuzane, nesivikelo sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Sibonisa isibopho esingokokuziphatha sokungalingani nokungaguquguquki kobulungisa. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sokuqapha singavimbela ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi futhi sifake imithwalo enkathazweni ezimbonini.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha Futhi Bubuyisela Ubulungisa

Amazwe amaningi anezinqubo zokuzijezisa ezicabangela ukuvuselelwa kobulungisa, ezigcizelela ukubuyisana, ukuphulukiswa, nokubuyiselwa. Lokhu kushintsha kusekelwe ezimisweni zokunakekela nasekufuneni izingqapheli eziyekelelayo ezithinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi ehluzekile. Izimiso ezinjengokuhlela izingane ngokuzilibazisa, izinkantolo zokwelapha izidakamizwa, nokugweba izinguquko zibonisa indlela izimiso zobulungisa ezingabuyisela ngayo izimiso zomthetho.

Abaphathi Nemithwalo Yabo Yemfanelo Ewubuwula

Abadlali abaningi banengxenye ezingeni lezimiso zomphakathi.

Izikhulu Zikahulumeni Nabaphathi Bomphakathi

Izikhulu eziqashelwe nezisebenzi zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuziphatha eziqinile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunamathela ezimisweni zokuziphatha, ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni okucace kakhulu. Ohulumeni abaningi baye bamisa izikhomishane zezimiso zokuqondisa noma izindikimba eziqondisayo ukuze baqaphele ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni (NGOS), amaqembu abusayo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihloniphekile zinendima ebalulekile. Zingaqokomisa ukungalungi, zisekele izinguquko zezimiso, futhi zikhulise amazwi amaqembu azimele. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zivame ukunikeza ubufakazi bokulimaza kwezimiso futhi ziveza ezinye izindlela zokuzilawula.

Abacwaningi Nezinqola Zokucabanga

Izazi zefilosofi yezombangazwe, isimiso somphakathi, nokusebenzisa izimiso zokuziphatha ziveza izimiso ezicatshangelwayo nobufakazi obusekelwe ezizazisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Iziqu ezinjenge - Brookings Institution noma i - Institute for Social and Ethical Accountability zinyathelisa ukucwaninga neziqondiso ezisiza ekuchazeni nokusebenza kwamabhuloho.

Izakhamuzi Nezitolo Zokudlala

Izikhulu zingafuna ukuziphatha okulungile kubaholi bazo. Imfundo yokufundela ubudadisi neyomphakathi ibalulekile ukuze kukwazi ukwenza abantu bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo.

Imishini Yokuthuthukisa Izimiso Zomphakathi

Ukusungula izimiso zokuziphatha kudinga ukwakheka kwangamabomu nezinqubo.

Ukuqeqesha Izimiso Zokuziphatha Nokwakha Ngobuciko

Ohulumeni bangayala ukuba izisebenzi zomphakathi zifundiswe izimiso zokuziphatha, zihlanganise izinkolelo - ze zezimiso, ukuhlola ngezezimali, nesinqumo esisebenzayo. Amazwe amaningi, njengeCanada ne-UK, aye asungula izinhlelo zentuthuko yobuchwepheshe ezisekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha zomphakathi.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuvula Kukahulumeni

Imithetho enjenge Freedom of Information Act (US) noma i-Access to Information Act (Canada) yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlolisisa izinqumo zenqubo. I-Online pageals ukuze zithole ukwaziswa kukahulumeni, ukuvula imihlangano, nokuphendula umphakathi kuthuthukisa ngokwengeziwe ukubonakala, ukunciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo.

AmaKomiti Ezimiso Zokuzibusa

Ukumisa imikhandlu yezimiso ezizimele noma izibhodi zokuqondisa isimilo − njenge-US Presidential’s Council on Bioethics noma i-UK Committee on Standards in Public Life/Qanisa ukuqondisa okungochwepheshe ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Lezi zindikimba zivame ukuhlanganisa izazi zefilosofi, abameli, ososayensi, nabameleli bomphakathi.

Ithonya Lezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ifanekiswe ngemva kokuhlola imiphumela yendawo ezungezile, imiphumela yokuhlola izimiso zokuziphatha (EIA) ihlola imiphumela yokuziphatha engenzeka yezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Izindaba ezinjengokulingana, ukuzifihla, nesithunzi somuntu ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi, ivumela ushintsho. I-European Union iye yahlola amathuluzi anjalo okusungula ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo njengokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Enqubweni Yomphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinhlekelele zembulunga yonke kubhebhethekisa imingcele yokubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Izimiso ze-AI ezisetshenziswa ekuhluleleni kobugebengu, ekuqasheni, nasekukhokheleni izikweleti ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo, ukuzibusa, nokulandisa. Ama-ethical places a-Al organ for AINTH / njenge-OECD Principles on Autificial(emphace) ukuzena, ukuvuleka, nokuqina kwabantu. Kodwa ukusebenzisa lezizimiso kuhlala kunzima, njengoba imithetho isebenza njenge- “mabhokisi amnyama”.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nobulungisa Bezizukulwane Ezinhlobonhlobo

Izimiso zesimo sezulu zidinga ukulinganisela ukuchuma kwabantu kwamanje ngokumelene nalokho kwezizukulwane ezizayo. Umqondo ‘ wemingcele yezindawo zemvelo” nesivumelwano sase Paris sibonisa izibopho zokuziphatha zokusekela ukulondolozwa kwemisebenzi efanayo kodwa ehlukile. Nokho, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe nokwezomnotho kuyaqhubeka kuthuthuka kancane.

Impilo Yomhlaba Wonke Nokusabela Okubangelwa Ukuntuleka Kwegazi

Umqedazwe we - COVID 16) waqokomisa izinkinga ezingathi sína zezimiso zokuziphatha: ukusakazwa kwemithi yokugoma, ukudayiswa kwezindawo zokuhwebelana, nezinqumo ezithatha imingcele. Iziqondiso ze - World Health Organization zokulawula umkhuhlane eziwubhadane zigxile ekulinganiseni, ekuhlelekeni, nasebunyeni.

Ukufuduka Nezikhungo Zomngcele

Izimpikiswano ezingokwesayensi ezihlobene nokufuduka zihilela ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nezibopho zokusiza abantu. Imithetho efana nezinqubo zokukhosela, ukuhlanganiswa komkhaya, nokugcinwa kwemingcele kuphakamisa imibuzo yobulungisa nozwela. INhlangano yembulunga yonke ye-UN inikeza uhlelo olusekelwe emalungelweni abantu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Ezinqamula Izimiso Zezombangazwe

Izimo ezingafani zamasiko nezezombangazwe zithonya indlela izimiso zokuziphatha ezihlanganiswa ngayo nenqubo.

Imibuso YaseNtshonalanga Ezimele

Amazwe anjenge-United States, iJalimane, ne-Australia agcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuthatha isinyathelo ngentando yeningi, nokubusa umthetho.

Indlela Yokufinyelela Inkonzo EseMpumalanga Asia: UbuKhomanisi Nenkolo YobuConfucian

Emazweni anjengeSingapore, iNingizimu Korea, neJapane, ngokuvamile isimiso somphakathi sibonisa izindinganiso ezivumelanayo: ukuzwana kwezenhlalo, ukuhlonipha igunya, nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

I - Scandinavia Welfares

IDenmark, iSweden, ne Norway zihlanganisa amanetha aqinile okuphepha komphakathi kanye namazinga aphakeme okuthembela kuhulumeni. Izimiso zabo zihlala ziphezulu ekuboneni, ekulinganani, nasekulondolozeni indawo ezungezile. Isibonelo seNordic sibonisa indlela izimiso zokuziphatha zobumbano nomphakathi wendawo yonke ezingahlelwa ngayo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zesimiso Somphakathi Esingokwesiko

Njengoba izwe lihlangana futhi liyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kudingeka izindlela ezintsha zokuqondisa izimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okungenanjongo

Imihlangano yezakhamuzi, ukuhlelwa kwemali yazo, nokuhlolwa okungahambisani nezimiso kuthola ukutholakala njengezindlela zokuhlanganisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nezimiso.

Ukubusa Kwembulunga Yonke Nezindinganiso Eziwubuhle

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iBhange Lomhlaba, neWorld Trade Organization zibhekene nokucindezela kokuba zamukele iziqondiso eziqinile zokuziphatha. Izinyathelo ezinjenge - UN Global Compact and the Sustainable Development Zomgomo (SDGs) zinikeza izimiso ezivamile, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyaqhubeka kubuthakathaka.

Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Ngokuklanywa

Ukucabangela izimiso zokuziphatha ezihlangene ezingxenyeni zomklamo wezobuchwepheshe obusha qha qha, umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi “izifundo zomklamo” ungaqeda izinkinga eziningi. Lendlela iqondiswa emasimini njengemoto ezizimele, i-AI, nezimiso zokuhlola.

Ukuhlobana Okubambisanayo

Ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqondiswa izazi zefilosofi, ososayensi bezenhlalo, onjiniyela, nomphakathi. Izikhungo zokucwaninga zezeluleko kanye nezimiso kuvela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambisana, kukhiqize ukutusa okucatshangelwe futhi okungathatha isinyathelo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nesimiso somphakathi busekelwe kokubili futhi bunamandla. Izimiso ezingokomlando ezifana nobulungisa, ukuvunyela, kanye nenkululeko zinikeza ikhampasi yokuziphatha ekwazi ukubusa, kuyilapho izimiso ezisebenzayo(ukuqeqesha, ukubona, nokuqondisa ngokuzimele)) kusiza ekuguquleni lezo zimiso eziphikisanayo. Izinselele zezithakazelo zezombangazwe, ukucindezela kwezezombangazwe, nokugobeka kwemali kungokoqobo, kodwa akunakwehluleki. Ngokufunda ngezenzakalo ezingokomlando, ukuhlanganisa ababambi bemigoqo, nokuthatha amathuluzi amasha okuzicabangela nokuziphendulela, izinhlangano zezimiso zemisebenzi ezingaphumelelanga nje kuphela kodwa futhi zingenza nokulunga. Njengoba isimo sendawo yomphakathi siqhubeka sishintsha ngoshintsho kwezesayensi, ukuphuthuma, nokushintsha kwezimiso zezenhlalo ezingokokuziphatha. Ngokucabanga komphakathi kuphela, ukuhlanganisa inqubo ehlala njalo.

ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngezimiso zezimiso, bheka i Encyclopedia yokungenisa ifilosofi e-Ethics nase-Procture Policy kanye ne-ECD yengcebo yezimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi [. i-United Nations commocrate stal inikeza futhi imibono yembulunga yonke ngezimiso zokuziphatha.