I - nexus Ekhuthazelayo: Indlela Ithonya Lesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Esilawula Ngayo Imikhosi YaseJapane Yezombangazwe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezithakazelo zezebhizinisi namandla ezombangazwe eJapane abuyona impikiswano ebanzi — buyikhomba lesakhiwo sokulawula izwe. Emashumini eminyaka, le mjaho iye yanquma indlela yesimiso sezomnotho, umphumela wokhetho lwesizwe, kanye nokuvumelana kobuphikisi bentando yeningi. Nakuba izinguquko ziye zasungula izilinganiso zokubona ngalé, ukuhlobana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwamabhodi enkampani nendlunkulu yeqembu kuhlala kuqinile. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imishini yokwenza inqubo yaseJapane isebenza kanjani ngempela.

Izisekelo Zokubambisana Kwebhizinisi Nezikhungo Zomphakathi eJapane

Ukuthandeka kwanamuhla kwezebhizinisi nezombangazwe eJapane kulandela ngokuqondile inkathi yokwakha kabusha iMpi Yezwe II. Ngemva kwempi, iziphathimandla zezemisebenzi zase-United States zaqala ukuchitha i-zaibatsu — izikhungo ezinkulu zomkhaya ezilawulwayo eziye zafaka umfutho wempi yaseJapane. Nokho, njengoba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaya iqina, umthetho waseMelika washintshela ekwakheni kabusha iJapane njengenqaba yenkampane yenkampane e-Asiya. Lokhu kwaholela ekuvuselweni kabusha kwalamaqembu embonini [FLT]]: imibuthano eqondene yezinkampani ehlangene neqembu lezinhlangano eziphambanayo, abaqondisi, abahlangene bezohwebelana.

I - Liberal Democratic Party Ne - Corporate Patronage

Ukusungulwa kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) ngo-1955 kwakuyisikhathi esichithiwe. I-LDP yadalwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amabili abambelele emali engeziwe, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo yathembela kakhulu ekuxhaseni izinhlangano. Izinhlangano ezinkulu namabhizinisi zazibheka i-LDP njengelungu lezebhizinisi elizinzile — i-anti-communist, i-pro-produmist, i-pro-screat, kanye nesisekelo sesimiso sezezimboni. Ngokubuya, i-LDP iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezinkulu zokuqondisa izinhlangano zezentengitha, kusukela ebhankini nasekwakheni nasekwakheni insimbini. Lobudmini wobuhlobo beze lwazinyelelwa ngokuthi "igle" kwezaziwezombangazwe, i-bureaurecracracs, nabaholi bezebhizinisi.

Izinhlelo Ze - Keiretsu Ezinjengabashushumbisi Bezimpahla Zezombangazwe

Isimiso se-keiretsu sanwebeka ngaphezu kwethonya eliqondile lezezomnotho. Amanethi anjengo Mitsubishi, Mitsui, noSumitomo ahlanganisa iminikelo yawo yezombangazwe ngezindawo zezentengiselwano ezibanzi njenge Japan Business Federation (] Keidan). Kuze kube ngo-1990, i-Keidan yasebenzisa isimiso sezentengiselwano sokuqoqa nokusakaza iminikelo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ( ivumela amaqembu ezamabhizinisi ukuba asebenzise ingcindezelo yemithetho, aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yentela, yezentengo, nemithetho yemisebenzi ehlangene nezithakazeko. Izinkampani ezithile zomsebenzi zabunganisela ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu ne-LD, i-plueactive i-Fring.

Indima Ka - Amabudari

Inqubo ebucayi kodwa engabonakali kahle yiye amadakuli [ngokwezwi nezwi] (izwi negama "enyuka ezulwini"), umkhuba wabaphathi abakhulu abathatha izikhundla eziphakeme ezinkampanini ezizimele. Laba ababephethe baletha ulwazi olungaphakathi kanye nezinhlangano ezinkampanini ezihlanganayo, kuyilapho izinkampani zizuza umugqa oqondile ethonyeni lezombangazwe. Ngokusho, abadukelwe ama-buretacrates afuna izikhundla eziphambili eziphambili ezimatheni eziphambili eziphambili ezingokwezentengisweni ezingcono ezisiza abaqashi babo besikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kususa imigqa ephakathi kwenkonzo yomphakathi nenzuzo yomuntu siqu, kuyilapho izinkampani zizuza ithonya lenhlangano yezentengiselwano ngokwayo.

Ukushintsha Imishini Enkathini Yenguquko

Ngo-1990, ubuhlobo obufudumele phakathi kwebhizinisi nezombangazwe baqala ukuheha ukugxekwa okukhulu. Uchungechunge lwezenzo zokonakala — kuhlanganise nehlazo leRecruit (1988) nehlazo leSagawa Kyubin ihlazo (1992) — kwembula izinga lokufumbathisa nokulawula ithonya. Unya lwezentengiselwano lomphakathi lwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu. INgxowa-mali Yokulawula Imali yaqedwa ukuze kufuneke ukuba kucaciswe iminikelo ebanzi, futhi ukuvinjelwa kweminikelo yezezinkampani kwacatshangelwa ngawo - 1990, nakuba kungakaze kwenziwe ngokuphelele. Ngo-19949, iphasela lenguquko yezombangazwe yaletha ukuhwebela umphakathi amaqembu ezombangazwe, ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukuncikelelwa kwemali yomuntu.

Izindleko Zokwenza Inqubo Yangemva: Imigodi Nokulungisa

Naphezu kwalezinguquko, imali yenkampani ayikapheli — iye yamane yangaqondile. Esikhundleni sokubhala amasheke ezezombangazwe ngokuqondile, amabhizinisi manje anikela ezinhlanganweni zezentengiselwano zezombangazwe (njenge-LDP’s KAMIN [[FLT:]] Kyomin Kyokai [, noma iNhlangano ye-National). Futhi baxhasa izimali zokuxhasa amaqembu amaqembu axhasa amaqembu ezimali, ukuthenga amathikithi abizayo ezentengo zezombangazwe, nokufaka imali ngezinhlangano zezentengiselwano. Umbiko ka-2020 kaMnyango we-International Affaial Affaiairs no-P ubonise ukuthi amabhizinisi namaqembu emboni angaphezulu kwemali emali etholakalayo. Empeleni, isilinganiso siphakeme kakhulu uma iminikelo ingalandiswa noma iminikelo ephansi ikhona.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwemali Yezombangazwe Ka - 2024 Nemiphumela Yayo

Inhlekelele yamuva kakhulu yaqubuka ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, lapho abashushisi bethola ukuthi amaqembu amaningana e-LDP aye abika amakhulu ezigidi ze-yen ngokulandelana kwezimali iqhubeke isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu. Ihlazo laphoqa uNdunankulu uFumio Kisida ukuba anciphe amahlelo amaningana e-LDP futhi aholele ekumangalweni kwabenzi bomthetho abayinhloko. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ngisho namashumi eminyaka ngemva kwemizamo yenguquko, ukuhlobana phakathi kwemali nethonya kuseyinkinga enkulu.

Indlela Ithonya Lomphakathi Elikhipha Ngayo Ithonya

Ithonya elibonakalayo lezebhizinisi namaphoyisa libonakala ezindaweni eziningi. Indlela iJapane ehlela ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho, isimiso sogesi, nokushintshwa kwemisebenzi konke kubonisa isisindo esiphikelelayo sokugqugquzela izinhlangano.

I-Programu yezemboni ne-"Japan Inc"

Icebo lezezomnotho eJapane sekuyisikhathi eside livumela abathuthi abakhulu nabasunguli bezemisebenzi. Cabangela inkathi engaphansi koNdunankulu uShinzo Abe (2020). Imicibisholo emithathu — ukudamba kwemali, ukunyakazisa, ukunwebeka, nezinguquko zokwakha — yaklanyelwa ukuxoxa ngokuseduze [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] Keanren[ neSikhungo sezentengiso sezentengiselwano nezemboni. Umphumela waba ukuncipha okukhulu kwemali yeyen, okwandisa inzuzo yeyota, uSonta, nezinye izimboni zokwakha, kodwa kwayihlwisana nenkokhelo yezisebenzi zasekhaya. Abagxeki bephikisana ngale ndlela esobala yezenhlalo.

Amandla Enuzi Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Akukho ndawo embonini ebambene kakhulu kunasenkambisweni yamandla enuzi eJapane. Ngemva kwenhlekelele ka-2020 Fukushima, umbono womphakathi waphendukela ngokuqinile kumandla enuzi. Kodwa ngo-2023, uhulumeni we-LDP wagunyaza ukuqala kabusha kabusha kwamandla amaningi futhi wazama ukunwebela izitshalo ezisebenza ngokusebenza. Lokhu kushintsha kwabangelwa ukuhoxa okukhulu embonini yamandla kagesi — izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zezombangazwe eziya eLDP. I-NUINUIN Reglation Authority, eyasungulwa ngo-2012 2012, yabekwa icala lokuzimela, ukuthunjwa kwezindawo ezisebenza kabusha, njengoba izikhulu zayo ezinkulu zibekwa icala lokusebenza kabusha.

Ukunqandwa Kwezemisebenzi kanye neqhinga "Lokwehla"

Amaqembu amabhizinisi aye alokhu efuna izikhungo zezisebenzi ezikhululekile ukuze anciphise izindleko futhi andise ukuvumelana nezimo. Ngaphansi kwefulege "lendlela ekhulayo," i-LDP iye yamisa imithetho ekwandiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezisebenzi ezisebenzayo (]] sayo yu sodō) futhi ivumele izinkampani ukuba zikhiphe izindleko zezisebenzi zelanga ezimhlophe ezikhokha imali eyengeziwe uma zihola ngaphezu komnyango othile. Lemithetho isekelwa ngokukhungathekisayo [[FLT:] Kadanre[FLT] futhi ziphiswe ukusebenza ngemibuthano namaqembu aphikisayo. Umphumela ukwanda kwegebesezimo ezingcono zezisebenzi ezinkulu nezincuphe kakhulu.

Ukukhetha, Amaqiniso Eqembu, Nezindleko Zomkhankaso

Imikhankaso yezombangazwe eJapane ibiza kakhulu. Naphezu kwezimali zomphakathi, abafuna ukukhokhelwa bathembele kakhulu ekuxhaseni imali evela ezindaweni zamabhizinisi ukuze bahlanganise yonke into kusukela ekukhangiseni kwethelevishini okubizayo kuya entengweni yokuqasha izimoto zomkhankaso kanye nezisebenzi zokuqasha. I-LDP’s Khochikai [ i-corion — ngaphambili eyayinkulu kakhulu, kwaze kwaba yilapho ifa ngo-2024 — yayincike ngokukhethekile eminikelweni yeminikelo evela ekwakheni nasembonini yezindawo.

Iminikelo egunyazwayo ihlela futhi ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamaqembu. Izivumelwano ezidonsa izinzuzo zemali eziphambili kukhetho lwangaphakathi lukamongameli weqembu (futhi kanjalo undunankulu). Lokhu kwakha indida ephikisayo: abezombangazwe abasekela izimiso zezebhizinisi badonsa iminikelo eyengeziwe, ebenza baphakamise izikhundla zobuholi, lapho bengaqhubekela phambili khona izithakazelo zezenkampani. Nippon.com ukuhlaziya ngokuxhasa kwezezimali zezombangazwe [[ kubonisa ukuthi amongameli be-LDP abasunduza ukuhlelwa kweminyango ngokuqhubekayo bathola imiqulu yeminikelo ephakeme kakhulu ezinkampanini.

Ukuncika Kulokuphikiswa Ezindlini Zezisebenzi

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-LDP ayiyona kuphela i-parti yezinhlangano. I-Constitutional Democratic Party yaseJapan (CDP) ithola ukusekela okukhulu ezinyulweni zezisebenzi, ikakhulukazi i-Japanese Trade Union Confederation (] Rengo). Nakuba iminikelo yenyunyana ingokomthetho, yenza uhlobo olufanayo lwenzuzo yeqembu. Nokho, izimali zenyunyana zincane kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso kunemithombo yezenkampani ehlangene yaseJapane. Kukhetho olungu-2021 oluvamile, i-LDPP i-octusts ngefected CDP cishe kathathu, futhi ingxenye enkulu yalelo eligcwele ngeminikelo yezinhlangano.

Isilinganiso Sezakhiwo: Intando yeningi nombuso weSizwe

Lapho umkhankaso owodwa wokhetho ungabiza ozothatha imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-93100 — cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-70 000, futhi ngaphezulu kakhulu emadolobheni ancintisanayo — isidingo sabaxhasi abanomthetho abajulile siba yimfuneko. Lokhu kumelela okungokoqobo ngalabo abanikeza izimali. 2023] Japan Times uphenyo lwasemaphandleni lwe-LDP, olumelela izigebengu eziwohlokayo, luncike kakhulu ekwakheni nasekukhisweni kwezinhlangano zenkampani yezolimo, okuthi ngenxa yokuphikisa kwabo kushintshele ekuhlolweni kwezindawo ezisezingxenyeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubusa kwezinhlangano zezezimali kuqeda ukuvela kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezintsha, njengeQembu lokuvikela abantu kuNHK noma iReiwa Shinsengumi, ngokuvamile alinakho ukuxhumana kwezebhizinisi ekutholeni imifudlana efanayo exhasa imali. U Voter eJapane ugcwele cishe ku 50-60% okhethweni lwezwe — phakathi kwabaphansi kakhulu ezweni elithuthukile — nezakhamuzi eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi ivoti yazo ayinakuncintisana nethonya labanikela ngemali enkulu.

Imizamo Yokuphula I - Nexus

Izinhlangano eziningana zenguquko ziye zazama ukunqamula noma okungenani kwenze buthaka ukuhlanganisa kwezebhizinisi nezindawo. Izinguquko zo-1990 zithathe indawo yezifunda ezinezitho eziningi ngenhlanganisela yezifunda kanye nokumelelwa okungahlukene, ngokucatshangelwayo zinciphise izindleko zomkhankaso nesidingo sokukhokha isikhwama semali. Ngokwenqubo, izindleko zokuhamba esifundeni esisodwa zikhuphukile ngenxa yokuthi abacela ukunxusa kumelwe banxuse i-volutetetetetetentium. Lokhu kumane kwandisa ukuthembela kwezisebenzi ezicebile.

Ngo-2024, ngemva kwehlazo lokubhalisana kwezezimali, i-LDP yahlongoza iqoqo lemithetho emisha ehlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano eziqoqa imali eziphathiswa amaqembu, imfuneko yama-ligic metary yeminikelo yezombangazwe engaphezulu kuka-885 000, kanye nezijeziso eziqine kakhulu ngenxa yokungavunyelwa komthetho wokubhaliswa kwemali. Nokho, umthetho wayeka ngokuqondile ukuvinjelwa noma ukubekwa izimali zenkampani ngokwazo. Ngenxa yalokho, Reutes ibika ngephakethe yenguquko [ bayichaza ngokuthi "anele ukubuyisela ukwethemba umphakathi" amaqembu aphikisa aye aqhubeka ebiza ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kweminikelo yezinhlangano, kodwa lesi siphakamiso asizange sizuze ipheshana phakathi kwe-LD.

Izakhamuzi Nendima Yemithombo Yezindaba

Izinhlangano ze-Grasroots njenge iShimin no-Koe (Izwi le-Citenns') kanye ne- Japan Federation of Bar Associations isakaza njalo imibiko yokuxhasa kwezezombangazwe ukubonakala. Zibhala ukuphikelela kwemali engabikwanga kanye nezinzuzo zokwakha ezijatshulelwa yi-LDP. Imithombo yezindaba idlala nendima ye-washi — i-Wisa Shimbu na-Tokyo Shimbulman ivame ukuhlola imilinganiso yeminikelo — kodwa inkumbulo yomphakathi imfiji yenguquko ilandelwa ngokushesha uhlelo olusha lwezenguquko.

Isiphetho: Inzuzo Yethonya

Ukuhlangana kwebhizinisi nezombangazwe eJapane akulona ilungiselelo lesikhashana noma elizenzakalelayo — kuyisici esiyinhloko sesimiso sezombangazwe. Kusukela emkhosini wangemva kwempi ye-keiretsu kuya ezindaweni zanamuhla zezezimali, izithakazelo zezinhlangano ziye zahlala zilolonga ukuthi ubani obusayo nokuthi uphatha kanjani. Izinguquko ziye zamiswa, kodwa ziye zakhuluma ngezimpawu esikhundleni sembangela eyisisekelo: ukuncika kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe ngemali yomuntu siqu. Kuze kube yilapho lokho kuncishwa — noma okungenani kulinganiswa nezimali eziphumelelayo zomphakathi nokubonakala okunamandla — ukukhetha kwezimiso zezemiya eJapane kuzoqhubeka kubhekene negumbi lebhodi kunokuba kube yibhokisi le-bolo.

Kubahlaziyi, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, ukuqonda lobu buhlobo akuyona into ezikhethelayo. Kuyisihluthulelo ukuchaza ukusabela kweJapane ekuncipheni kwenani labantu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezisebenzi, nokungalingani kwezomnotho. Impilo yentando yeningi yaseJapane ixhomeke ekutheni izwe lingahlukanisa izibopho ezibopha abaholi balo bezombangazwe kubasekeli bezinhlangano — noma okungenani lenze lezozibopho zibonakale ngokwanele ukuba abavoti bazinqumele ngokwabo.