Isingeniso: Inkinga Yokubusa Eyisisekelo

Ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano yamandla ezombangazwe kunikeza inselele ephikelelayo enkululekweni yabantu. Uhulumeni osebenzayo udingekile ukuze unikeze ukulondeka, uphoqelele imithetho, futhi wakhe izakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwayo, umphakathi usengozini yokungena esidlekeni. Nokho uhulumeni onikwe amandla okwenza lezizinto unamandla okucindezela. Umbuzo oyinhloko wokubusa komthetho-sisekelo unikeza umbuso amandla anele okufeza imisebenzi yawo kuyilapho uvimbela ukuba ube usongo kubo kanye abantu ohloselwe ukuba bakhonze. Lombuzo udinga isimiso sokulinganisela samandla. Ukulinganisela kwamandla, okufinyelelwa ngemingcele, imingcele engokomthetho, nemisebenzi esebenzayo, kusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokugcina umphakathi ukhululekile. Ukuqonda indlela lemingcele esebenza ngayo kanye nezimiso ezingemva kwabo kubaluleke ngayo ekubusweni kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Izimbangela Eziwubuhlakani Zohulumeni Abalinganiselwe

Umqondo wokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni awuzange uvele nakancane noma encwadini, uvela emakhulwini eminyaka e e e e evolution yezombangazwe, okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo, nemibono yefilosofi mayelana negunya namalungelo abantu.

Abenzi Besikhathi Esidala Nesasendulo

Izwe lasendulo lanikeza ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni ngezingozi zamandla akhethekile. u-Aristotle, ekuhloleni kwakhe ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwe-Athene kanye namanye amadolobha amaGreki, waxwayisa ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lukahulumeni lungaphenduka ubudlova, i-oligarch, nokubusa kwesixuku. Wasekela ukuxubanisa uhulumeni oxubile, ukuhlanganisa izici zombuso ngamunye ukuze udale ukuqina. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasungula isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semihlangano, ama-conuls, kanye ne-se-senete eklanywe ukusakaza igunya nokuvimbela noma isiphi isigaba esithile ekubuseni. I-Cicero yalwela ukubusa [ [FLT] [ig:1], i-rbacricism ebuswa yimithetho elawulwa yintando ngentando yemithetho. I-Magna ekwide 1215 yebhukwibhili ye-ede eyincwadi engokomthetho engokomthetho ukuthi i-ogcustone amandla [yenziswa yinkosi, iwuqaphela senkosi, ukuthi inkosi, iwuveza umthetho nge

Imibono Yokukhanyiselwa Yamalungelo Emvelo Nokuhlukana

Uhlelo lwanamuhla lukahulumeni olinganiselwe lwakhiwa phakathi noKhanyiselwa. UJohn Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nempahla ekhona ngaphambi kukahulumeni. Ngokombono wakhe, uhulumeni, uyisivumelwano sezenhlalo esakhelwe ukubuswa ukuvikela lamalungelo. Uma uhulumeni ephula lokhu kuphathiswa, abantu banelungelo lokumelana nokukuthatha indawo yawo. Imibono yomthetho ibekela inselele ngokuqondile ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi futhi ibeke ubukhosi ezandleni zabantu. Baron de Montensquieu, Umoya woMthetho [FLT:], uqhube ukutadisha kakhulu izimiso zezombangazwe futhi uphethe ukuthi indlela yokuvimbela ubushiqela ihlukene phakathi kwemisebenzi yohulumeni. Uveza ukubusa okungahlukene, futhi uyakwazi ukuphatha imibuso ehlukene.

Ukuvuleka Kwama - dollar AseMelika

Abasunguli baseMelika bahlanganisa lemibono yokukhanyiselwa njengesimiso sikahulumeni esisebenzayo. UJames Madison, edwetshwe kakhulu iMontesquieu neLocke, waphikisa kumaFederalist Papers ukuthi isimo sikahulumeni sasiyisivikelo saso esiyinhloko ekubushiqela. KuFederali No. 51, uMadison wabhala ngokudume ukuthi uma abantu beyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni odingayo. Njengoba kungena, [[FLT:] kumelwe kwenziwe ukulwa kwesifiso sokufuna ukulawulwa . Umthetho wadala irepublic enemibuso ehlukene, ukwahlukana okusobala phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, nesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukunezela kukaBill wamaLungelo alungiselelwe inkululeko ehlukene embusweni yohulumeni ngamunye. Lokhu kuzama ukulwa kwesizwe sokuqala sombuso waseMelika kwakuwumzamo omkhulu wokuzama ukusungula ukulwa kwesimiso esingokomthetho esisemthethweni esisemthethweni esimisiwe.

Izinsika Zokwakha Zikahulumeni Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni akudingi nje ukuzibophezela kwefilosofi kuphela, kudinga izinqubo eziqinile ezisemkhakheni wokubusa.

Ubumthetho - sisekelo Nokubusa Komthetho

Umthetho - sisekelo olotshiwe usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, ubopha bonke abadlali bakahulumeni. Uchaza izinqubo zegunya likahulumeni, umisa izinqubo zokwenza imithetho, futhi unqabela izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni. Isimiso sokubusa umthetho sisho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ungaphansi komthetho. Akukho ongaphezu kwawo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukusebenzisa amandla okuwenzile. Izinkantolo ze-constractic zibalulekile ekubekeni lemingcele. Amandla okuhlola, amiswe eMelika nge-mosmouse v. Mademy[FLT:]., ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho. Lawomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlala uhleli imingcele ephilayo nasenzweni kwe-Genecrounigconst, hhayi nje ukusikisela okunikezwa yi-procence.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kukahulumeni ube amagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nahluleli kuyisivikelo esiyinhloko ekubushiseni. Isishaya-mthetho senza imithetho, isikhulu siyenza iphoqelelwe, futhi ihluleli iyayichaza. Ngokubeka lemisebenzi ehlukene eziminyangweni ezihlukene, lesi simiso sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba isebenzise amandla aphelele ombuso. UMkhandlu awunakuphoqelela imithetho edlulayo; uMongameli akanakwenza imithetho; izinkantolo zithembele kwamanye amagatsha ukuze ziqiniswe ekubekeni iziqondiso zayo. Lokhu kwahlukana kokwakha kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla akhona futhi igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lihlangane nabanye ukuze lifeze imigomo yalo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Ngaphandle kokwehlukana okulula, isimiso se-Melika sinikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela amandla abanye. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho ngemithetho emikhulu. UMongameli umisa amajaji nezikhulu, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinise. ISishaya-mthetho silawula uhlelo lwemali futhi simemeze impi, inikeza inqubo enamandla yokulawula. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamemezela izenzo zesikhulu noma imithetho engekho emthethweni. Indlu ingazikhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi iSishaya - mthetho singazisusa ezikhundleni. Lesimiso segunya elingenayo neligunya lokuzibophana icala.

Uhulumeni: Ukulinganiselwa Okufanele Kwegunya

Ngaphezu kokwahlukanisa amandla ngokuqonde phakathi kwamagatsha, uhulumeni wombuso wahlukanisa amandla aqonde phezulu phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni bezwe. Uhulumeni wezwe unikezwa amandla aqondile, adwetshwe. Yonke eminye imibuso igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu, njengoba iqiniswe yiSichibiyelo seshumi. Lokhu kubekwa kwegunya kunikeza ukuhlola okunamandla okunamandla emandleni aphakathi. Amazwe asebenza njenge "izinhlangano zentando yeningi," ukuzama ngezimiso ezihlukene. Izakhamuzi zingavota ngezinyawo zazo, zishukumisele ekulawuleni imithetho yazo engcono evumelana nezindinganiso zazo. Ohulumeni futhi banikeza ukulingana okumelene negunya lombuso, ukuvimbelanakwawo okungalawuleki, ukubambisana okuphakathi kwezezishaya umthetho, nokuzibusa.

Izithembiso Ezingokomthetho Zenkululeko Ngamunye

Imingcele engokomthetho yamandla kahulumeni iyadingeka, kodwa ayinele.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengokuhlolwa Kwamalungelo

I-Bill of Rights imisa indawo yokuzimela okungenakuphazamisa uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo ngokukhululekile. Sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nesicelo. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingagxeka uhulumeni wazo, zihlele ukuphikiswa, futhi zisekele ushintsho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, sidinga iziqinisekiso ezisekelwe ezizathwini ezilindelekile. ISiphendumiso sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, sivikela ekuzisebenziseni inzuzo yomphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhwa intelela. Lemithetho ecacile yenza udonga olungokomthetho oluvimbela ukufinyelela kwegunya likahulumeni.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sihlanganisa eziningi zalezisivikelo kuhulumeni nasehulumenini ngokwenqubo yokuhlanganisa. Isiqinisekiso saso sokuvikela umthetho ngokulinganayo sifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe bonke abantu ngokungakhethi futhi angabi nakubandlululwa ngokungenabulungisa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa lesi sigqebhezana ekumiseni imithetho ephoqelela ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, iphikelele amalungelo okuvota, futhi ikhethele asekelwe ebulilini. Inqubo efanele yokuvikela bonke abantu ngokobulungisa bomthetho namalungelo ayisisekelo . Lamalungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke nje uthathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nomuntu ngaphandle kokulunga, futhi kumelwe uphathe bonke abantu ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Umthetho Ophethe Nokulandisa Kwama - agency

Enkathini yanamuhla, umsebenzi omningi kahulumeni wenziwa yizinhlangano eziqondisayo. Lezi zikhundla zihlanganisa izimemezelo zomthetho, izikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela, zidala usongo olungase luzifake ekulinganiseni kwegunya. Umthetho wobuBushiqela usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola lezi zikhundla. Le zinhlangano ze-Administrative Proceduct Act zidinga izinhlangano ezinikeza isaziso sasobala semithetho ehlongosini, ukwamukela izincazelo zomphakathi, futhi zifaka incazelo engxoxweni yazo. Izenzo ze-agency zingaphansi kokubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ewumthetho, ewucabangelayo, noma edlulayo igunya lenhlangano le-statoory. Lemistricture ifuna ukunikeza izimfuneko zobusweni zobukhaziselo esifundayo esifundazweni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe nabaqondisi bemithetho yabo abasebenzi ngaphandle kwemithetho.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi: Abantu Njengenkambiso Egcina Kukhona

Izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezincwadi ezingokomthetho azinacala ngaphandle kokuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ziziphoqelele. Umphakathi womphakathi, owakhiwa yizinhlangano zokuzithandela, amaqembu ezezimali, imithombo yezindaba, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe, unikeza isici esibalulekile sokulandisa.

Izindaba Ezikhululekile Ezizimele

I-Piceptor isebenza njengendlela yokuqapha ukubusa kukahulumeni. Izintatheli ezikhokhelwayo ziveza inkohlakalo, zidalula ukuziphatha okubi, futhi zazisa umphakathi ngendlela esetshenziswa ngayo amasheya abo entela. Izincwadi zePentagon Papers zembula ukukhohlisa kukahulumeni ngeMpi yaseVietnam. Uphengululo lweWatergate lwaholela ekuweni kwesikhundla sikamongameli. Umbiko wezindaba okhululekile ubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganiseni amandla kangangokuthi ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi i-Freenter Renaces. Lapho ukucindezela inkululeko kusongelwa ukwesatshiswa, ukuqashwa, noma ukuphenyiswa, enye yezinhloli eziphumelela kakhulu ezisekwenzweni zamandla uhulumeni kukhubazekile. Ukuvikela ukuzimela kwentatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekubekeni icala lomphakathi.

Izinhlangano Zobushiqela Nokulandisa Okungokomthetho

Amaqembu enzalo nezinhlangano ezingezona ezahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubekeni imithetho kahulumeni enecala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ziletha ukumangalelwa kwecala lokubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho. Amaqembu kahulumeni abahle athatha imvume yokunxusa, izimali zomkhankaso, nezimiso zokuphula umthetho. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikhomba izinhlangano ezihluleka ukuphoqelela imithetho yokungcola. Lezinhlangano ziveza imithombo yezimali nobuchwepheshe bezokulawula izenzo zikahulumeni ezingaba nzima kunoma yimuphi umuntu ukuba abeke inselele kuzo ngokwazo. Zisebenza njengabameli abazimele, zifaka imingcele engokomthetho yegunya likahulumeni.

Izinhlangano Ezinomsuka Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezihleliwe zingalungisa ukungalingani kwamandla. Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi isebenzisa ukubhikisha okungenabudlova, izinselele zomthetho, nokuhlela kwezombangazwe ukuchitha isimiso sikaJim Crow Confution futhi ivikele uhulumeni ekutholeni amalungelo okuvota. Umzabalazo wabesifazane ohleliwe uchithe amashumi eminyaka ulwa umkhankaso wokuthola ilungelo lokuvota. Lenhlangano yezisebenzi yazuza isivikelo sezisebenzi. Lezinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi uma izinhlangano ezisemthethweni zihluleka ukuvikela amalungelo, izakhamuzi zingahlela ukuphoqasha ushintsho. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi emahholo edolobha, ukuzwa kwasobala, ukhetho, nezinhlangano zezembutho zinikeza umthombo wamandla entando yeningi ahlala esabelayo nomthetho.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokulinganisela Kwamandla

Naphezu kokuqina okukhulu okwaqala emakhulwini eminyaka, ukulinganisela kwamandla kubhekene nokuguguleka okukhulu kwenkathi yanamuhla.

Ukuwohloka Kwamandla Anegunya

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuqaleni. Abameli bancika ngokuqhubekayo eziyalweni eziphetheyo ukuze bafeze izinjongo zesimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Umbuso wokuphatha uye wakhula ngobukhulu nangobukhulu, usebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo kwezezomnotho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nendawo ezungezile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezikhulu kuye kwathatha indawo yezivumelwano ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kukhula kwamandla eziphathimandla kusongela ukulinganisela ngokululaza indima yegatsha lemithetho njengomphathi womthetho. Ingqungqungquthela iye yamathanda ukuqinisa igunya layo, iphathise izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezomthetho futhi ihluleka ukuphatha.

Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Ne - Gridlock

Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe kuye kwaqeda eziningi zezimiso ezivamile ezenza isimiso sisebenze. I-partisan gerymanider iye yadala izigodi ezilondekile, inciphisa ukulandisa kokhetho. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-monilbuster eSigqeni kwenza kwaba nzima ukushaya umthetho, kuholele ekushayeleni i-group. Ngezinye izikhathi lo mzila ugujwa njengengxenye yesimiso, kodwa futhi uvimbela uhulumeni ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo, ezingase zinciphise ukholo lomphakathi ezikhungweni zentando yeningi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-polanthryster nakho kungaholela ekuwohlolweni ngokubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha, kanye noMongameli ophathana njengezitha ezikanye njengezitha ezibusanayo.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele ibalulekile ekubekeni imingcele ebusayo. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengabenzi bezombangazwe abahlukumezayo kunokuba zithathele abaxhasi bomthetho icala, igunya lazo liyancipha. Ukuhlasela ukugunyazwa kwezinkantolo, ukuhluleka ukuhambisana nemithetho yenkantolo, nezihlongozo zokwandisa noma zokumisa kabusha izinkantolo zezombangazwe ukuze kuzuze konke kusongela ukuzibusa kokwahlulela. Ngaphandle kwejaji eliqinile nelihloniphekile, amanye amagatsha awabange nasizathu sokuhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho. Ukuvikela ukuzimela kwenkantolo kuyisihluthulelo sokulondoloza ukulinganisela kwegunya lonke.

Ukungavumelani Nokunye

Idemokrasi esebenzayo idinga izakhamuzi ezivumelana namaqiniso ayisisekelo. Ukuvela kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, imikhankaso yokungathembekile, nemithombo yezindaba encishisiwe kuye kwahlukanisa umphakathi. Ohulumeni bangaphandle nabadlali basekhaya bangasakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ukuze bahlwanyele ukuhlukanisa, bacindezele ukuvota, futhi banciphise ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, kuba nzima ukubeka icala likahulumeni. Umphakathi ongathembi abezindaba, isimiso sokhetho, noma ubuchwepheshe bezesayensi ungachayeka ukusetshenziswa yizethingi abakhasi abanamandla. Ukulwa nokwethemba izinhlangano kuyinselele enkulu ye-demodefacrase.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wenkululeko

Ukulingana kwamandla akuwona umshini ozisebenzelayo. Yisimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukunakekelwa njalo, ukunakwa, nomzamo. Isivikelo sokwakha esakhelwe kumthetho-sisekelo, iziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho zamalungelo abantu, kanye nokuhlangana okusebenzayo komphakathi womphakathi okhululekile. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekene nomsebenzi wokuvikela lezi zikhungo ezisongelayo ezintsha futhi sizivumelanise nezimo ezintsha. Imingcele yamandla kahulumeni avikela inkululeko yethu ehlala njalo. Angaqedwa ngokunganaki, ukunganaki, noma ukuhlasela kwekhono. Ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kwamandla kudinga izakhamuzi okuqonda ukubaluleka kwazo futhi kuzimisele ukuyivikela. Umsebenzi wenkululeko awusoze waphelela.