Ukuqonda Ukulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo senhlangano yentando yeningi, sigomela ngokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola amalungelo angokomthetho, isivikelo, nezibopho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinjani izici zakhe noma isimo somphakathi. Lomqondo awuyona nje imfuneko engokoqobo kodwa iyimfuneko esebenzayo yezimiso zobulungisa emhlabeni wonke. Ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu, ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho, futhi ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziphatha wonke umuntu ngokuqaphelana. Isimiso sibekwe eziculweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nasemithethweni yesizwe, silololonga indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungelo abantu nendlela yokuhlela imithetho engokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokulingana kwemithetho, umphakathi awunakuthi unikeze ngayo ubulungisa obuqotho, njengoba isivikelo esingokomthetho sigcina amalungelo abekwe amandla. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezingoko, isivikelo somthetho, indima engokomthetho, izinselele, izinselele zokubusa, ukulingana kwemithetho eqhubekayo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesefilosofi

Isisekelo sokulingana okungokomthetho sihlehlela emuva emcabangweni wasendulo wezombangazwe. Umbono ka-Aristotle wobulungisa njengophatha ngokulinganayo nangokungafani ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo ngokulingana nokungafani kwazo kwanikeza uhlelo lwakuqala. Nokho ukuqamba kwanamuhla kwavela phakathi noKhanyiselwa, lapho ongqondongqondo abanjengoJohn Locke bethi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo uhulumeni okumelwe bawahloniphe ngokulinganayo. IMagna Carta ka-1215, ngokuvamile ekhonjiwe njengengqopha ingqophana, yathola ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho − − ukugomela okunzima okunzima okungaphezu komthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho. Nokho, ekuqaleni yayisebenza ekuhlolweni okuphezulu kuphela futhi yakhuliswa kancane kancane kancane emakhulwini amaningi.

Inguquko yekhulu le-18 eMelika neFrance yahlobanisa ukulingana kwezincwadi zokusungulwa. ISimemezelo senkululeko sase-U.S. samemezela ukuthi “wonke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo,” nakuba lesi sithembiso saphikiswa ubugqila nokuncishwa kwamalungelo abesifazane. ISimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo omuntu nowabantu (ngonyaka ka - 1789) sagomela ngokufanayo ukuthi“ abantu bayazalwa futhi bahlala bekhululekile futhi belingana elungelweni.” Lezi zimemezelo zamisa isisekelo somthetho wanamuhla wamalungelo abantu.

Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ngokulingana UMthetho wamaLungelo Omphakathi [[FT:1] (1948]). ISiphakamiso 1 sithi: “Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo.” Imithetho yeSigaba 2 nesikhombisa yenqabela ngokuqondile ukucwaswa nokuqinisekiswa okulinganayo phambi komthetho. Le ncwajana yakhuthaza izivumelwano eziningi ezibophayo, njengesivumelwano sezizwe zonke se-CCPR somthetho we-Policivial ne-PCR (ICR) kanye ne-Inter International Convention of the Irevolution of proces of procensicial (ICD). Imithetho yesizwe enjenge-US.U.Uctal Act of 1964 and U.Unicif.U.Unity 2010 isebenza ngokwengeziwe kwalect.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziqondisa ukuchazwa komthetho, ukwenza izimiso, nokubukeza kokwahlulela.

1. Ukungavumelani

Ukungaguquguquki kwenqabela ukuphatha abantu ngokwehlukile ngesisekelo sezici ezivikelwe ngokungafani njengesizwe, ubulili, ubulili, indlela yobulili, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, ubudala, noma esinye isimo. Ubandlululo lungagwenywa (ngokungaqondile) noma ngokungaqondile (ukusebenzisa umthetho ongathathi hlangothi olimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa iqembu elivikelwe ngokulinganayo). Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko yomsebenzi engadingekile ekwenzeni izinto kodwa ehlukanisa abesifazane abaningi kunamadoda isho ukucwaswa ngandlela-mla. Izimiso zomthetho ngokuvamile zidinga ukulunga okuqinile nganoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okuhlukile, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa “ukuhlolwa okungalingani” okulimaza ngokunye okusolisa iqembu elivikelwayo njengesizwe noma inkolo. Ukunganciphikiswa kwenkolo kuhlanganisa ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuphindisela, ukuhluleka ukunikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele.

2. Ukuvikelwa Kwemithetho Okulinganayo

Isivikelo esilinganayo sigunyaza ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu ngendlela efanayo. Lesi simiso sidume kakhulu ekuhlolweni kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esimemezela ukuthi akukho mbuso “ongamela noma yimuphi umuntu onegunya lawo ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola ukuze zihlole izenzo zikahulumeni. Izimiso zohlanga zihlolwa ngokucubungula, nakuba imingcele esekelwe ebulilini idinga ukuhlolwa okuphakathi. Izimiso zezomnotho ngokuvamile zithola isisekelo esinengqondo kuphela, okusho ukuthi umthetho kumelwe uhlolwe nesithakazelo esingokomthetho.

3. Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni

Ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo isimiso somthetho ukuze balwele amalungelo abo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokumelela ngokomthetho, ikhono lokuqonda izinqubo zomthetho, inkululeko ekusebenziseni izindleko noma ukulibala, nokususwa kwemingcele engokomzimba noma yolimi. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukufinyelela imingcele esemthethweni, ukulingana ngokomthetho kuyacaciswa. Amazwe amaningi anikeza abamangalelwa bomphakathi abamangalelwa abavikeli abangokomthetho kanye nosizo olungokomthetho ezindabeni zomphakathi ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Nokho, ukuswelakala kwezimali, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezithiyo zolimi kuyaqhubeka, kunciphisa ukungenela kwemiphakathi encintisanayo. Ubuchwepheshe, njengolwembutho lwe-we-webrometernetic, kunikeza amaza amashadistiki amasha kodwa futhi kufaka izingozi ngaphandle kokufunda izibalo.

4. Ukubusa Komthetho Nesiqinisekiso Esingokomthetho

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kusikisela isimiso somthetho esibonakala ngokukhanyayo, esizibonelela futhi esisetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki. Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba imithetho imiswe obala, icace, ilindele, futhi iqine. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho noma imithetho eyimfihlo kuphazamisa ukulingana ngenxa yokuthi abantu abakwazi noma babekela inselele izindinganiso abahlulelwa ngazo. Izinkantolo ze-constractural, abahluleli abangakhethi, nezinqubo ezingakhethi zibalulekile. Uma ukubusa komthetho kululaza, njengasemibusweni bempoqo noma ezindaweni ezigcwele inkohlakalo, ukulingana okungokomthetho kuyawa.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Ezisekela Ukulingana

Kunesimiso esikhulu sezimiso, iziqondiso, nezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayasebenza, ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso ezilinganayo.

1. Imithetho emelene nokungavumelani emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, nasemfundweni

Imithetho yanamuhla elwa nokungalingani ihlasela izingxenye eziyinhloko lapho ukungalingani ngokomlando kwanda khona. Emsebenzini, imithetho enjengethi Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act inqabela ukucwaswa komqasholo, ukudutshulwa, ukukhushulwa, imbuyiselo, nemibandela yokusebenza. I-Paregnal Discrimination Act ne-Melika enomthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) yenezela isivikelo esiqondile. Imithetho efanayo e-European Union, njenge-Admility Erefecucity, inqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe enkolweni, ekukhubazekeni, ekukhubazekeni, ekutholeni, nasekusebenziseni izikhundla zocatho zobulili kuzo zonke izigaba.

Ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala kuvinjelwe yi-Fair House Act e-U.S., enqabela ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisa ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, inkolo, ubulili, isikhundla sobulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Ezemfundo, iSihlomo seSigqi seSigqi sezemfundo sango-1971 sivimbela ukucwaswa kwezimiso ezisekelwe kuhulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa kwemidlalo nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili. Lemithetho yakha amalungelo ayimfihlo, ivumela izisulu ukuba zidluliswe impoqo kanye nokuthola usizo.

2. Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nezinyathelo Eziqondile

Isenzo esiqinile sibhekisela ezimisweni ezifuna ukwandisa ukumelelwa kwamaqembu angenalwazi ngokwezemfundo, umsebenzi, kanye nokuthatha. E-United States, izinhlelo ezinjalo ziye zabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeka imingcele eqinile ekuvumeni ngokuphandle kwezinhlanga kodwa isavumela ukucabangela uhlanga njengento eyodwa phakathi kweziningi (njengakusukela [ku]] ukulingana [kuka-Bollital. Bollinger [). Izizwe eziningi, zamukela “izenzo eziqinile” noma“ izinyathelo ezikhethekile” ngaphansi kwe-Isivumelwano se-Recovolution of the Colustrations Crimination, ukuvuma ukuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho kungaba okunganele ekulungiseni okujulileyo. Abagxekwayo ukuthi isenzo sokuzimela noma ukumelana nokumelana nokuncitshiswa; ukuvumelana kwayo kuyadingeka ngokulandelana.

3. Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinhlangano ezikhethekile zihlola izikhalo zobandlululo, zifundisa umphakathi, futhi zifaka icala. I-U.S. Aumelt Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC) ihlela amacala angaphezu kuka-60 000 ngonyaka, inikeza umsebenzi wokugcina isango phambi kokumangalelwa kwabantu. I-Department of Justice Civil Rights Division iphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni emelene nokucwasa kwemithetho emelene nokuvota, izindlu, i-project, nobulungisa bezelele. Izindikimba ezifanayo zihlanganisa i-U. Ukulingana kwamalungelo namalungelo obuntu ne-Australian Rights Rights Commissionerry ne-Hulumend. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukunikeza isiqondiso esihlela abaqashi nezimiso zikahulumeni, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekutholeni imali, ekusebenzeni, ekuzimeleni kwezentengobo, nasekuzimeleni kwezombangazwe.

4. Izimboni Zezomthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngaphandle komthetho wasekhaya, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zidinga izivumelwano zokusayina ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana. I-International Convention on the Religion of All Acts of Racial Trust ibopha izibopho ezingokwahlulelwa nokususwa kobandlululo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke izinhlobo. I-Convention yokususa zonke izigaba zobandlululo kubesifazane (CEDAW) imisa uhlelo olubanzi lokulingana ngokobufana. Ikomiti yamalungelo obuntu ilalela i-ICCCPR kanye nezinkulumo ezivamile ezichaza izinhlelo ezichaza isilinganiso. Nakuba izindikimba zomhlaba zonke zingenawo amandla okubeka umthetho omthetho, zisebenzisa ukucindezela kokuziphatha nokuxhumana, futhi izinqumo zazo zingathonya izinkantolo zasekhaya.

Indima Yengoma

Izinkantolo ziwukuqinisekisa kokuphela kokulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, ukwakhiwa kwemithetho, nentuthuko yomthetho ovamile, abahluleli banquma incazelo nempumelelo yezimiso zokulingana. Izinqumo zabo zingaqhubekisela phambili noma ziphazamise intuthuko.

Izinqumo Zokwahlulela Eziwuphawu

Amacala amaningana ngokuyisisekelo aye alungisa ukulingana okungokomthetho:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Unimeal Protection Claus, igumbuqela imfundiso ye ehlukeneyo. Ferguson. Isinqumo sahlanganisa inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi futhi sasungula ukuthi umehluko wohlanga wezwe u-Active Clausle, wagumbuqela imfundiso ye-[FLT] elinganayo.[FLT] V.[FLT][FLD:3]
  • Roe v. Wade (1973). [Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuzala]: Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lowesifazane lokuzikhethela liyingxenye yenkululeko evikelwe yi-Curreate Process Clause, nokuthi imingcele ayinakubeka umthwalo ongafanele kwabesifazane, ikhulumela ngokulingana kobufana ngaphansi komthetho. (Note: Ngo-20222, Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen phezu kwe-Rod, ukubuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisuko kuveza nokuqokomisa ukulingana kwesivikelo somthetho).
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : INkantolo yamemezela umshado oxubile njengelungelo lomthetho-mthetho ngaphansi kwakho kokubili iNkqubo ka-Celas neSivikelo esilinganayo. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ukunqaba imvume yomshado emibhangqwaneni efanayo engokobulili obufanayo kwalulaza isithunzi sayo futhi kwabeka ukungalingani emikhayeni yayo.
  • Eyed v. Reed (1971): Icala lokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho osekelwe ekucaluleni ubulili ngaphansi kwe-Acimial Protection Clause, imisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane okuzimele kuphazamisa isiHluzi seMinyaka Eyisine.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukuchaza kokwahlulela kuguqula, kubonakalisa inqubo eshintshayo yomphakathi nokuqonda okujule kakhulu kokulingana. Nokho, izinkantolo zicindezelwa ngokokuqala futhi ngezinye izikhathi zingaguqula intuthuko, njengoba kubonakala esinqumweni [[FLT: 0] samaDobbs [[[FLT: 1].

Izinselele Zokwahlulela Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zilwa nemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ubandlululo, nenkulumo yenzondo. Uma ukuqasha imithetho yokuhlukanisa abesifazane noma amahlelo amancane esizwe, okukhona okumelene nomthetho wokungavumelani nomthetho kungabangela ukungaqondi kahle kwenqubo yokuthatha izinqumo ezifiphele. Ngokufanayo, isehlulelo sihlala siphikisana: isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. 2023 [2023] ku-ALD:0] izimfashini ze-Fair Adgicts v. ihlasela ukuvuma kohlanga olungenalwazi lwezemfundo ephakeme, ngokuphawulekayo ishintsha ukucindezela kokuchaza imithetho ekucwaseni ubandlululo oluphakathi kwezindawo eziningi, njengabesifazane abangabantu abavamile abakhetha ukuthatha izigaba zezezemthetho zesizwe.

Izinselele Zokulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho, ukulingana okungaqondakali okubangelwa ukuqina okungalawuleki kusenzima ngenxa yezithiyo eziphikelelayo zokwakha, zezomnotho, nezezombangazwe.

1. Ukubandlululana Kwabantu Nokucwasa Okuphelele

Ubandlululo lwe-system lubhekisela ekungabini nanzuzo okunqwabelaneni okubangelwa yizinhlangano nezimiso. Akuyona njalo imiphumela yobuhlanga obungalingani kodwa ibangelwa yizindlela zomlando, amasiko ezinhlangano, kanye nobandlululo oluphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugwetshwa kobugebengu phakathi kwabamangalelwa abamnyama nabamhlophe ngenxa yezomthetho ezifanayo kubonakalisa ubandlululo lwesimiso sobuhlanga phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa, luqhutshwa yizici ezinjengobupoliti, ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nokuqapha. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi enjengokuthembela egabeni amagama-wodwa nge-omphimbo. Ukucwaswa komthetho kungaqhubeki ukucwa kwezinhlanga nabesifazane. U-Remeding sydiaismismismismismss ading the propectionssional systemmental proving, processs, projectivessolution, processsssssss, projectivesssssssssssss, iproviordiation, iprovicials.

2. Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Negebe Lobulungisa

Ukungalingani kwengcebo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukufinyelela ekulungeni. Izindleko zokumelelwa komthetho zingavinjelwa; abantu abathola imali ephansi ngokuvamile abanayo imithombo yokubekela inselele ukucwaswa noma ukuvikela amalungelo abo. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zincishwa njalo, zishiya abaningi bengenalusizo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izintina ezimpofu zivame ukubonakala zise prose (ngaphandle kommeli), zibhekene nezithiyo ezingcono ezisiza amaqembu ahambe kalula. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho nakho kuthinta amandla ezombangazwe, njengoba izithakazelo ezicebile zingayekelela imithetho evimbela amalungelo abo futhi ihlanekezelisa abanye. Intela eyandayo kanye namanetha empikiswano empilweni emisha emisha isekela ukulingana okusemthethweni ngokunciphisa igebefu.

3. Ukungavumelani Kwezombangazwe Nokucindezelwa Kwezigebengu

Ukuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ibonisa intando yabo bonke abantu. Nokho ukucina amasu okuvota (njengemithetho ye-ID eqinile), ukususwa kwemivoti evotayo, ukuvota, ukunqanda nokulinganisela kwasekuqaleni), kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu amancane, imiphakathi empofu, nentsha. Ukunqanda ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho, okuthi ngokuvamile izigidi zezakhamuzi zibole ekuvoteni, ngokuvamile zinemiphumela ehlukene ngenxa yokungalingani komlando wezindawo ezimbalwa. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa kwemithetho, isivikelo sokulunga kwemithetho singancitshiswa noma sivinjwe ngokuphelele.

Ukungalingani Nokushaya Ihlombe Ngokweqile

Abantu bavame ukucwaswa kanye kanye ngezizathu eziningi, umqondo obizwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwemifantu. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane okhubazekile oNsundu angase abhekane nemingcele engabanjwa yinhlanganisela yohlanga, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka ngokwehlukana. Ama-sethi angokomthetho avame ukuphatha izici ezivikelekile ngokuhlukaniswa, aphoqelele ama-paltiff ukuba avumelane nezimfuno zawo ezihlukene. Izinkantolo ziqaphela ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi ukuhlangana kwemiyadi, kodwa intuthuko iyahamba. Emsebenzini, ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe enhlanganiseni yohlanga nocansiswano lobulili kungaba nzima ukuqinisekisa ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ukuvumela ukuhlaziywa komthetho ocacile ukuba uvume ukuthi umehluko ukhona.

5. Ubuchwepheshe, Ukuhlukanisa Izindaba Nezinombolo

Ukuguqulwa kwemitapo kwakha ukulingana okusha. Ukwenza isinqumo se-algoric ekuqasheni, ukufakwa kwemali, ukufakwa kwemali, nokuhlolwa kwezezigebengu kungaveza ukucwasana okungokomlando uma ukuqeqesha kubonakalisa ukucwasana okudlulile. “ukwahlukanisa” kusho ukuthi imiphakathi etholakeleyo ephansi nezindawo zasemaphandleni ayinayo i-Internet ephezulu ye-net noma imishini ye-minucrometic, ilinganisela ukutholakala kwemicebo esemthethweni, ukuzwa kwenkantolo ekude, kanye nokusetshenziswa komsebenzi. Izindaba zomfundamathelelano zinokulingana: ukuqapha imingcele yeminyango emincane, ukubhikishanisa izingxoxo zezombangazwe nokungathembana. Imithetho enjenge-Fornicie Actal Consume Act ne-General Data Reglivement iqala ukunikezwa ngekhefu eyimfihlo, kodwa i-Alacine-al isengu.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Ukulingana okukhulayo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo phakathi kwezici eziningi — ukubhekana nezenzo zokwahlulela, ukwahlulela, ukuphatha, nohulumeni.

1. Ukuqasha Okungokomthetho Nokuthonya

I-NaACP Legal Defense and Educational Law Center isebenzisa i-ligitation ukubekela imithetho yokuvinjelwa kwezindawo, imikhuba yamaphoyisa, nemithetho yokuvota. Abameli bamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke baletha amacala phambi kwesivumelwano nezinkantolo zezifunda, njenge-Internet-American Court of Human Rights of Human Rights, ukuphola imigaqo ye-algrimmental. I-ligigation iphumelela kakhulu uma ihlangene nezinqubo zokuxhumana nomphakathi.

2. Umthetho Noshintsho Lwenqubo

Imithetho emisha ingavala izikhala ezivikelweni ezikhona. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Eunity Act eUnited States, engeza isivikelo esicacile kubantu abahlala e-LGBTQ, abasebenzayo, nezinye izindawo; iPacheck Fairness Act ukuqinisa i-operation; futhi i-Health Protection Act yokulondoloza ukukhishwa kwesisu. Kulelozinga lombuso, izikweleti ezifuna amakhamera eqembu lamaphoyisa, ukuvala i-profini, nokuvimbela ukucwa kwemithetho eqeqeshelwa ukugcinwa kwezimiso zokulawula. Inguquko ihlanganisa nezinguquko zezomthetho, njengemithetho yokuguqula izicelo zezentengozo zomthetho ukuze idinge ukuthatha imvume yokuthola izimali nokukhokha, okwenza ukuba umqondisi asebenze.

3. Imfundo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Ulwazi ngamalungelo angokomthetho luyimfuneko ekuzisholeleni. Izifundo zomphakathi ezingokomthetho zenza iziteshi zemfundo zomphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezindawo ze-website-tem-"isiza abantu ukuba baqonde izivikelo zabo nendlela yokuziqinisa. Imikhankaso ingalwa nokukhetha okuphehla uhlonze. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhankaso yezindaba eqokomisa ithonya lobandlululo oluphelele ekunakekeleni impilo ekhona ingaphoqelela izikhungo zezokwelapha ukuba zithathe izinhlelo zokuqeqesha. Ukungavumelani komthetho nokungena ezimisweni kuya kuhlanganisa imingcele nokungena ezifundweni ezingokomthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameli nabahluleli besikhathi esizayo bahlonyiswe ukuqonda ngokulingana.

Ukuhlela Izinqubo Zomphakathi Nezimpande Zomnyakazo

Ngokomlando, intuthuko ejulile ekulinganani ngaphansi komthetho iye yavela kubantu abavamile abafuna ushintsho. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi, umzabalazo wabesifazane, ukukhubazeka kwamalungelo abantu, ne LGBTQ + umzabalazo wamalungelo bonke bathembela ekubhikisheni, ekungalalelini komphakathi, nasekuhleleni umphakathi. Amaqembu amabhungane angabheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengezilandisa, zifaka imithetho yendawo, futhi zakhe imifelandawo esekela lapho izimiso zomthetho zihluleka. Namuhla, izinhlangano ezinjenge-Black Live Matter ne - R5 ziyaqhubeka zihlomela ukulwa kwesizwe nobulungisa bezomnotho, zisebenzisa amathuluzi ezimiso zobuchwepheshe ukuze zidlulisele isigijimi sazo.

5. Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezimiso Ezivamile

Ukushintshana kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kuqinisa imibuso yesizwe. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Ofisi ye-UN yoMphathiswa Wamalungelo Abantu zinikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe kohulumeni abahlola imithetho ehambisana nezindinganiso zokulingana. Izivumelwano, njenge-Convention on the Rights of People of Disease, zimisa izimemezelo zokuthola imvume nokungaguquguquki okungagunyazi amazwe asebenzisa umthetho wekhaya. Ukucindezela kontanga kwamanye amazwe kungakhuthaza izinguquko, njengoba kubonakala lapho ukuhlola kwezizwe ngezizwe kuholele ekushintsheleni kwemithetho emelene nobudlova obusekelwe ebulilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano zezohwebo zihlanganisa ukusebenza nokungahlangani, kuhlanganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho ezihambisana nokulingana.

Isiphetho

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho akuyona impumelelo eqhubekayo kodwa umzabalazo oqhubekayo. Nakuba izimiso zesisekelo kanye nesivikelo esingokomthetho kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izinselele ezingapheli zokwenza ubandlululo olungokomhlaba, ukungalingani ngokwezomnotho, ukuhlukana ngokwezombangazwe, nezinsongo ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe. ($requariary, izishaya-mthetho, izinhlangano zokuqondisa, izinhlangano zomphakathi, zonke zidlala indima ezibalulekile ekuhumusheni isilinganiso sokulingana ziphile. Wonke umuntu unesigxobo kulomzamo, ukuhlukana ngokwezomnotho, ukuhlukana ngokwezombangazwe, kanye nezinsolo ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe. Izimiso zokusebenza kwezindawo zomphakathi ezilawula idemocrali ngokwazo kanye. Ukuqonda izimiso eziyinhloko nesivikelo kuyisinyathelo lokuqala; ukubophela okukhuthele ekuguquleni imfundo, futhi ukuthuthukisa indlela. Umthetho uqaphela ukuthi kokubili ukulingana kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi futhi kunomthwalo wemfanelo ophelele.