Umqondo wokwamukelwa kwezombangazwe uyisisekelo sokuqonda amandla anamandla negunya emphakathini. Ubhekisela enkolelweni evamile yokuthi uhulumeni noma umbuso wezombangazwe unelungelo lokubusa nokuthi igunya lawo lamukelwa abantu. Ngaphandle kogunya, ngisho nombuso ohlangene kakhulu ubhekene nokungahleleki, njengoba izakhamuzi zingamelana noma zithathe imvume yazo. Ukubusa kwezombangazwe akusona nje isimo sefilosofi; kuyisimo esiwusizo esisekela ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo, sivumela ukuba kusebenze, futhi sihlele ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nohulumeni ababusayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuma okusemthethweni kwezombangazwe, sihlola ukuchaza kwazo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando, imithombo, izinselele, kanye nokusebenza kwamanje ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wezombangazwe

Umthetho wezombangazwe ungaqondwa njengokulunga kwegunya likahulumeni. Akuyona nje kuphela ukubekwa amandla kodwa ukwamukelwa kwalawomandla abuswa ngababuswa njengolungile ngokokuziphatha noma ngokufanele. Umthetho unikeza ababusi ilungelo lokukhipha imiyalo futhi ulindele ukulalela, hhayi ngenxa nje yokuthi baphethe isibhamu kodwa ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi kufanele zilalele. Izazi zihlukanisa phakathi umthetho (kanjalo umbuso unelungelo lokuziphatha) kanye nokuthembeka komthetho okusemthethweni [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] umthetho osemthethweni womthetho osemthethweni [[FLT]] [ist:3]] [abantu abakholelwa ukuthi kufanele).

UMax Weber usazi sesayensi yokusebenza kwamazinyo esalokhu inethonya.

  • ngokomthetho wezenkathi: kusekelwe emasikweni okuma nasesimweni esizuzwe njengefa. Amakhosi namakhosi esizwe ngokuvamile ancika kuloluhlobo, lapho ukubusa kwamukelwa khona ngoba “kuyamukeleka njalo.”
  • ngokomthetho: iveza incazelo yezimfanelo zomuntu zomholi ezingavamile(iheroism), iso, noma ubungcwele. Izinguquko nezinhlangano zenkolo zivame ukuveza abantu abanamandla anamandla okulawula ukwethembeka okukhulu.
  • ngokomthetho-wokuhlukanisa: osekelwe emithethweni ehleliwe, ezinqubeni, nakumthetho. idemokrasi nemibuso yanamuhla elawula imibuso yentando yeningi iveza lolu hlobo: igunya lihlala emahhovisi, hhayi kubantu.

Ngalé kwe-Weber, abalandeli bezombangazwe besikhathi esifanayo njengoDavid Beetham noJürgen Habermas baye bacacisa lomqondo. Betham uveza ukuthi ukufaneleka kusezinsikeni ezintathu: ukuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe (umthetho), ukuvumelana kwemithetho ngezinkolelo ezihlanganyelwe (ukulunga kwendabuko), futhi ukuvuma okugunyaziwe kokulawulwa. UHabbermas ugcizelela ukuthi ukuqamba umthetho kuvela ezimisweni zobukhoma futhi ukwenza izinqumo eziveza izakhamuzi zingamukela ngesizathu esizwakalayo. La zimiso zibonisa ukuthi umthetho ubanzi: umthetho, ukuziphatha, nokuphamba.

Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okujulile okucatshangelwe, bheka i Encyclopedia of Philosophy ungeno esemthethweni wezombangazwe.

Imiqondo Engokomlando Ngobuqotho Bezombangazwe

Umqondo wokugunyazwa kwezombangazwe uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo ezikhathini zasendulo nezenkathi ephakathi, izinkolelo ezilungile zaphezulu zathethelela ukubusa ngokukhanga kwesimiso sendawo yonke noma senkolo. Inkathi yanamuhla yashintshela emvumeni, isivumelwano, nobukhosi obuthandwayo (ukuguqula okuye kwachaza isisekelo sombuso.)

Imibono Yasendulo Neyasendulo

Emiphakathini eminingi yasendulo, ukuqamba umthetho kwakuhambisana nokuthatheka kwemiqondo engavamile. AmaFalao aseGibhithe ayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu abaphilayo; imiyalo yawo yayinamandla aphezulu. EMesophothamiya, i-Symmoram yazisholo ukuthi inikezwe unkulunkulu uMarduk. I-dyonasaves yasendulo yasebenzisa i- “Mantaday of Earth,” umqondo owawuthi ababusi babekhethwe izulu ukuze babuse ngokulunga. Uma umbusi ekhohlakele noma ehlulekile, umyalo wawungasuswa, uthethelela ukuvukela, ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi umthetho unemibandela. Ifilosofi yamaGreki, ikakhulukazi u-Aristotle, yashukumbele emthethweni wemvelo kanye nomqondo ongokomthetho ovamile. IRoma yanikela umqondo womthetho ongokomthetho: [[FLD:] [FF1] [F1] [FF] kanye nombuso wamuva]

Ukushintsha Kwangenkathi Ephakathi

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, umcabango wezombangazwe waseYurophu wahlanganisa imfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu nomthetho wamaRoma. UThomas Aquinas waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho womuntu kumelwe uvumelane nomthetho waphezulu nowemvelo; kungenjalo, awubopheleli kunembeza. Umqondo womthetho ophakeme olinganisela igunya lababusi watshala imbewu yomthetho-sisekelo wamuva. Impikiswano ye-Phicipitaliture phakathi kopapa nababusi yembula ukuthi igunya lomthetho lingaphikiswa ngeziphathimandla eziphikisanayo. Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yenkathi yenkathi yaphakathi, izifunda ezimelelayo nezindawo, futhi zenza izifunda-atrands, iqala ukuthi imvume yokubusa yayidingeka intela nokulungisa umthetho.

Abacabangi Abakhanyiselwe

Ukukhanyiselwa kwahlukana ngokuqinile nelungelo laphezulu. UThomas Hobbes, ku-Leviathan [1651], waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho utholakala esivumelwaneni somphakathi: abantu banikezela inkululeko ethile kumbusi oqinisekisa ukuthula nokulondeka. UBoshebha, igunya lombusi lixhomeke ekuvikeleni izihloko; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo isivumelwano. John Locke waqhubekela phambili, egcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe uvikele amalungelo emvelo (ukuphila, impahla) nokubusa ngokuvuma. Uma izakhamuzi ziqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinto zinelungelo lokuvukela. UJenqueacques uyavuma ngokuqondile [Foct:] u-Cecct [Focct [Foct:] [Fexten 17]) “iienumgomole] futhi uzakugcizelela ukubusa okuvamile kwabantu. Uma zisekela izinhloso zemibono yanamuhla, njengoba kuvumelana nemibono yanamuhla.

Ukuze uthole imithombo eyinhloko, bheka [[FLT: 0] ukufihlwa kwe-Britannica ukubunjwa kwezombangazwe .

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezombangazwe

Ukuqamba umthetho akuveli emthonjeni owodwa; kunqwabelana emithonjeni eminingi eqinisanayo.

Ukuba Izehlulelo Zesayensi

Okhetho olukhululekile nolulungile, ukwenza imithetho esobala, nokunamathela emithethweni yomthetho-sisekelo kudala ukufaneleka okungokomthetho. Izakhamuzi zingase zingathandi yonke imikhankaso, kodwa uma zikholelwa ukuthi lenqubo ilungile, zimukela imiphumela. Lokhu kuwumsuka wegunya elingokomthetho embusweni wedemokrasi. Ubuqotho, izinkantolo ezizimele, kanye nezilinganiso ezizinzile zibalulekile.

Ukuba Isekela Lemithetho Esebenzayo

Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni weChina onikeza ukulondeka, ukwanda kwezomnotho, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nobulungisa wenza ngokomthetho. Umbuso wempoqo weChina uncike kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho nokuzinza kwezenhlalo ukuze ulondoloze ukwamukelwa okuthandwayo. Nokho, ukufaneleka komthetho kungantengantenga: uma umnotho untengantenga noma inhlekelele, imvume iyashabalala ngokushesha.

Umthetho Ovamile

Izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo .Inkolo, imibono, noma amasiko .Umbuso ohlanganisa izimiso ezithandwa kakhulu (isib., idemokrasi, amalungelo abantu, ubunye besizwe) ungabonakala njengofanele. E-Iran, ukugunyazwa okungokwasezulwini kuhlanganisa igunya elingokwenkolo nezinhlangano zamaRepublic, okukhanga i-Shia Islam kanye nobuzwe obuvukelayo.

Umthetho Ongokwesiko

Amasiko nezinhlangano ezimiswe isikhathi eside zenza ngokomthetho ngenxa nje yokuthi zidunyiswa isikhathi. Imibuso yomthetho-mthetho njenge-United Kingdom noma iJapane ithola ukufaneleka ngokwesiko uma ihlala nezimiso zentando yeningi. Ezizweni eziningi zangemva kwe-colonia, izikhulu ezingokwesiko noma imikhandlu yesizwe igcina umthetho kanye nezinhlangano zombuso wanamuhla.

Ukushaya Indiva Okuwubuthakazelelayo

Abaholi bamacharism [1] Nelson Mandela Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Franklin Roosevelt . angakha cishe ngokomthetho cishe ngomklamo womuntu siqu kazibuthe. Kodwa lolu hlobo aluqinile ngokwemvelo; kumelwe “luqiniswe” ezinhlanganweni ukuze lukhuthazelelwe. Weber waphawula ukuthi ngemva kokudlula komholi onamandla anamandla, abalandeli kumelwe bamise umthetho noma ngokwesiko.

Izinselele Zemithetho Yezombangazwe

Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo kubalulekile kubenzi bezimiso kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Uma izikhulu zomphakathi ziphambukisa imithombo yenzuzo yazo siqu, ukuzisholo kukahulumeni ukuthi ufeza ukuwa okuhle okuvamile. Umehluko wezwe lonke [ njalo ubhala indlela ukonakala okuqeda ngayo ukwethembana futhi kuphehla ukubhikisha. Izinga eliphakeme lenkohlakalo lihlangene nokungahleleki okuphezulu nokungahleleki kombuso.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ohulumeni abahluphayo, abanyamalalayo abaphikisi, abacindezela ukuphikisana, noma abandlulula ngokulandelana okuhleliwe, baphula isisekelo sokuziphatha esingokomthetho. Ukulahlwa kwezizwe zonke nokumelana nezindawo ngokuvamile kulandela. Ukuvukela kweNtwasahlobo yama - Arabhu ngokwengxenye kwabhebhethekiswa amashumi eminyaka onya lwamaphoyisa nokungabi nasibopho sokulandisa.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuqothulwa

Ukungalingani okukhulu kakhulu — ikakhulukazi uma kuhlangene nokungakwazi ukunyakaza phakathi kwabantu — kuveza umbono wokuthi lesi simiso silungile. Izakhamuzi ezinomuzwa wokuthi zishiywe emuva zingase zenqabe konke ukuhleleka kwezombangazwe. Abaholi bezokusakaza basebenzisa lezi zikhalo, ngezinye izikhathi baqede inqubo yobuntando bentando yeningi.

Iziphetho Zokumelela

Uma izimiso zezombangazwe zihluleka ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amancane, abesifazane, intsha, noma izifunda, ziyahluleka ukufaneleka. Ukubhalisa, ukucinanisa, nokuhlukanisa izishaya-mthetho ezingafuni ukuzwana. Emazweni amaningi, igebe phakathi kokuhluleka kwezakhamuzi nokuhleleka liba umphumela ."Isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi “ukuhluleka ukusabela okuvamile” (") siye sanwetshwa, saphelisa, sandisa izinhlangano ezimelene nokumiswa.

Iposi - Imbumbulu Nokwaziswa Okungalungile

Enkathini yezokuxhumana, ukudukiswa ngamabomu, imibono yozungu, nezindawo ezihlukene zemithombo yezindaba kungaqinisekisa imiphumela ekhethweyo, izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi, nobuchwepheshe bezesayensi. Lapho izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, ukuqonda okudingeke ukuba zibuse ngokomthetho kuba nzima.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubusa Kwezizwe Zonke

Njengoba amandla ezindawo zonke njenge Yurophu Union, iWorld Trade Organization, noma i International Criminal Court, ukufaneleka okungokwesiko okusekelwe kuhulumeni kubekelwe inselele. Izakhamuzi zingabheka izinqumo ezenziwa amabhulathi akude njengezingewona amagebe, ukufunza ama-Euro ngokuwabekela imingcele kanye nokugobeka kwe-oural. Ukungalawuleki kwemithetho yembulunga yonke kuhlala kusesilinganisweni sembulunga yonke, njengoba kungekho ukwehliswa kwembulunga yonke kwemvume yomhlaba.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Umphakathi wangaphakathi //izinhlangano zohulumeni ezingekho, izinyunyana, amaqembu enkolo, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nezishisekeli zenza indima ehlangeneyo ekugunyazweni kwezombangazwe. Ingaqinisa ukufaneleka ngokunika ohulumeni icala nangokukhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza, noma ingabekela inselele futhi iqede imibuso ehlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso.

I-componement ne Mitapo yeQuery

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, izigebengu ezimelene nokonakala, nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele zidalula ukungalungi nokufuna ukuba kube sobala. La mandla alawulayo asekela uhulumeni ukuba ugcine imithetho, kanjalo aqinise ukufaneleka kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lapho umphakathi wesizwe uvinjelwe khona, njengasezindaweni eziningi, ugunyazwe ukuphoqelelwa noma ukuqamba amanga kunokuba uvume ngobuqotho.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuzikhulula

Umphakathi wangaphakathi uhlanganisa izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ekuphileni komphakathi ($_ukusiza umphakathi), ukubhikisha, ukuthatha indiva. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali, imihlangano yezakhamuzi, nokuxoxa nomphakathi kunikeza abantu abavamile iphimbo, kuthuthukisa kokubili ukufaneleka okuvamile nokungokwesiko. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo ezinjenge Black Live Matter noma inhlangano yabesifazane ziye zacindezela ukuba ifakwe, ekugcineni ithathe imithetho nemithetho eguquguqukayo.

Inhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi Nokwethembana

URobert Putnam nabanye baye babonisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi zezakhamuzi zakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo nenhloko eyenza kube nezenzo ezihlangene. Inhloko - dolobha ephakeme isekela izinhlangano ezingokomthetho; inhloko - dolobha ephansi emphakathini, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokungalingani noma ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga, izenza zibe buthaka. Umphakathi ungabahlukanisa noma, kwezinye izimo, ungabahlukanisa (isimo, amaqembu aphikisayo).

Umphakathi Wabantu Osebenza Ngemishini

Izindawo zezokuxhumana zezezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana ze-inthanethi ziye zaguqula umphakathi. Izinhlangano ze-hashtag, ukuphikiswa okuphithineyo, kanye nokufakwa kwezincwadi zezakhamuzi kungakubekela inselele ngokushesha ukulandisa kombuso. Nokho, amathuluzi afanayo angasetshenziswa ukusakaza ulwazi oludidayo noma inzondo ehlangene. Ukufaneleka kobucukubhede bemicikilisho ngokwayo kuyancintiswa: ingabe yinkulumo eqotho ye-asezansi noma ukusebenzisa ukuhlasela?

Ukuhlola Icala Lomthetho Wezombangazwe

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kubonisa indlela ngokomthetho owakhiwa, olondolozwa ngayo, noma olahleka ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

United States

Umthetho kahulumeni wase-U.S. usemthethweni ukhona kuMthetho-sisekelo, okhethweni lwentando yeningi, futhi isiko elide lokubusa umthetho. Nokho amashumi eminyaka amuva nje aye abona ukwehla kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni − Conren, umongameli, umongameli. Isigaba sokuhlalisana kwezwe, izinselele zokhetho, nokuhlasela kweCapitol kwembule izivumo ezijulile. Izakhamuzi eziningi ziyakuthandabuza ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yokhetho, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli lwama 2020. Nakuba isimiso sisindile, izisekelo zaso ezivamile zingaphansi kobunzima.

i-Venezuela

Ngaphansi kweHugo Chávez neNicolás Maduro, uhulumeni waseVenezuela ekuqaleni wathola ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuhola abantu, izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezinamafutha, nokunqoba kokhetho. Nokho, ukuwa kwezomnotho, ukukhucululwa okukhulu, ukunqanyulwa kwemithetho elawulayo, nokhetho oluphikiswayo kuye kwaqeda ukuqashelwa kokubili kwasekhaya nasemhlabeni wonke. Ukhetho lukamongameli luka-2018 lwalahlwa kabanzi njenge-ham; ukuphikiswa nemibuso eminingi manje iqaphela ukuzisholo kukaJuan Guaidó kumongameli. IVenezuela imelela icala lencwadi yenkinga engokomthetho engokomthetho: iziboshelwayo ukubusa, akukho sinqumo esicacile, futhi ukuhlupheka okusakaze kakhulu.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

Imvume yokufaneleka kwe-ANS-partheid eNingizimu Afrika yayisekelwe egunyeni lokuziphatha likaNelson Mandela ne-African National Congress (ANC), umthetho-sisekelo ohlanganisa i-1993, ne-Truth kanye ne-Reconciliation Commission. Emashumini amabili eminyaka, i-ANC elawulwa ngemvume ebanzi. Kodwa amahlazo enkohlakalo amuva, uhulumeni obamba ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJacob Zuma, ukuswela okukhulu kwemisebenzi, nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kuye kwaphelelwa ithemba. I-ANC’s' yehla ingxenye yehla ngaphansi kwe-50% kokhetho bendawo engu-2024. I-South Africa ibonisa ukuthi i-mmouse idinga ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo; ukufezela okungokomlando akunakuvimbela ukuhluleka okuqhubekayo komthetho okukhona manje.

I - European Union

Ukufaneleka kwe-EU kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi yokubusa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ivela emazweni angamalungu entando yeningi, izivumelwano ezavunyelwa amaphalamende esizwe, kanye nePhalamende laseYurophu elikhethwe ngokuqondile. Nokho, i-EU ihlushwa “ukungalingani kwentando yeningi”.(i-discin) phakathi kwezinhlangano ze-Brussels nezakhamuzi, ukuphambuka okuphansi kokhetho lwaseYurophu, nomuzwa wokuthi izinqumo zikude. Inkinga ye-Eurozone, inhlekelele yababaleki, kanye ne-Brexink zonke izikhala ezisobala. I-EURC iye yazama ukuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwayo ngokukhanya, ukuphakama kwezwe, nokuxoxa kwezakhamuzi, kodwa umbuzo wokuthi i-populment ingahlala ivulekile.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlolwa kobuqotho bezombangazwe akumi ndawonye.

Ukusebenzisa I - populism Nokungagunyazi

Abaholi be-populist bavame ukuthi bamelela “abantu beqiniso” ngokumelene nabacuphi abonakele, izinhlangano ezisungulwe eziyinselele njengezezezentengo. Nakuba ubupopulism bungaqinisa ukuhlanganyela futhi budalule izikhalo zangempela, bubuye buqede izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, nenkonzo yomphakathi (izikhulu zentando yeningi). Ukungezwani phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nomthetho ngokomthetho kukhulu kakhulu.

Ukuncipha Kwemithetho Yezibalo

Imithetho-mithetho elandelwayo, imicwana, kanye nama-ayini amancane yenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukwakha izahlulelo ezicatshangelwe ngohulumeni wazo. Indawo ezungezile ye-"” ikhubaza isisekelo esiyiqiniso esivumelana ngaso. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi kudingeka siphinde sicabange ngokufanelekela inkathi yokwaziswa, sigxile ekutholeni izinhlangano ezibonisa ukufaneleka komthetho-muntu.

Umthetho Wembulunga Yonke

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokufuduka kudinga ukubambisana kwembulunga yonke, kodwa izindikimba zomhlaba wonke azinacala lokubusa ngentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zezokulondeka ze-WHO noma ze-UN zincishwa kokubili izifunda ezinamandla kanye nomphakathi womphakathi. Izinhloso zokuguqula inguquko zihlanganisa ukunikeza izwi elandayo emazweni asathuthuka, ukuhlanganisa umphakathi womphakathi, nokudala izimiso zokuhlola isakhamuzi emingceleni.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa kobugunya ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke, bheka lesisihloko ku Governance noma 's msebenzi wobucukubhede nomthetho [.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezombangazwe awusona isici esinqunyiwe esinesimo esikhona noma esintulayo; ubudlelwane obunamandla, obuphikiswayo phakathi kwababusi futhi babusa. Kuxhomeke ezimisweni ezingokomthetho, ekuzilungiseni kokuziphatha okuhle, ekufezekeni kwekhono, kanye nokuvumelana kwezakhamuzi okusebenzayo . "ngokuvamile] kungumlamuleli emphakathini wezakhamuzi nezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Uma ukufaneleka kwekhono, ohulumeni bangamelana nezinhlekelele; lapho beqeda, ngisho nemibuso enamandla kakhulu ingawohloka. Ukuqonda kusisiza ukuba sihlole impilo ye-democralicture, ukubusa kwemibuso enegunya eliphansi, nokungalawuleki kwemibuso ebusayo, kanye namathemba okushintsha kwezombangazwe ngokuthula. Njengoba izwe libhekenezinselele ezintsha, ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuncishiswa kwegunya elingokomthetho kuhlala kuphuthuma njengakuqala. Izikhulu, abenzi bezazi, kumelwe baqhubeke bebuza: Ubani onegunya lokubusa, futhi kufanele silalele isiphi isimo somphakathi?