Umsebenzi wokhetho oluyinhloko njengendlela yokusekela imibuso ezimele emelelwa abameleli bentando yeningi, okwenza amaqembu ezombangazwe akwazi ukukhetha abazothatha isikhundla somphakathi. Lo mncintiswano wangaphakathi awuhleli nje kuphela izinqumo ezikhona kubavoti okhethweyo kodwa futhi usebenza njengenkundla ebalulekile yokubophana kwezakhamuzi, impikiswano yemibono, nokuqondana kwedili. Ngokuvumela amalungu eqembu ukuba athathe iziphakamiso zokuhlobana, ngokuvamile akhethele ukuthonya, ukhetho oluyinhloko luqinisekisa ukuthi abazothatha isiqalo esibonisa lokho abakuthandayo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zeqembu. Ukuqonda umklamo wabo, imisebenzi, nezenzo zeqembu lokuhlola imibuso kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi idemocracy iyoba yini iholwa kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda Ukukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Ukhetho lokuqala luyimincintiswano yokuqala eqhutshwa phambi kokhetho oluvamile lokunquma ukuthi yimaphi abazomelela iqembu lezombangazwe e-collet. Iyindlela eyinhloko abakha isigaba esiye samiswa ngayo e-United States, futhi ukuhlukahlukahluka kwesimiso sentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenqubo ilawulwa ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yeqembu, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Ama-parista angahlukaniswa ngokuhlukanisa iziteshi, ezihlelwe kakhulu, imihlangano ehleliwe yamalungu eqenjini, kodwa igama elithi “i-parmary” lihlanganisa uhlu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemishinyana olulawula ukuthi ubani ovota futhi okhethwe kanjani.

Intuthuko Engokomlando

Isimiso esiyinhloko savela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengengxenye ye-Grouppentu Era’s ukusunduza ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwabaqondisi beqembu nemishini yeqembu ngokukhetha abamelelwayo. Ngaphambi kokuba abaholi beqembu bahlangane ngokuyimfihlo “amagumbi agcwele” ukuba bakhethe ama-minene, ngokuvamile ngaphandle komfako kubantu abavamile. Umthetho wokuqala oqondile wamiswa eWisconsin ngo1903 ngaphansi koMphathi we-Proice Robert La Follette. Ngama 1920, amazwe amaningi aye amukele uhlobo oluthile lokhetho oluyinhloko. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, isimiso sashintsha, kanye nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ngemva kwe-1970 ngemva kwe-Genver-Freser Commmms uhlela kabusha umthetho weDdemocratic Party, awusasebenzi ekuhlanganyeleni kwemizwaneni nokubonakala. Namuhla, i-injini eMelika i-40, kusetshenziswa izigaba ezinkulu zezindawo zesifunda sesifunda sesifunda.

Izinhlobo Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Okhetho abakho phakathi; imithetho yezwe nedipo kudala ukuhluka okuphawulekayo. Izigaba ezijwayelekile zivulekile, zivaliwe, zivalwe kancinci, zivalekile, zithandele, futhi zingaphezulu zinezinhlayiya ezimbili.

  • OpenPrive: Izincwadi zivunyelwe ukuhlanganyela kunoma yimuphi umjovo noma yimuphi umjovo obhaliwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaliphi iqembu. Lesibonelo sihlose ukwandisa ukhetho lomvoti nokuhlanganyela kodwa singavumela abavoti abaphikisanayo ukuba banqamule futhi bathonye i-nothination, iqhinga elaziwa ngokuthi “ukubhalisa.”
  • I-Primes ezivalekile: Amalungu abhalisiwe kuphela angavota eqenjini lawo eliyinhloko. Lesi simiso siqinisa ukubambisana kweqembu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi i-minee ikhethwe ngabavoti ababoshiwe. Abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuthi ilahla abavoti abazimele futhi ingasunduzela abafuni ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezeqile.
  • Semi-Valed Prime: Kulezizimiso, amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe avota esigabeni sawo esiyinhloko, kodwa abangenazo izivoti noma abazimele bangakhetha ukuthi yimuphi ozothatha kuqala. Lendlela exubile yokulinganisela ilawula iqembu ngokuhlanganisa inani elikhulayo labavoti abazimele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izindawo zokuvota: Abavoti bamukela ivota elilodwa elidweba bonke abavoti abavela kuzo zonke izigaba futhi bangavotela umvoti oyedwa ehhovisi ngalinye. Ofuna ukuvota eqenjini ngalinye elinentuthuko enkulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yabulala iziqu zangaphandle njengezeze-ifestigalical California Democratic Party v. Jones [2]]
  • Phezulu-Izikhundla Ezimbili: futhi zaziwa ngokuthi “ijingle primiry” noma i-“apartarian princilies,” bonke abavoti bavela ebhayisethi eliyinhloko elilodwa, futhi abaphumele phambili ababili abaphambili ekukhetheni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangene neqembu. Lesimiso sisetshenziselwa uhulumeni nokhetho lwezwe eCalifornia, Washington, ne-Nebraska (ngezona izakhiwo ezizimele). Inganciphisa ithonya lonothi shristructions futhi ikhuthaze abathathiwe ekunxuseleni abavoti ababhiyo abaningi.

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa futhi [ ama-primenti athandwayo ekukhetheni izihambeli emihlanganweni yesizwe ehlobisayo, ngokuvamile ehilela izimemezelo eziphikiswayo kanye nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ebekwayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ziyikhomba lomzwelo weqembu, injini yokubopha umvoti, kanye nokunqanda ukuqondisa kwemibono yamaqembu. Ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekukhetheni ukuthatha isigaba sokukhetha, izimemezelo zentando yeningi zijulisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi zinikeza abavoti isigxobo esibonakalayo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo

Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zalolukhetho iwukukhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti nabasekeli abaphambili. Uma abavoti besho ngokuqondile ukuthi obamele kukhetho oluvamile, bathambekele kakhulu ekuzizweni befakelwe umphumela futhi baphendule ngoSuku Lokhetho. Ukucwaninga [[FLT:] Prew Research Center [[FLT:][FLD]] [1] kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko bathambekele ekubeni abafunde kakhulu, abadala, futhi abangenamthetho omkhulu kunabo bonke abavoti, kodwa imizamo yokwandisa ukufinyelela ulwazi olufana nosuku olulodwa lokuvota nokhetho lwasekuqaleni. AmaPrigente anikeza futhi indawo yokuqeqeshela abashisekeli botshayo, izisebenzi zobuphenyi, izisebenzi zomphakathi, nemikhankani, ukwakha i-de yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukubonisa Imibono Yeqembu

Izikhulu ze-partheid zinikeza amathuba okuveza izinkolo zazo eziyisisekelo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisekela umkhankaso ovamile ezisezikhungweni ezivumelana nesisekelo seqembu . Ngokuvame ukugcizelela ubumsulwa ezindabeni ezinjengokukhokha intela, ukukhipha isisu, ukufuduka, noma amalungelo omphakathi. Lengxoxo yangaphakathi ingaba namandla futhi yembule, ishukumisele abazokufaka ezimweni ezicacile ezithi uma sekunjalo zichaza ukuthi ifomu lo mkhosi unjani. Ezindaweni zokuvota kuphela, abacela ukunxusa ezimpilweni ezinkulu zeqembu. Lokhu kungaveza ama-mine angenawo amaphutha angaphezulu kakhulu kunokhetho abavamile, okuholela ekuchazeni i-pola, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu zeqembu zihlala zikhona futhi zihleli zifuna ukuvota abasekeli babo abaphethe.

Ukususa Ukukhethwa Okuvamile

Imiphumela yokhetho oluyinhloko inemiphumela emikhulu kukhetho oluvamile kanye nezezombangazwe ezibanzi. Umncintiswano ungaveza ukusakazwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, wakhe ukuqashelwa kwegama lomfundi, futhi wakhe izinhlangano ezihlanganisa izinhlangano eziqhubekela phambili emkhankasweni ovamile. Ngokuvamile ababoli bazuza amandla − ukunaka okuphakeme kwezezindaba, isithakazelo sokuzithandela, kanye nentshiseko yevolokuzithandela . . Okungaba nquma ukuncintisana kakhulu ekukhetheni okuvamile. Ngokungafani, ukuhlukanisa okukhulu kungabangela ukuba umbhalisa-bhanqwaba, ukukhipha imithombo kanye namaqembu ahlukene angawaxhasi ngokugcwele ama-minee. [[FLT:] [FLT]]

I - momentum Nezindawo Ezitholakala Kuyimithombo Yezindaba

Abazokhetha abaphumelelayo okhethweni oluyinhloko bavame ukuthola ukudluliswa kwemithombo yezindaba okukwenza kube lula ukusakaza isigijimi sabo kubantu abaningi. “umphumela we-banwagon” unganxenxa abavoti abavelele ukuba basekele i-runner ecatshangelwayo, kuyilapho futhi bedonsa ukunakekela kwezintatheli zezwe, ama-pndit, kanye nokuvunyelwa. Lokhu kuvezwa kwezezindaba okukhululekile kubaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi kubantu abangazi kahle abafuna inselele engokwezimali yokuthenga izikhangiso. Nokho, ukuhlola okukhulu kwezezindaba kungaveza futhi ukulahlwa okuphambene kwegaffes noma izimpikiswano, okwenza ukuhlolelwa okukhulu kwezindaba kube yinseleleko yokuhlola.

Ukusebenzisa Amathuba Okuthenga

Ukunqoba noma ukwenza ngamandla ezindaweni eziphambili ezingenisa amathuba aphakeme okuqoqa imali. Abanikazi, ikakhulukazi abahlangene abagunyazwe amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe nabantu abanikelayo, bazimisele kakhulu ukutshala imali kwabazohlolwa ababonisa ukuphumelela (ngoba banethuba elingokoqobo lokuwina ukhetho oluvamile. Izimpawu ezinamandla ezibonisa umphakathi onikelayo zokuyala okuhlelwa kwenhlangano, ukusekela kotshani, nekhono lokuwina amavoti. Lokhu kuvezwa kwezimali kungaba okugxeka ekukhangisweni kokhetho oluvamile, imisebenzi yensimu, kanye nokuvota.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko

Naphezu kwesithembiso sabo sentando yeningi, okhetho oluyinhloko lubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezingase zilulaze ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwabo.

Ukunganaki Nokuya Emuva

Ukunganaki kwevoter kuyinkinga engapheli kukhetho oluyinhloko. Amazinga ezindawo eziphezulu ngokuvamile aphansi kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile, ngokuvamile ehla ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 emijikelezweni yaphakathi. Abavoti abaningi baqaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwabo akunathonya elinamandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho umphumela uba yisiphetho esinzima khona, qhaba ngenxa yokuthi i-anterbation ithandwa kakhulu noma ngenxa yokuthi isifunda silawulwa kakhulu iqembu elilodwa. Lokhu kuncipha kuveza ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko abameleli abameleli abameleli kakhulu; bathambekele ekubeni abadala, abamhlophe, abacebile, nabanamatheli. Leligebe elihlanganyelayo lingaba nemiphumela esaba abathandi abaningi ngokweqileyo futhi linciphise ukusabela kwesimiso sonke.

Izindawo EziyiGrerymandering Nezingancintisani

Gerrymandering − ukulawulwa kwemingcele yesifunda sokhetho ngenxa yenzuzo yabavoti abahlukene − kuveza izinkinga zokhetho oluyinhloko. Ezifundeni eziqinile, ukhetho oluvamile lunqunywa ngokuphumelelayo, ngoba ukuvota kweqembu elikhulu kuqinisekiswe ukuba kunqotshwe ngoNovemba. Lokhu kunciphisa isisusa sokuba ababheki banxulumane nokufaka isikhalo kubantu abasesilinganisweni noma abavoti abazimele, futhi kungaphoqelela inkulumo yezombangazwe ezikhundleni eziphezulu. Ukungahlulwa kwevota futhi kuvala isithakazelo sovoti, njengoba umphumela unqunyelwa kusengaphambili. Ushintsho luphikisa ukuthi ukumiswa kokuzimela kwe-redi epartivation nezimiso zombuso ezingahambisani ukuncintisana kungasiza ukubuyisana kokubili ezingeni ezingeni nasezinhlalweni zokhetho.

Ithonya Lemali

Indima yemali okhethweni oluyinhloko iyinselele enkulu nebhalwe kahle. Abanikeli abangazenza abacebile noma baphakamise izilinganiso ezinkulu ezivela kubanikeli abacebile bazuza inzuzo enkulu ekukhangiseni, ekusebenzeni, nasemisebenzini yasemasimini. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme Ziyinselele eUnited[v. FEC[FLT][1] [2010] [2010] [0] [[FLT]] MCcheon v.FECC[FLT][FLT] [20] (ivule umnyango wezindleko ezingagqibeki ze-CCC nezinhlangano ezingenze inzuzo ezingekhoyo, ezivame ukungenela ekusekeleni noma ekuphiseni izithakazeni kwabo. Lemali ingenza umsindo wotshalo ungene futhi ingenwa kanzima ngaphandle kwe-ockscrock, ivame ukuncintisana ezinkonzweni zemali, impela, izinhlelo zomphakathi zeqiniso.

Ukulayisha ikhalenda yesikhashana kanye nokulungisa ibalazwe

Ukufakwa kwemincintiswano elawulayo − kwaziwa njengekhalenda eliyinhloko .(create) elinye icebo. Ukuthambekela kwezwe lokuhambisa amapulani angaphambili ngonyaka (isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi “ukugcwala"), kusho ukuthi imincintiswano ehlotshiswe iphoqelelwe esikhathini esifushane, ngokuvamile isekela kakhulu, abathathi-mgomo abaziwayo, abaziwayo ngokwezwe ngalabo abanemithombo elinganiselwe. Ezweni lonke abaziwayo abanolwazi olulinganiselwe kakhulu. Engxenyeni ye-presidential primmary, isho ukuthi i-Iowa, i-New Hampshire, ne-South Carolina ipherden, ithonya uhlanga ngaphambi kwezindawo eziningi, zinethuba lokuvota. Izinguquko ezinjengezigodi ezilandelanayo, uhlelo olujikelezayo, noma uhlelo lwezwe oluyinhloko lwezwe luye lwaphikiswayo kodwa luye lwaqala, kodwa lungahlangazwanganyelwa ngenxa yengxenye yezindaba zezombangazwe nezezombangazwe.

Ukwenaba Nokuhlanzeka Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunganezela ekuhlaseleni kwezombangazwe ngokufaka abazohloniphi ekunakekeleni izingxenye ezikhulumayo nezisebenzayo zeqembu labo. Ezinhlalweni ezivalekile ikakhulukazi, lapho kuncishiswa khona futhi kulawulwa khona abashisekeli begazi, abathatha izikhundla ezilinganiselwe eziyingozi zokujeziswa. Lokhu kukhululiwe kuye kwabekwa icala lokuphakama kwenkulumo esheshayo ne-registription. Nokho, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo ezivulekile kakhulu (hhayi lapho izikhundla ezizimele kanye namalungu eqenjini elinye zingavota khona (hn) futhi zingenza u-ominemoneum abasesilinganisweni esisesilinganisweni esiphezulu. Ukutholwa kwe-iphakampakakhulu-mbili eCalifornia naseWashington kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokulinganisela okuncane kokuziphatha kwemithetho yemithetho, nakuba ubufakazi buxubile.

Izinguquko Nokumiswa Kwazo Ngokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izinguquko eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ezizingeni likahulumeni nelendawo.

Ilayisishi elishiwe-Choice

Uvota okunevoti ethandwayo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, ukuzuza imvume njengenguquko engathuthukisa ukhetho oluyinhloko. Ku-RCV primiry, abavoti abathatha izikhundla ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi lamavoti okuqala, abathathi-mfundayo abathandwa kakhulu bayasuswa futhi amabhola abo abekwe ekukhetheni okulandelayo kuze kube yilapho omunye umnyukeli efinyelela kuningi. Lesimiso sikhuthaza abavotelelwayo ukuba bakhe izinxulumani ezibanzi, sinciphisa umkhankaso ophambene nomthetho oweqikelezayo (njengobabefuna ukugwema abaxhasi abavela kwamanye amazwe), futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi abawini babo basekela iningi. UMaine no-Alaska C baye basebenzisa i-RC yesinye isimo nokhetho oluyinhloko, futhi abanye abashayeli abambalwa bakhuthaza ukubusa.

Ukuvulwa Nokungabi Nacala

Iyanda indlela yokungena ngemigqa evulekile noma ngemibhobho evulekile engekho eqenjini le-primications, kungenye indlela yokuguqula inguquko. Ngokuvumela abavoti abazimele ngisho namalungu eqembu eliphikisayo ukuba bahlanganyele, lezizimiso zinciphisa ithonya lamaqembu agabadelayo nabavuzi bemivuzo abangadlulisa imigqa ehlukene. Isimiso esiphezulu seCalifornia esinezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko, esithathwe ngokusebenzisa iPromenting 14 ngo-2010, siye saba nomphumela ongcono: siye sandisa inani lababebebefuna ukuqhubekela phambili enkonzweni evamile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho iqembu elilodwa libusa khona. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi lingase likwazi ukulahla isigaba sesithathu sesithathu futhi ngezinye izikhathi liholele ekukhetheni uhhotele abantu ababili abalandelayo, abavoti benciphisa ukuvota.

Ukubhalisa Imishini Ngokuzenzakalelayo Nokusakaza Izincwadi Kusenesikhathi

Ukuze kulwiwe nokuthatha igebe eliphansi nokuthatha igalelo, amazwe amaningi aye amukela izimiso ezinjengokubhaliswa kwevoti ngokuzenzakalelayo (AVR) emotweni nakwezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo, futhi anwebe inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni. Lezi zinyathelo zenza kube lula kakhulu ngabavoti ukuba bathathe i-AVR. Amazwe asebenzisa i-AVR, njengase-Oregon, aye abona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokubhaliswa kwevota kanye nempumelelo elinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukususa izinsuku zokukhetha eziyinhloko ukuya ehlobo noma ekwindla (kudlula i-Trington) nokuhlanganisa nabo ngokhetho lwendawo kungathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela ukuhlanganyela.

Umkhankaso Wokulungisa Izimali

Ukunciphisa ithonya lemali ezindaweni ezivulekile lisewumgomo wenguquko kodwa obalulekile. Ukukhetha kwemithetho kuhlanganisa imikhankaso yokuxhasa imali yomphakathi yabazohlolwa abavuma ukuchitha imingcele (njengoba isetshenziswa kumongameli okhethweni ngo 2008, nakuba isimiso sesiye sakhucululwa), izimali ezincane (njengoba kuseNew York City’s system), kanye nezimfuneko ezikhushuliwe zokuzihlawulela ezenzweni. Amanye amazwe amise imithetho elinganisela isilinganiso esingesokunganikelwa kubantu abazodwa, nakuba lezi zibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho. I-DISCLOSE Act nezicelo zokugumbuqela [[FLT:] [FLT:] i-construption [FFF:1]

Isiphetho

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyisici esinamandla nesibalulekile senqubo yentando yeningi, lunikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuvota, ukuvota, nokuveza imibono. Umklamo wabo `ukuba bavuleke, bavalwe, noma bangathathi-kapitali) / amakhareji abalulekile empilweni ye-demokrati. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengesikhawu esiphansi, i-gerrymanindering, imali kwezombangazwe, nokufuna ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ngezinguquko ezifana nokuvota okulinganiselwe, ukwandisa ukufinyelela, nokubhikicaba okunelisa izimali ezinika ithemba lokuthola okwengeziwe nempumelelo. Njengoba amaqembu amaqembu ayaqhubeka ekwazi ukuvumelana, ukuvota okuyinhloko kuhlala kuyinkundla yezenzo eziyisisekelo zokukhetha okungoko okuzomelela abantu. Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo, ukuhlola [FFoctives Convetion of Convention of Convetion of:[5] futhi ukucwaninga ngezindlela ezikamuva nje:[FFod [Fod] [Fod] [f], futhi ucwaningo oluphambili] kwezindlela zokucwaninga:[Fods]