Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho - sisekelo, okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene. Lesi sihloko sihlola umdlalo oyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemithetho, izikhulu, nokwahlulela ekwakheni nokugcinwa kwemithetho, okubonisa indlela ukuzibusa nokusekela kwayo imithetho yentando yeningi nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Imvelaphi Yokuhlukana Kwamandla

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni awuyona into eqanjwe namuhla. Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uMentesquieu sayichaza kahle imfundiso emsebenzini waso we-1748] Umoya woMthetho [, siphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ingagcinwa kuphela lapho i-projectal, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela igcinwa ihlukene. Imibono yakhe yathonya kakhulu abahleli be-pareftware be-United States Constitution, abakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuqinisekise ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elingabusa. Namuhla, ukuhluka kwalesibonelo kubonakala kuvela emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ku-United (ngokuhlanganiswa kwemibuso ehlukene kodwa nemisebenzi yezokwahlulela) nangaphandle kwemithetho yemithetho yezwe ehlangene nezikhulu eseYurophu.

Isizathu esiyisisekelo sicacile: amandla agxile amema ukuxhashazwa. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya, igatsha ngalinye lisebenza njengenja egada abanye. Lesi simiso sidinga ukuxoxisana okungapheli nokuhlehla, kodwa futhi siveza imiphumela eqinile nengokomthetho engokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo kudinga ukuhlola imisebenzi eqondile yegatsha ngalinye namaphuzu lapho lihlangana khona.

Imithetho Engokomthetho: Imithetho Yobungcweti

Igatsha lemithetho liyinjini eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho. Eziningi zentando yeningi, lakhiwa indikimba ekhethiwe − njengephalamende noma ingqungquthela − emelela abantu. Indima yalo eyisisekelo iwukuveza, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho ebonisa intando yabavoti, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Inqubo yeBhili-ye-Law

Ukwakha umthetho kunguhambo oluningi lwesiteji oluqinisekisa ukuhlolisiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume ingasungulwa yisishayamthetho noma, kwezinye izimiso, isikhulu. Khona - ke iqhubekela kumakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, namavoti kuwo womabili amagumbi (uma i-bidamaral). Inqubo yokukhipha izindleko ezifakiweyo igcina iwumthetho ohlelwe ngokwengxenye enkulu yale nqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States Congress, ngaphansi kweziphesenti ezingu 5 zemali ezifakiweyo iba umthetho esiqenjini esivamile seminyaka emibili. Lenqubo yokuhluza ikhona ikhona ngenkathi ephambili yemikhankambiso yokusekela okuthiwe lapho kuveza iphutha noma ukuphamba okukhulu.

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumela izinqubo ezifanayo zemali, ithunyelwa kumphathi wesikhulu. Umphathi angasayina isikweleti emthethweni noma ayisayini. I-veto ithumela isikweleti emuva kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho, okungase kusithathe ngevoti enkulu. Lokhu kuvumelana kuveza i-check ukuthi umphathi uphethe umthetho, uvimbela imithetho esheshayo noma engasebenzi kahle. Ngokuphikisana, amandla egatsha lemithetho awenziwa ngaphandle komthetho aqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu asinakukwazi ukuvimbela umthetho othandwayo.

Amakomiti Nengcweti

Umsebenzi wezemithetho omningi wenziwa emakomitini. Lamaqembu amancane asebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, isivikelo, izimali, noma isimiso sendawo ezungezile. AmaKomiti aba namatalente, amemezele, futhi alungise izikweleti ngaphambi kokuba afike egumbini eligcwele. Lenqubo ivumela ochwepheshe abaphethe izihloko ukuba bakhe umthetho, banciphise ingozi yokungahlolwa. Imibiko yekomiti inikeza futhi i-modual yezicawa nezakhamuzi ezichaza umthetho kamuva. Ukuze kuhlolwe inqubo ye-projectment eU.S., bheka imithombo e Crever.

Indima Yesikhulu Esiphethe Imithetho

Nakuba isishaya-mthetho sifaka amafomu namavoti ezikweletini, umphathi ngokuvamile ufeza indima esebenzayo ekulolongeni uhlelo lwezimemezelo zomthetho. Abameli nomphathi abakhulu bangahlongoza izikweletu ngezisebenzi zabo, basebenzise ipulpiti eliqinelayo ukuze basekele umphakathi, noma ngisho bakhiphe ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ngezimo eziphuthumayo ngemithetho noma ngemithetho ephethe. Nokho, izenzo ezinjalo zihlala zingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nangokomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umyalo wesikhulu ophikisana nomthetho ungabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

I-veto amandla i-cheke ye-ocence ebonakalayo kakhulu ephethwe yisikhulu. Abanye abaqondisi bane-metam-item vhato (kwizifunda ezithile noma emazweni) evumela ukuba bashaye amalungiselelo abo siqu ngaphandle kokwenqaba yonke izindleko. Lelithuluzi lingaphikisana, njengoba linikeza isikhulu indima ngokuphumelelayo ekwakheni umthetho wokubhala kabusha. Noma kunjalo, igatsha lemithetho lilondoloza ikhono lokunqoba ama-withtoes, ligcina ukulinganisela.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukushaya Imithetho

Leli gatsha livame ukuqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma undunankulu, osekelwa ikhabethe nezinhlangano eziningi zokuqondisa.

Izinhlangano Zokuqondisa Nokubuyiselwa

Imithetho yanamuhla ivame ukuqukethe iziqondiso eziningi ezidinga ukuchazwa kabanzi nokubekwa imithetho yizinhlangano ezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wendawo ezungezile ungathatha inxusa lezokuvikela indawo ezungezile elimisa izindinganiso zokukhipha. Lokhu kuphathiswa kwegunya kuyasebenza .(izimpawu) akunaso isikhathi nobuchwepheshe bokubhala yonke imithetho yezobuchwepheshe. Nokho, futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulandisa. I-accounts kumelwe ilandele izinqubo ezihlanganisa isaziso somphakathi, iziphetho, nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Le zimiso zokuvikela ukukhishwa kwe-odoculo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwesimiso sokuphatha kuhlala kusobala futhi kusemthethweni.

Kwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sesikhulu kodwa ezinezinga elithile lokuzimela ukuze zivikele ekungeneleni kwezombangazwe. I- Umbuso kanye ne-Exchange Commission , ngokwesibonelo, kuklanyelwe ukuvikela abatshali ngaphandle kokucwasana. Nokho amandla omphathi wokumisa izinkampani futhi ahlele izinto eziza kuqala kudala ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuzibusa nokulawula, ngezinye izikhathi lapho izinkantolo zimisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso.

Amandla Kamongameli Nemingcele

Amandla omthetho omphathi ahlanganisa igunya lokuqondisa izinhlangano eziqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuphatha inkambiso yamazwe angaphandle, nokwengamela ibutho lezempi. La mandla makhulu, kodwa awaphelele. Umthetho wokulawula igatsha lezezimali, ukumisa imishini eyisisekelo, futhi ungahlola izenzo zokuphatha ngokuzwa. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho womthetho wezomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umongameli akanakuyala ukuboshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esingokomthetho, amemezele impi, noma angazinaki izinqumo zenkantolo eziphathelene ne-habeascorpus.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Abaqondisi Neshwa Lazo

Abaholi nondunankulu bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ekuqondiseni isimiso sezezimali ngaphandle kokulindela umthetho omusha. Nakuba lemiyalo inethonya lomthetho wegatsha eliphethe igatsha, ingase ishiywe umthetho olandelayo, ishintshwe yisikhulu esifanayo noma esithathelwe indawo, noma ihlatshwe izinkantolo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezikhulu kuye kwakhula ngezikhathi zenhlekelele .

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomsizi wokuhlukanisa imibuso. umsebenzi walo oyinhloko uwukuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ivumelana nomthetho - sisekelo. Ngokuhlakanipha kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingazenzi ngcono izenzo zomthetho nezokuphatha ezidlula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo noma ezephula amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Namacala Ayizimpawu

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akushiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa kwamiswa ecaleni elingu-1803 . I-Madison. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi kuwumsebenzi wezinkantolo ukusho ukuthi uyini umthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziye zamukela izimfundiso ezifanayo. [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education , iU.S. Inkantolo ephakeme yashaya imingcele yobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, ibonisa indlela inkantolo engavikela ngayo amalungelo amancane ngisho nalapho kuboniswa ukucwasa. [kuqondiswa okukhulu], ukuvakashela indima engokomthetho yeNkantolo [FT] yeNkakhulu] [FT]

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza ngokufanayo ezinyathelweni zezikhulu. Uma umphathi edlula igunya lakhe, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubopha abantu ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala noma ngokukhipha uhlelo oluphikisana nomthetho `inkantolo kungakhipha iziyalo noma ukumemezela isenzo esingenalutho. Lokhu kuhlola kubalulekile ezimisweni lapho umphathi engase azame ukugxilisa amandla phakathi nobunzima. Isimiso sokuthi akekho, ngisho nomphathi kahulumeni, ongaphezulu komthetho uyisici esibonakalisa ukubusa komthetho.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

Izinkantolo futhi ziveza izimpikiswano phakathi kwamanye amagatsha. Uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa umthetho ophula amalungelo aphethe, noma lapho umphathi ewedlula amandla akhe ahlobene nendlu yomthetho, ijaji linikeza i-authom yokungathathi hlangothi ukuze lithathe isinqumo. Lendima idinga amajaji azimele futhi avikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe [1] Ngokusho ukuthi inqubo yokumiswa noma izimfuneko ezimisiwe. Nokho, ngokuvamile ihilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe nemithetho, njengoba kuboniswa ekuqinisekisweni kwamajaji ombuso eUnited States.

Ngaphezu kokuchaza imithetho, izinkantolo zingathonya ukumiswa komthetho ngokukhipha imithetho ecacisa injongo yemithetho noma zigcwalise izikhala emithethweni ekhona. Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi umthetho awucacile, kungacela isishayamthetho ukuba sicacise, noma kungamukele ukuchazwa okuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Lengxoxo phakathi kwamagatsha isiza ekuguquleni umthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho. Ukuze ubone isibonelo sendlela izimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezisebenza ngayo, bheka incazelo yePhalamende lemithetho[

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akulona udonga oluqinile kodwa yisimiso samagunya ahlanganyelwayo. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okulinganisela amanye: isishaya-mthetho sibhala imithetho futhi sivumelane nezimali; umphathi unikeza imithetho futhi umise izikhulu; ukubukeza imithetho nezenzo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngengozi ezindabeni zokubaluleka kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angaxoxa ngesivumelwano, kodwa angeboshe ngaphandle kokuba izifunda ezimbili zeSigele sivunyelwe. Ngokufanayo, umthetho odluliswa yiKhondlu yeSishaya-Hulumeni ungagwe, kodwa ukuthi i-veto ingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuba i-Rocessword.

Inqubo ewukuhlolela ibonisa ukuhlola kwesikhulu. Ezimisweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho singasusa isikhulu sikahulumeni noma isikhulu esiphethe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Lamandla asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola yokugcina, kodwa kunzima ngamabomu ukubiza u-(_requiaistmajories noma izigila-mthetho) ukugwema ukuphazamisa uhulumeni osekelwe ekungavumelani kwe-volution.

Ukuzimela Nokulandisa

Inkululeko isho ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingafeza imisebenzi yalo engokomthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ezinye.

Izimiso zokuzimela. Abameli babhekene nokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile. Izikhulu eziphethe ziphendula inhloko kahulumeni, nazo ezibhekene nokhetho noma isishaya-mthetho. Abahluleli bangase bahlolwe ukubukeza noma ukususwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ngokungekho emthethweni. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uhlala enecala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho ngokuvota ngokuqiniseka. Lezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla (awodwa) uma ehlukaniswa nabantu kanye nokubusa komthetho ahlala ekhona.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezingxabano

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekene nobunzima ekubusweni kwanamuhla. Ohulumeni baye bakhula futhi bayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuholela ekubeni abameleli abavelele begunya lokuzenzela imithetho ezinhlanganweni eziphethe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kwakha umbuso wokuphatha [ lapho abaphathi bezikhali abangakhethwanga abasebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ngokuqondisisa. Izinkantolo ziye zangenela ukuphoqelela izimfundiso ezingayekeleli ezimisweni ezithile, zifuna izishaya - mthetho ukuba zinikeze izindinganiso ezicacile zokubusa izinhlangano. Ukulinganisa phakathi komsebenzi wobuchwepheshe nokulawula idemokhrasi kuhlala kuyingxoxo ephambili.

Enye inselele ivela lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo zomphakathi − njengemiqedazwe, izimpi, noma ukusongela kwamaphekula. Abaphethe ngokuvamile bathi amagunya aphuthumayo athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, kodwa lokhu kungaqeda amasheke kwamanye amagatsha. Izibonelo ezingokomlando, kusukela ekuthatheni kukaLincoln i-as corpus ukuyekelela kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuya ekuvimbeleni kwanamuhla, kuqokomisa ukucindezeleka. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela umphathi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, kodwa futhi zibeka imingcele, njengoba kubonakala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yalahla khona ukuthumba kukaMongameli uTruman izinsimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea (intsha Ehlotshiwe nge-Tube.).

I-palisansion ne-rop lock ihlola futhi isimiso. Uma elinye igatsha lilawulwa umkhandlu ohlukile kunomunye, izingxabano zingakhubaza imisebenzi kahulumeni − njengokugunyaza uhlelo lwemali noma ukugunyazwa kokwahlulela. Nokho, leli gatsha lingabonwa njengesici: linamandla avumelanayo noma lingabonisa intando ye-offreator ehlukene. Ekugcineni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuklanyelwe inqubo ethatha isikhathi eside, yamabomu evikela amalungelo, ngisho noma ngezinye izikhathi iphazamisa ukusebenza kahle.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona ipulani eqinile kodwa uhlelo olunamandla oluzivumelanisa nezinguquko zezenhlalo. Ngokuhlukanisa umsebenzi wokwenza umthetho, ukuphoqelela, nokuchaza phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu azimele kodwa azimele, imibuso ebusa ngemithetho yentando yeningi ikha uhlelo oluqinile oluqaphe amasosha alwa nonya. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo ngalesi simiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani izinqubo zibalulekile futhi kungani ukuvikela ukuzimela kwegatsha ngalinye kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko. Njengoba abasunguli beqaphela, isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekubekeni amandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulwela izifiso kumelene nokuvelela.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngemisuka engokomlando nangendlela yokwenziwa kwale mfundiso yanamuhla, hlola ikhophi yeNational Archives ye-U.S. kanye amaPhepha ahlangene[[[FULT:3], enikeza izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo zokuhlola nokulinganisela.