ILondon, elinye lamadolobha anenani elikhulu kakhulu nangokomnotho emhlabeni, sekuyisikhathi eside lilwisana nezempilo nemiphumela yendawo ezungezile yezinga eliphansi lomoya. Ngokomlando, imfucumfucu yezimoto eziminyene edolobheni, ifa lezezimboni, kanye nendawo ezungezile iye yabamba izinto ezingcolisayo, okuholela emazingeni e-nitrogenthi dioxide (NO2) kanye nengxenye yento ehambayo (PM) evame ukudlula iziqondiso zezempilo nezokusimo ezungezile. Kusukela ekudalweni kwe-Great London Authority in London ngo 2000, umphathi wedolobha uye wafaka amandla abalulekile ekuthuthweni, ekuhleleni, ekuhleleni, nasemkhankambisweni kwezelweni kwezemvelo. Lokhu kuhlola ukuphumelela kwe-mouse ye-mouse yase-London (Phnq648) kanye nezifundo zeze-Borrisday (2006) i-1920) isihluthulelo somonakalo, izihloko eziqhubekayo, izihloko eziqhubekayo, izihloko eziqhubekayo, futhi ezisemuva zezezezezezezezezezezezezezeze

Amandla KaMayori Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yobuhle Bomoya

Umphathi we-London unomthwalo wokuveza nokusebenzisa i-London Environment Strategy, emisa izisulu ezibophayo zokunciphisa igesi kanye nokuthumela i-pototutanting. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa i-nethinethi yezokuthutha yedolobha nge-Foffl eLondon (TFL), ukuqondisa izimvume ezithinta ukukhishwa kwegesi, nokuhlela nge-oracters 32 ne City of London Corporation. Crucily, umphathi wedolobha unegunya lokungenisa amasuntray e-atting nezifunda eziphansi zokuthutha i-octive, amandla ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza i-Congestion Congrade Licence ngo- 2003 futhi kamuva anwebe i-Ult Lowractive Moneact (ULY) ngo-2019.

Nakuba umphathi wedolobha engakwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile yonke imithombo yokungcola − njengokukhipha ugesi ovela eHeathrow Airport (olawulwa yigunya elihlukile) noma emfuthwaneni kagesi wezwe ($) angathonya ukugeleza kwezimoto, ukutshala izindleko zomphakathi, izakhiwo zebhayisekili, nokukhiqizwa kwendawo eluhlaza. Ukuphumelela kwesenzo semeya kuhlangene nakho kokubili izimiso eziqondile ezithathwe kanye nokubambisana nohulumeni bezwe nemikhandlu yendawo.

Umlando: Kusukela Ekulawulweni Okunqunyiwe Kuya E - ULEZ

Isimiso sokuphathwa kwezindiza esiphambili saseLondon saqala ngaphansi kukaMayar Ken Livingstone (2000-2008), owasungula i-Congestion Precion ngo-2003. Nakuba yayihloselwe ngokuyinhloko ukunciphisa umthamo wezimoto, yabuye yaletha intuthuko elinganiselwe emazingeni e-NO2 nase PMS. Nokho, phakathi nawonyaka ka-2002010, kwacaca ukuthi ukubikelwa kwemali yokuminyana kwemoto akwanele ukuxazulula inkinga ekhulayo yokukhipha u-diesel, eyayikhuthazwe ngokungaqondisiwe yimithetho yaseYurophu ekhuthaza uphethilo ka-dizile ukuze kukhishwe ugesi okhiqizwayo.

Ngaphansi kukaMayor Boris Johnson (2008-2016), i-Low Eugserve Zone (LEZ) yasungulwa ngo- 2008, ihlasela izimpahla ezinkulu namabhasi. Kodwa i-LEZ yayingaqinile ngokwanele ukuba i-London ihambisane nemingcele engokomthetho ye-NO2. UMay Johnson wabuye wabheka ukusungulwa kwe * Ultra Low Eugractive Mocation*, kodwa yaba umlandeli wakhe, uSadiq Khan, owathatha isinqumo sokusebenzisa futhi wandisa leli cebo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Ngaphansi Kwempi Yanamuhla

I - Ultra Oh orrough Eugray (ULEZ)

Iqaliswe ngo-April 2019, i-ULEZ yaqala ukuhlanganisa indawo efanayo ne-Congession Counter Counter enkabeni yeLondon. I-Vehicles ayihlangani ne-Euro 4 (petrol) noma i-Euro 6 (amadisel) izindinganiso kumelwe zikhokhe intela yansuku zonke ka $12.50 (ngezimoto, amavili, nezithuthuthu) kanye no-$100 zezimoto ezisinda kakhulu. I-$6563) isebenza 24/7 , izinsuku eziwunyaka. Umphumela wamanje wawuwukwehla okucinezelwe kakhulu kwezimoto ezingezona ezingena engxenyeni. Ngo-Okthoba 2021, i-ULZ yanwetshwa yamboza indawo ephakathi kwemigwaqo esenyakatho ne-South streantraa. Le ndawo yandisa i-London cishe yaba ngu-3, futhi yathatha i-195666 yenkaba yenkaba yezindawo ezizungezile.

Imininingwane yeTfL ibonisa ukuthi ngonyaka wokuqala we-ULEZ enwetshiwe, isilinganiso sezimoto ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso senyuka sisuka ku 85% kuya ku 95%. E-i London maphakathi, i-NO2 yancipha cishe ngamaphesenti angu-26 phakathi kuka-2019 no-20222, uma kuqhathaniswa nesenzakalo esifanayo ngaphandle kwe-ULEZ. Lelicebo liye lasekelwa ochwepheshe bezempilo, kodwa futhi liye labangela ukuphikisa okukhulu kwezinye izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi amancane, kanye namaqembu athutha aphikisa ukuthi izindleko ziphinde ziphinde zingene futhi ezinye izinto zokuthutha umphakathi azinele eLondon.

Ukutshala Imali Ekuthutheni Komphakathi Okuhlanzekile

Umphathi wemikhumbi webhasi waseLondon uye wazibophezela ukwenza imikhumbi yebhasi yezeze nyaka nge-2034 (noma ngaphambili). Ngo-2024, amabhasi athutha abantu angaphezulu kwenkulungwane (i-electric noma i-hydrogen) ayasebenza, amelela cishe amaphesenti angu-20 emikhumbi yempi. I-TfL futhi ibekelwe umsebenzi wokubuyisela amabhasi amadala ahlanzekile kanye nokufaka izisekelo ezikhungweni zebhayisekili. I-London Underlotte isebenza cishe ngamandla avuselelwe, futhi umphathi we-meya uye waqondisa ukusungulwa kwe-Elizabeth Line, okunikeza inkonzo ephindeka kagesi enqamula inhloko - dolobha, inciphisa ukuthembela ezitimeleni ze-disela.

Lokhu kutshala izimali kuye kwasiza ekunciphiseni igesi ekhipha i - PMS 2,5 engxenyeni yezokuthutha, nakuba imishini ehamba ngezimoto engekho emgwaqweni, njengemishini yokwakha, ihlala iwumthombo omncane kodwa osabalulekile.

Ukwandisa Ibhayisekili Nokuhamba Ngezinyawo

Isimiso semeya i-Healthy Streets ihlela ukuhamba okuphambili. Phakathi nobhadane, i- “Streetspace yeLondon” uhlelo lwenze imigwaqo esheshayo ehambayo esheshayo noma ethuthukiswayo, eminingi emigwaqweni emikhulu. I-nethi yebhayisekili manje idlula amakhilomitha angu-300 ngobude obuphelele, futhi amazinga ebhayisekili eLondon ephakathi aphindwe kabili kusuka ku-2016. I-meya ibuye yasungula umjikelezo we-scricket (Sander Movels) futhi yafaka i-partssss ephepheni ebhayisekile. Ukuhamba kuhlanganisa ukunweba kwemigwaqo, ukudala izifunda ezihambayo, nokutshala imithi ehambayo ukuze kunikeze umthunzi ne-asemoyeni. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kwemoto kukhuphule futhi kuthuthukisa izimoto kuphela kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu.

Ukuvuselela Idolobha Nokunciphisa Imisebenzi Yokwakha

Izindawo eziluhlaza zisebenza njengezisinki ezingokwemvelo. Imeya itshale imithi engaphezu kuka-500 000 kusukela ngo-2016, enesisulu sesigidi esisodwa ngo-2030. Amapaki namaphasishi aluhlaza ayandiswa, futhi kudingeka intuthuko entsha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemigangatho yomoya eqinile. I-London Plan igunyaza i-Air Seaty Seaty Neutral ne-Air Moder Sericity markmarkss for New proce, futhi izindawo zokwakha kumelwe zilandele i-Graclatement of transting tominetic transficity ne diese.

Ukuhlola Ukuphumelela: Ukwaziswa Nobufakazi

Izifundo eziningi ezizimele neziteshi zokugada zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuthi izinga lomoya eLondon liye lathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Ngokwe- Authority of London Moyer Seaty Report , isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sisho ukugada kwe-NO2 ezindaweni zokuhlola emaphakathi kweLondon kwehla kusuka ku-98 g/m3 ngo-2016 kuya ku- 44 g/m3 ngo-2023. Kulo lonke idolobha, inani lezindawo zokuhlola lidlula isilinganiso esingokomthetho sama-40,g/3 ehle kusuka ku-90% eLondon elamagrea% ngo-2023 ngo-2023.

I-PMS.5.5 amazinga futhi aye ehla ngokulinganisela kakhulu: kusukela ku-16 g/m3 (isilinganiso sango-206) kuya ku-12 qhag/m3 ngo-2023. Lokhu kuhlala ngaphezu kwesiqondiso seWHO se-5 qhag/m3, okubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi obalulekile usasele. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukunciphiswa kwemali akukasebenzi ngendlela efanayo: iLondon yangaphakathi iye yabona intuthuko enkulu, kuyilapho amanye amachashaza ashisayo angaphandle kweLondon, ikakhulukazi eduze kwemigwaqo emikhulu nezikhumulo zezindiza, ehlala enenkinga.

Ithonya Lempilo Yomphakathi

Izinzuzo zempilo zezimiso zemeya zibonakala kakhulu. i-Imperial College London ilinganisela ukuthi i-ULZ esenkabeni ye-London iyodwa yanciphisa ukuvaleka kuka-NO2 ngonyaka wayo wokuqala, ivimbela abantu abalinganiselwa ku-1 900 abanezinkinga zamaphaphu kubantwana. Okunye ukuhlola kwaveza ukuthi ukwanda kwe-ULLEZ kungaphumela ezifweni zezimpawu ze-asima phakathi kwezingane zaseLondon phakathi kweshumi leminyaka elizayo. Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi izinzuzo zempilo zithambekele ekunyuseleni kakhulu, ezitholakala phakathi kwezakhamuzi, kuyilapho zikhona emiphakathini ephansi ebhekene futhi izimoto ezihambayo ezisandle kakhulu.

Ukugxeka Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Ukugxekwa okungapheli kwezimiso ze-mouse ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukubuya kwemoto. I-ULLEZ ifaka izindleko zansuku zonke ze-$12.50 zezimoto ezingezona ezihlangeneyo ngokungenakulinganiswa ziwela emabhizinisini amancane athembele kuma-injini, nakubashayeli abanezimali eziphansi abangakwazi ukuthenga izimoto ezindala. Ngo-2023, u-Mayar Khan uye wasungula icebo [[FL:] lokukhipha izimoto [[[FLT]] [[FLLT]] [[FLT]] [i] linikela nge-$2 000 [iiiiiimoto ezifanele i-London ukuze ilahle izimoto ezingancibilikisi, kodwa eziningi ezingakwazi ukukhokhela izimoto, kodwa ukuphikisana nokuxhaswa kwemali akwanele. Ngo-2023, ukwanda kwemali ye-ULZ kuya kuzo zonke izikhungo zomphakathi ezisendlekile ezindaweni eziningi ze-Convorved

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi ukugxila kwemeya ekuthuthweni kushaye indiva eminye imithombo emikhulu yokungcola, njengokushiswa kwezinkuni (okunengxenye enkulu kuPN.5) nokwakhiwa. Nakuba umphathi wedolobha eye wathatha izinyathelo zokulawula izitofu zezinkuni futhi wakhipha isiqondiso esingcono, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuhlala kubuthakathaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphathi wedolobha akakwazi ukulawula iHeathrow Airport, umthombo omkhulu we - N2 ne - PMS, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi ephila ngaphansi kwezindlela zokundiza.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nezinye Amadolobha Embulunga Yonke

Indlela yeLondon ivame ukuqhathaniswa neyokwenye izifunda. i-Paris isebenzise isimiso sokunamathisela i-Crit’Air kanye nezindawo eziphansi zokumisa, kodwa ukuphoqelela akuguquguquki. [[FLT:] Beijuing[[FLT][FLT:]] [3] inciphekeze ngokuphawulekayo ePNKBENCV ngokuvalwa kwefektri kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamalahle, kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu zezomnotho. [[FLT: 4.] BERLT[FLT] [[5] [FLT] [FLT] [5] ne[FLT] [FLT]] u-fulm[FLT:] umba olunemba olufanayo lwe-London, nakuba intengo ye-ELY egcwele kakhulu isilinganiso seze emahoreni.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Okusasele Okwenziwa

Naphezu kwentuthuko engenakulungiseka, umphathi - dolobha waseLondon uyobhekana nezinselele eziningana ezibucayi eminyakeni ezayo:

  • ngokuphindaphindeneyo izindinganiso ze-ULZ:[ Okwamanje] Izinga lika-ULZ livumelana ne-Euro 4/Euro 6. Njengoba imikhumbi yemoto isebenza, umphathi-meya kungadingeka acabangele izindawo ze-teogic zezindawo zedolobha ngo-2030.
  • Ikheli elingaveli ezindaweni ezithengiswe kwamanye: PM [2] ekushisweni kokhuni, ukwakhiwa, nemithombo yezimboni idinga ukulawulwa okukhulu nemikhankaso yokuqaphela umphakathi.
  • Ukunciphisa ukungalingani komoya: i-Pricies kumele iklanywe ukuze imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi ingathweswa umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinhlelo ezikhudlwana zephepha elichithiwe, izinto zokuthutha umphakathi, nokutshala izakhiwo eziluhlaza ezindaweni ezinciphile.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nemigomo yesimo sezulu: ukuphakama komoya kanye nokuncitshiswa kwekharbon kuyaxhunywa. Icebo lomphathi-maya lokwenza iLondon ibe nenetha ngo-2030 lizodinga ukuncishiswa okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, okuyothuthukisa izinga lomoya.
  • Ukuhlola nokubona kude: [inxanxathela yokuhlola yamanje] ilungile, izinzwa zesikhathi esingokoqobo kakhulu ezikoleni, ezibhedlela, nasezindaweni zokuhlala zinganika imiphakathi amandla futhi zizise ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlolwa.

Ihhovisi lomphathi-dolobha manje selithuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa okulandelayo kwe- Lodon Environment Strategy , okulindeleke ngo-2025, okuzobeka izisulu ezintsha ze-NO2 ne PMS F.5. Ukufinyelela lemigomo ngeke kudinge ukuhola komphathi wombuso kuphela kodwa futhi nokusekela kuhulumeni wezwe, oye waguquguquka ezimisweni zawo zendawo ezungezile.

Isiphetho

Umphathi we-Australia uye wasusa ngokunyenya ukungcola komoya ngenhlanganisela yezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula, ukutshala izimali eziphawulekayo ekungeneleni kwezokuthutha komphakathi nokuhamba ngokuzikhandla, kanye nokubona izinto ezizosebenza isikhathi eside. Ukuhlenga ezilinganisweni ze-NO2 ne-P, nakuba kungalingani, kungokoqobo futhi kuye kwaqiniswa ngokucwaninga okuzimele. I-ULEZ, ikakhulukazi, iye yabonakala ingenye yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokusebenza komoya wasedolobheni, ukungenela kwezokuthutha nokuhamba komphakathi emhlabeni, ishukumisa amanye amadolobha ukuba athole izinhlelo ezifanayo. Kodwa izindleko zezenhlalo zalezimiso, ikakhulukazi zezakhamuzi zangaphandle kweLondon namabhizinisi amancane, zigcizelela isidingo esikhulu sokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Imeya yemvelo ayinakuxazulula inkinga yedwa; ukuthatha isinyathelo sezethuthwa kwezindiza, ukukhishwa kwezindiza, ukukhuphulwa kwezindiza, nokuvuse-omfutho, futhi kungoko wezezezombangazwe, kanti i-London, lapho isebenza kanye nesibindi esimweni esikhona emhlabeni.

Njengoba inani labantu eLondon likhula futhi imiphumela yesimo sezulu esishubile, isikhathi esilandelayo semeya siyoba esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi idolobha lingahlangabezana yini nemigomo yalo yomoya ophambili. Izifundo ezifundwe lapha /) ukubaluleka kokwaziswa okubanzi, ukusetshenziswa okulandelanayo, izinhlelo eziqinile zokulahla amaphepha, nokuvumelana okuthatha ibalazwe eliyigugu nganoma yiliphi idolobha elizimisele ukuhlanza umoya walo.