Ukuhlobana Okuhlala Kukhona Phakathi Kwemisebenzi Yamalungelo Nemisebenzi Yamalungelo

Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sentando yeningi esisebenzayo, ubuhlobo phakathi kwalokho izakhamuzi ezikweleta umphakathi wazo nalokho umphakathi ozikweletayo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Ngaphansi kwaleli thuba lobuhlobo bunesibopho sokuhlangana kwe sobuPixel'isibopho [ ne amalungelo [ukuhlola] . Ngaphansi kwalokhu kubekwa ndawonye], lemiqondo emibili ichaza imithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi kanye neziqinisekiso zikahulumeni okumelwe zinikeze ukuqinisekisa leyo mithwalo yemfanelo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi ababosheshiniza, ukuhlola lemjaho, akusona nje isivivinyo semfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo — iyisiqondiso sokuhamba kwezindawo zanamuhla nokugcina impilo yezindawo zanamuhla nokubusa kwezentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuchaza Indima Yesitho Somzimba: Okungaphezu Kokuphonsa Ibhola

Umsebenzi we-cobic uhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi enikezwa abantu njengamalungu omphakathi. Nakuba ukuvota kuyindlela ebonakala kakhulu yokubonakaliswa komsebenzi kahulumeni, umqondo udlulela kude kakhulu kunebhokisi le-collet. Kuhlanganisa ukuhlala waziswe ngezindaba zomphakathi, ukukhokha izintela, ukukhonza enkantolo, ukulalela imithetho, nokunikela ekuthuthukiseni okuhle kwabantu ngesihle ngesihle sokuzithandela noma ngesikhundla sokuphatha. Lombono uveza ukuthi izakhamuzi azizona izihloko ezisemkhakheni lohulumeni kuphela — zingabantu abazalanayo abadayisanayo ngokwezombangazwe. Njengoba ngaphambili iNkanto eyaziwa kakhulu, “isikhundla sodwa esiphethe umthetho wethu ophakeme kakhulu kulesosihloko sikamongameli." Lombono ugcizelela isibopho somphakathi somphakathi: isibopho somphakathi kanye nesibopho somphakathi.

Ukuqonda umsebenzi womphakathi kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emlandweni waseMelika wakuqala, ubuhlalo besizwe babungachazeki, futhi amaqembu amaningi aye akhishwa inyumbazane ekuhlanganyeleni ngokugcwele. Namuhla, umsebenzi womphakathi uye wakhula ukuhlanganisa isibopho sokuvikela amalungelo abanye nokungalingani kwezimiso eziphikiswayo. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokwanda kwamalungelo okuvota — ngoba ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota, ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezivumelwano zomphakathi aziba nanzuzo.

Indima Eyisisekelo Yokudlulisela Amalungelo Entando Yeningi

Amalungelo okuvota [ ayisiqinisekiso somthetho nomthetho-sisekelo esivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekukhetheni abameleli bazo. Lamalungelo awayona nje indlela yokukhetha; ayiyona nje indlela yokuveza imvume yomphakathi futhi uhulumeni ugunyaziswe ngayo. Uma amalungelo okuvota eqinisiwe futhi egcwele, achuma. Uma ebekelwe imingcele noma elulaza, sonke isimiso sibhekana nenkinga yokufaneleka.

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo okuvota kungabonakala ngezinga elihlukahlukene:

  • Ukudluliswa: Ukuguqula kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zomphakathi — ngokohlanga, ubulili, isimo sezomnotho, kanye nokuma kwezwe — ziboniswa ezinqubeni zomthetho nasezinqumweni zezimiso.
  • Ukukhokha icala:[ Izikhulu ezinganakiwe ezaziyo ukuthi zingavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla zisabela kakhulu ezidingweni zabo.
  • [ Isenzo sokuvota sinikeza abantu igobe elibonakalayo emphakathini wabo, sikhuthaza umuzwa wenhlangano nowokuba amalungu.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamanye amalungelo:[ Amalungelo aye aba indlela engokomlando amaqembu ahluliwe aye athola ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi, kusukela emfundweni elinganayo kuya ezindlini ezilungile.

Njengoba i- ACLU isho[, “Ukwethakathi kuyitshe eliyinhloko lentando yethu yeningi. Uma abantu benqatshelwa ilungelo lokuvota, bakhishwe enqubweni yentando yeningi.” Lesi simiso asikwazi ukumelana nenqubo yentando yeningi, nokho umlando wamalungelo okuvota eUnited States wembula isikhathi eside futhi uyaqhubeka umzabalazo wokwenza kube yinto engokoqobo kusona sonke isakhamuzi.

Umlando: Izenzakalo Ezivelele Ekulweleni Amalungelo Omphakathi

Indaba yamalungelo okuvota eMelika ayiyona enye yentuthuko eqhubekayo, engenakugwenywa, kunalokho, ingendaba yokunqoba okunzima, ukumelana okuphikelelayo, nezimpi eziqhubekayo. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukubaluleka okugcwele komsebenzi womphakathi.

Inhlangano Yesikhalo NeSichibiyelo Se - 19

Umzabalazo wabesifazane, owaphumela ekuvuselweni kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ngo-1920, wawuwumkhankaso wamashumi eminyaka owabekela inselele isimilo esijulile sobulili nemithetho engokomthetho. Abesifazane abanjengo- Susan B. UAnthony[ no [[FLT:] [i-Elizath Cady Stanton [ baphikisa ukuthi abesifazane abakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yabo yezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota. Ukuthatha izenzo zabo — ngezicelo, ukuvukela, ukungalaleli, nokunxusa — kubonisa indlela umsebenzi womphakathi ongenza ngayo ushintsho emphakathini. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-19 ayiqinisekisangaqiniseki amalungelo abesifazane bonke abesifazane abahlala khona; futhi imingcele eminingi yemithetho eyaqhubeka yenkantolo futhi iqhubeke imingcele yemithetho.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nesivumelwano Sokugunyazwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Sango - 1965

Mhlawumbe ayikho inkathi ebonisa ngokucacile ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi namalungelo okuvota njenge-Civil Rights Movement. AmaMelika ase-Afrika aye ahlulwa ngokuhlelekile ngentela yokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokusatshiswa kobudlova benqaba ukwamukela i-propati yesigaba sesibili. AmaMarch kusukela kuSelma kuya kuMontgomey, ukuhlala phansi, kanye nenkululeko kwakuyizenzo zomsebenzi omkhulu wesizwe — izakhamuzi ezazifaka engozini ukuphepha kwazo ukuze zifune ilungelo lomthetho sisekelo.

Umphumela wawuwuMthetho [[FLT: 0] Wemithetho yamalungelo ka-1965, umthetho ophawulayo owavimbela inqubo yokuvota yomthetho wokuvota. iNational Archives iphawula [[, isenzo “sifuna ukunqoba imingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho ezweni nasemazingeni endawo owavimbela ama-Afrika aseMelika ukuba asebenzise ilungelo lawo lokuvota.” Yahlanganisa amalungiselelo anjengezengamelelo zikahulumeni zezimiso zokhetho ezingokomlando wobandlululo. Emashumini eminyaka, sasibhekwa njengenye yemithetho yemithetho engcono kakhulu yesizwe eyake yaze yagunyaza.

Ukwandisa I - Franchise: ISichibiyelo Se - 26 Nangaphezulu

Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo okuvota akuzange kuphele ngo-65. Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, abashisekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uma ontanga bebuthelwa ukulwa nokufela izwe labo, babefanelwe ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kucabangela — ukubophela umhlatshelo wesizwe elungelweni le-franse — kuyisibonakaliso esinamandla somsebenzi wezembutho. [[FLT:] 26th Isimemezelo [, sagunyaza ngo-1971], sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota, sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota saya saba yi 18. Kamuva izimpi ziye zagxila ekususeni imingcele eseleyo yolimi olungenalutho, abantu abakhubazekile, futhi ngaphambili abantu abavalelwe.

Ukusongela Kwamanje Ukunikezwa Kwamalungelo Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi namalungelo okuvota kubonakala kakhulu lapho kubekelwe imingcele ekutholeni i - bollat.

Imithetho Yezilimi Nezindlela Zokucindezela

Imithetho eqinile yokuvota, edinga izinhlobo ezithile ze-ID yezithombe ukuze iphonse isigqebhezana, iye yamiswa ezifundeni eziningi. Nakuba abaxhasi bephikisana bavimbela ukukhwabanisa, ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi ukuvota kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Okwamanje, lemithetho ingasusa asebekhulile, imali ephansi, futhi ivoti abambalwa abangatholanga zimpawu ezidingekayo. Brennan Center yemibiko ye- Justice [, “Imithetho yokuvota iyaqhubeka idluliswa ngokusho kwezwe, yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amaMelika afanelekele abhalise futhi avoti.”

Ukusetshenziswa Kwe - Gerrymander Nokufanekiswa Okungalingani

UGerrymandering — umkhuba wokuveza imingcele yesifunda sezevoti ukuze kutholwe iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu — ululaza isimiso sokuthi ukuvota kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kunesisindo esifanayo. Lapho izifunda ziqoshwa ngezindlela ezilulaza ithonya lemiphakathi ethile, umsebenzi womphakathi wokuvota ulahlekelwa amandla awo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi ukugadla kweqembu elithile elizimele kunikeza umbuzo wezombangazwe ongaphezu kwamandla enkantolo zikahulumeni, kushiyele imizamo yokulungisa ithonya likahulumeni nezinhlangano zombuso.

I - Voter Roll Ikhipha Izincwadi Nemithwalo Engaphansi

Olunye usongo ukususwa okuhleliwe kwabavoti abafanelekayo eziqephini zokubhalisa. Ngokuvamile banconywa ngokuthi “balungisa izinombolo,” lokhu kuhlanza kungasusa ngephutha abavoti abasemthethweni, ikakhulukazi labo abasanda kuthutha noma abangavoti okhethweni abambalwa. Bahlanganiswe namahora ambalwa okuvota, ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, kanye nezinqubo zokubhalisa ezinzima, lokhu kudala “umsebenzi wephepha lokuhlukanisa” ovivinya isibopho sezakhamuzi sokuzinqoba.

Kulabo abakwaziyo ukugwema lezi zithiyo, ukuvota akuwona nje umsebenzi kodwa kuwukumelana nomthetho.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqiniseni Isivumelwano Sobumba

Uma amalungelo okuvota eyindawo yokungena edemokrasi, imfundo iyisihluthulelo esiyivulayo. Izakhamuzi ezisungulwe kahle zingaqonda ukubaluleka kokuvota, ziqaphele izinsongo zokubulala, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi. Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba konke kunengxenye ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi womphakathi.

Imfundo Ehambisana Nezici

Ngokuvamile, imfundo yomphakathi incishiswa ukuba ibambe ngekhanda amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni.

  • Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamalungelo okuvota [ kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokwandisa noma ukulinganisela.
  • Izindlela ze-advocation — kusukela ekubhaleni kuya ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe kuya ekuhleleni izenzakalo zomphakathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukufunda nokubhala kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe futhi kubonakale i-disoption.
  • [[Umthetho:0] ukuvela kwezinhlangano zomphakathi ezazisebenzisa umsebenzi womphakathi njengegunya loshintsho.

Izinhlelo ezinjenge 'i-Acts, eyakhiwa yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme uSandra Day O’Connor, inikeza imithombo yamahhala ehlanganisa abafundi ekuhlobiseni izinselele zomphakathi wangempela wezwe. Lamathuluzi asiza ibhuloho phakathi kwamalungelo angabonakali nemithwalo yemfanelo ephilayo.

Ukufunda Okukhuthazayo

Imfundo yekilasi yodwa ayinele. Izikole zingahlela imishini yokuvota, ukhetho lokugcona, zimeme izikhulu zendawo ukuba zikhulume, futhi zikhuthaze ukuba zihlanganyele kuhulumeni wabafundi. Imisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi esingatha izindaba zendawo — njengokuhlanza ipaki, izinxuluma zokudla, noma imikhankaso yokuziphilisa — ivumela abafundi babone ithonya eliqondile lemizamo yabo. Uma intsha ithola ukwaneliseka kokufeza okuthile, cishe iyokwenza lowo mkhuba uphumelele ekukhuleni kwayo.

Ukusingatha Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Kweqembu Elivamile

Enye inselele ekhulayo ukuphelelwa ithemba komphakathi — umuzwa phakathi kwabaningi, ikakhulukazi abavoti abasebasha, ukuthi isimiso siyaphuka futhi ukuhlanganyela kwabo akubalulekile. Imfundo kumelwe ibhekane ngokuqondile nalokhu kugxeka. Ngokufundisa umlando wokuthi abantu abavamile baye banyakazisa kanjani inaliti — kusukela kuma-1960 iFreedorss Freedosts kuya ezingxabanweni zotshani zanamuhla — othisha bangabonisa ukuthi umsebenzi womphakathi awulona ize.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemisebenzi Yamalungelo Esonto Nemisebenzi

Ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi namalungelo okuvota akuyona into ekhethekile e - United States. Emhlabeni wonke, amazwe aphikisana nemibuzo efanayo: Ubani ofuna ukuvota? Kusho ukuthini ukuba isakhamuzi esihle?

Emazweni anjenge-Australia, ukuvota okuphoqelelwe [[FLT: 1] kubhekwa njengomsebenzi womphakathi ophoqelelwa umthetho — izakhamuzi ezihlulekayo ukuvota zingabhekana nenzuzo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kuholela ekuthatheni i-partnerting futhi imiphumela eminingi iholele ekuthatheni imingcele, futhi kususa umthwalo wokubhalisa kubantu ngabanye. Nokho, abagxeki basikisela ukuthi ukuvota okuphoqelelwe kuphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu futhi kungaphumela ekubeni abavoti abangaqondisi.

Ezinye izizwe, njenge-Estonia, ziye zaqala ukuhlanganisa ukwenza ukuhlanganyela kube lula, kunciphise imingcele yebanga nesikhathi. Okwamanje, amanye amazwe asakubekela imingcele esekelwe ekwakheni ilungelo lobuni, ehlalisa abantu, noma ngisho nasebuhlangani. Ukuqhathanisa lezi zinqubo kusiza ekukhetheni okumelwe wonke umphakathi ukwenze ngokulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo nemisebenzi.

Ukuvikela Izinhlangothi: Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza

Ukuqonda ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi namalungelo okuvota kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Ukuze kuqashelwe idemokrasi, abantu ngabanye kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo. Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo izakhamuzi ezingaqinisa ngazo kokubili ukuhlanganyela kwazo namalungelo abanye:

  • Ukuvota kunoma yiluphi ukhetho, hhayi iminyaka yobumongameli kuphela. Ukhetho lwendawo nolwezwe luvame ukuba nethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
  • Uhlale unolwazi [ ngemithetho ehlongozwayo nezilinganiso zebhola. Funda imithombo eminingi kanye nokuhlola iqiniso.
  • [ Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezivikela amalungelo okuvota, njengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund noma iNhlangano yabesifazane Voters.
  • ivolunteer njengesisebenzi sokuvota noma isisebenzi sovoti sokuzithandela somphakathi wakini.
  • khuluma ngaphandle [ ngokulahla ukulahlwa. Bhala izikhulu ezikhethiwe, uhlanganyele ekwahlulelweni komphakathi, futhi usebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ngendlela efanele.
  • [ fundisa abanye [ — ikakhulukazi intsha — ngomlando nokubaluleka kokuvota.

Lapho kuhlanganiswa namalungelo okuvota anamandla, kubangela umjikelezo omuhle: lapho abantu bewasebenzisa kakhulu amalungelo abo, lapho bewazisa ngokwengeziwe, futhi bezikhandla ngokwengeziwe ekuwavikeleni.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Oqhubekayo

Ukuhlangana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi namalungelo okuvota akuyona iphuzu elimisiwe — kuwubuhlobo obuphilayo, obunamandla obuzivelelayo nesizukulwane ngasinye.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuthatha indawo kucacile. Amalungelo ayisiqinisekiso esingokomthetho esenza umsebenzi womphakathi ube nenjongo; umsebenzi womphakathi uyisibopho somuntu siqu esinikeza amalungelo okuvota. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha — kusukela ekungangeni manani kuya ekuvinjelweni kwemithetho emisiwe — isimiso sihlala singaguquki: ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ngokufundisa le ndawo enqamulanayo, sihlomisela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba singaqondi idemokrati kuphela kodwa siqonde idemokrasi kodwa sisekele.