Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo ifana nesisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela, inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yezinqumo zenkantolo eziyinselele. Nakuba izinkantolo zamacala zinquma amaqiniso futhi zisebenzisa umthetho ukuze zifinyelele isinqumo, izinkantolo eziphethe zisebenza njengesehlo kulezo zikhankaso, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ezingokomthetho zilandelwe kahle nokuthi imicimbi ithole ukuqulwa kahle. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo kungakunika amandla okwenza izinqumo eziqondile ukuthi uphishekele yini isikhalo nokuthi yini okumelwe ilindele endleleni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokudlulisa izicelo, amacala ayinhloko, izizathu ezivamile zokudluliswa, imiphumela engenzeka, nokucatshangelwa okufanelekile okungase kudlalwe.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokukhanga

Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo iqala ngemva kokuba inkantolo inikeze isahlulelo sokugcina. Ngokungafani necala eliqulwayo, lapho kufakazelwa khona ofakazi nobufakazi, ukubukezwa kwe-appellate kugxila ezicini ezingokomthetho nezingokwengcaphuno zecala. Inkantolo yamacala ihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wecala (imibhalo ebhalwe phansi), imiboniso, nenkambo yokuhlola) ukunquma ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho akhona yini athinta umphumela. Ngokubalulekile, izinkantolo aziwaphenduli amaqiniso noma zithathele isahlulelo sazo sokuqulwa icala noma ijaji eliqulileyo; zithatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuba zinephutha elisobala. Kunalokho, zihlola ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini futhi ukuthi amalungelo enziwe ahlonishwa yini.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Akuzona zonke izinqumo zenkantolo ezithathelwa izicelo ngokushesha. Ngokuvamile, umkhandlu ungadluliswa kuphela ngesahlulelo esiwukunquma okuphelele ukuthi zonke izimfuno zikhona. Nokho, kunezinye izikhundla ezihlukile: izivumelwano ezivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo zemithetho ethile, njengemithetho, ukubusa ngegunya, noma izinqumo ezihilela ukulawula imibuzo yomthetho. Abamangalelwa besigebengu banelungelo elingokomthetho lokudlulisa imvume yokukholisa icala, kanti ezimweni zomphakathi olahlekelwayo ngokuvamile unelungelo elifanayo. Imingcele ethile ixhomeke enqunyweni yemithetho ethile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuphawula ukuthi iqembu elivumelenemvume yokuthatha noma ukudlulisa imvume yokukhokha ngokuzithandela.

Izinyathelo Zokwenza Izicelo

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela imithetho esekelwe emthethweni kanye nezikhathi ezimisiwe. Lenqubo ngokuvamile iqala ezingeni elilandelayo:

  • Ukuthola Isaziso Sokukhanga
  • Ukulungisa Irekhodi Ngokukhanga
  • Ukuzithoba Okufushane
  • Amampikiswano Omlomo (uma ehlelwe)
  • Ukuthola Isinqumo

Ukuthola Isaziso Sokukhanga

Isinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi ukukhipha [[FLT: 0] uphawu lokudlulisa inkantolo equlwayo. Le ncwajana iveza inkantolo neqembu eliphikisayo ukuthi icebo lokubekela isahlulelo inselele. Umkhawulo ulawulwa futhi uhlukahlukaniswe ngesimiso (ngokuvamile) izinsuku ezingu - 30 ukusuka ekungeneni kokwahlulela enkantolo ephethe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kufushane cishe izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-14 ezicini ezithile zombuso. Ukungasitholi lesi sikhathi kungacisha ilungelo lokudlulisa izicelo ngokuphelele. Isaziso kumelwe siphawule ukuthi isahlulelo siyadluliswa futhi inkantolo ye-agconethi lapho icala lizozwakala khona. Eminye imithetho idinga futhi inkongozelo yesikhululo noma ukudluliswa kwecala.

Ukulungisa Irekhodi Ngokukhanga

Uma isaziso sesigcinwe, ummeli kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi irekhodi eliphelele lokuqulwa kwecala lidluliselwe enkantolo. Lokhu kulandisa kuhlanganisa zonke izingcingo, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, imiboniso, nemvume yokuqulwa kwecala. Ngokuvamile intengo ihambisana nezindleko zokulungisa i-replym, okungakhanya kakhulu. Ukuhluleka ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezibalulekile zerekhodi kungalinganisela ikhono lenkantolo lokubukeza amaphutha ashiwoyo. Kwezinye izimo, amaqembu angavumelana emazwini endabeni yecala uma impikiswano iwumngcingo incane. Umbiko umelwe ukuqinisekiswa njengenqophelo enembile ngecala lokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuzithoba Okufushane

Amaphutha abhalwe phansi yizimpikiswano eziqinile ezakha umgogodla wempikiswano. isiphetho sempoqo ichaza amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa yinkantolo enkantolo equliweyo futhi kungani lawo maphutha evumela ukuguqulwa noma ukushintshwa. Kumelwe abe nengxenye yezindaba, inkulumo yezimpikiswano, ukufingqa impikiswano, nesiphetho. [[FLT] i-ellecelle's [[ isabela ezimpikiswaneni zenkantolo ezimfushane [[ futhi ivikela isinqumo senkantolo. Zombili izigigaba kumelwe zinamathele ekuhleleni imithetho, amazwi noma imingcele yekhasi, nezindinganiso. I-ANUSCUS (ubumba]) futhi isithakazelo senkantolo esifushane esinesithakazelo esinendaba esiqinile.

Amampikiswano Omlomo

Amacala amaningi ahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano efingqiwe phambi kwamajaji. Lokhu akuyona inkantolo ephindwayo; kunalokho, abameli banesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30) ukugcizelela amaphuzu ayinhloko avela kumafingqi abo futhi aphendule imibuzo ebhentshini. Amajaji angahlola abameli ebuthaka empikiswaneni yabo noma abuze ngemibono ecatshangelwayo. Impikiswano ayiyona ebophwe ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izindaba; ezinye izikhalo zinqunywa kuphela ezimpikiswayo naseqophelweni. Uma kwenzeka, ahluleli anikeza ithuba elibalulekile lokucacisa izimpikiswano futhi ahlole ukuhluzeka kohlangothi ngalunye.

Ukuthola Isinqumo

Ngemva kokuxoxa, inkantolo ibhala umbono obhaliwe. Isinqumo singaqala emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Isinqumo singavumelana noma sihlukane, futhi singahlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imibono ephikisanayo. Inkantolo ingathi:

  • Isiqinisekiso: ukusekela isinqumo senkantolo engaphansi ngokuphelele.
  • landela i-pal: ukugumbuqela isinqumo futhi ngokuvamile kubuye kulungiswe ukuze kwenziwe eminye imicimbi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] guqula [[[Umthetho:1]: guqula izingxenye ezithile zokwahlulela kuyilapho ushiya ezinye endaweni yazo.
  • Remand: thumela icala emuva enkantolo equlunqayo ngeziqondiso zesenzo esengeziwe.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Enqubweni Yokukhanga

Abantu abaningi nezinhlangano benza izindima ezihlukile ekukhangeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi bangobani kusiza ekucaciseni imithwalo yemfanelo nezinhloso zombani ngamunye.

Umpetha

Ummangaleli yilungu elilahlekile enkantolo futhi liqala ukudlulisa icala. Lomcimbi ukholelwa ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho elingenziwa futhi ufuna ukuba isahlulelo sishaywe noma silungiswe. Umemezeli kufanele abhale isaziso esifike ngesikhathi sokudlulisa isikhalo, akhokhe izindleko zeshende, futhi athwale umthwalo wokubonisa ukuthi leliphutha likhona. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa uvame ukuba ungummangalelwa; ezicaleni zomphakathi, noma yiliphi iqembu lingase lidlulisele kuye ngomphumela.

I - acleel

The appellee is the party who prevailed at trial and now defends the judgment. This party argues that the trial court's decision was correct or that any errors were harmless and did not affect the outcome. The appellee may also raise alternative grounds to affirm the judgment, even if the trial court's reasoning was flawed. The appellee does not bear the burden of proof on appeal but must respond persuasively to the appellant's arguments.

AbaHluleli Benkantolo Abahlomayo

Amacala aqulwayo aqulwa yiqembu labahluleli − ngokwesilinganiso amathathu ezinkantolo eziphakathi, futhi bonke abahluleli enkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. labahluleli bayamiswa noma bakhethwe futhi balethe ubuchwepheshe ekubukezeni imibuzo engokomthetho. Ababuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma bahlole ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, bathembela emacaleni amasha. Isinqumo sabo singesokugcina emacaleni amaningi, nakuba kungase kufuneke ukubukezwa okwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme, njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma njengeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-U.S.

Ama - attorney

I-appellate advocacy iwumkhakha okhethekile. Ama-attorney kumelwe afunde imithetho esemthethweni, akhe izimpikiswano zomthetho, futhi azinikeze kokubili ngokubhala nangomlomo. Amafemu amaningi emithetho anikezela amaqembu asebenza ngezenzo zomthetho. Kumacala obugebengu, abamangalelwa abangemthetho banganikezwa ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esimisiwe. Imfanelo yokumelelwa ingathonya kakhulu umphumela.

Izinhlobo Zokukhanga Nezici Ezihlukile Zazo

Inqubo yokudlulisa izicelo iyahluka kuye ngokuthi icala linjani nokuthi isimiso senkantolo sihileleke kanjani.

Ukukhanga Kwezigebengu

Ezinkantolo zobugebengu, ummangalelwa obekwe icala angadlulisa icala noma isigwebo. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvuma okungafanele, iziyalezo zephutha, ukuziphatha okubi kwabahluleli, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lwezeluleko. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisela isinqumo esingafanele ngenxa yesivikelo esiphindwe kabili, kodwa angase adlulise izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwecala noma isigwebo. Izikhalo zobugebengu zihilela amalungelo omthetho futhi zingaholela ekubeni kube nesiqalo esiphawulekayo.

Ukukhanga Komphakathi

Ukudlulisa izikhalo zomphakathi kubangelwa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, amalungelo empahla, noma izindaba zokulawula. Indinganiso yokubukezwa kwezindaba eziyiqiniso ihlonipheke kakhulu, kuyilapho imibuzo engokomthetho ibukezwa ngokungenamdlandla. Izimali, isithakazelo somphakathi, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Okunye ukunxusa komphakathi kuxazululwa ngemisho ngaphambi kokuba kuxazululwe izimpikiswano.

Ukukhanga Kwezisebenzi

Izinqumo ezivela ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa (njenge-Social Security Administration, ibhodi lezemvelo, noma ama-operation) zivame ukudlula endleleni ehlukene. Iziphakamiso kumelwe zikhiphe amakhambi okuqondisa ngaphambi kokufuna ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. Ukubukezwa kwenkantolo kulinganiselwe ekutheni isinqumo senhlangano sasiwububuqotho, singenangqondo, noma asisekelwe ngobufakazi obuqinile.

Amaphutha Angokomthetho Avamile Aholela Ekukhangeni

Ukudlulisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuphawula iphutha okungenzeka lathinta umphumela. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Amaphutha ayisici esihosho[: ukuvuma noma ukukhipha ubufakazi ngokungafanele, njengenzwabethi noma ukuxhumana okukhethekile.
  • [ Imfundo engalungile: ukuphuthelwa komthetho noma ukuhluleka ukunikeza imfundo edingekile.
  • Amaphutha angokwesiprofetho[: inkonzo engafanelekile, ukungaqondi, noma ukwephulwa kwenqubo efanele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlelwa komthetho: umahluleli oquliweyo wachaza ngokungeyikho umthetho, umthetho, noma isibonelo.
  • [ Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko: ezimweni zobugebengu, uma ukuvikela kweseluleko kwehla ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe futhi kucwasa ummangalelwa.

Ukufuna Ukuzwa Imiphumela Engaba Khona

Isikhalo sinemiphumela efinyelela kude kakhulu ngaphandle kwecala elikhona. Singalibambezela isinqumo sokugcina, sikhuphule izindleko, futhi sithinte izimo zomphakathi zomuntu siqu noma zezimali. Endaweni ebanzi yezomthetho, izinqumo ze-appelte zimisa izimpawu ezibophayo eziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi nezithiyo zesikhathi esizayo. Uma inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ikhipha isinqumo, ingaguqula ukuchazwa komthetho kuyo yonke indawo.

Ukuqina

Uma inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo iqinisekisa ukuthi, isahlulelo sokuqala sikhona. Uma umphakamisi kumelwe agcwalise noma yiziphi izibopho ezibekwa inkantolo equluna icala, njengokukhokha umonakalo noma ukukhipha isigwebo. Ukuqubuka kungavimbela ukunxusa okwengeziwe ngaphandle uma kunezizathu zokubukeza kakhulu.

Ukuvukela

Ukubuyiselwa kusho isahlulelo senkantolo equlwayo siphendulwa. Emacaleni omphakathi, inkantolo ekhipha icala ingangena ngokuqondile ekwahluleleni okusha okuvuna inkantolo noma iphinde ibekwe ecaleni elisha. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ukuguqulwa kwecala kungaholela ekuqulweni okusha noma ukuxoshwa okusobala uma ubufakazi bunganele. Khona - ke uhulumeni anganquma ukuthi uzolilungisa yini icala.

Ushintsho

Ngezinye izikhathi inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ilungisa isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokunciphisa isijeziso noma ukushintsha isigwebo. Isahlulelo esisele asishintshanga. Ukulungiswa kubonisa ukunqoba okuncane komshayabhuqi.

Remand

Uma icala libuyiselwa, inkantolo ithola iziyalezo eziqondile zokulungisa amaphutha akhona. Lokhu kungasho ukuba necala elisha elisobala, ukukhokha umonakalo, noma ukuphinde ucabange ngecala. Icala lingase liphinde libuyele enkantolo ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izindleko Nezingozi Zokudlulisa Izicelo

Ukuzama ukudlulisa icala akunazo izindleko ezinkulu nezingozi. Umthathi-gazi kumelwe acabangele:

  • [ Izindleko zemali[: ukulungiselela ukudlulisa ucingo, ukukhokha intela, nenkokhelo ephezulu yommeli yomsebenzi.
  • Isikhathi[: ukudlulisa kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, kunwebezele ukungaqiniseki futhi kuvimbele ukuvaleka.
  • Inani eliguquguqukayo: ukuhlaziya udaba ngamafingqi nangokuphikisana kungaba okucindezelayo kuwo wonke amaqembu.
  • I-Risk yomphumela omubi kakhulu[: kwezinye izifunda, inkantolo ye-appellate ingabusa ngokumelene nomembulwane ezibukweni ezengeziwe noma ifakwe futhi ngeziyalezo eziholela emphumeleni ongemuhle kakhulu.
  • Imposiso: isinqumo esingathandeki singaqinisa izimiso zomthetho ezilimaza isimo somthathi ezimpikiswaneni ezifanayo zesikhathi esizayo.

Okungasetshenziswa Kuyikhambi

Ngaphambi kokuba benze isikhalo, abantu abazoxoxa nabo kufanele bahlole ezinye izindlela.

  • Iziphakamiso zokuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukuphinde uphinde uphinde ubheke : zibekwe enkantolo ngemva nje kokwahlulela, ziveza amaphutha aqondile.
  • [ Izingxoxo ezicushiwe[: zombili izinhlangothi zingavumelana ekuyekethiseni amagama ukuze kugwenywe ingozi nezindleko zokudlulisa isikhalo.
  • [ I-mediation: ezinye izinkantolo ze-appelcate zinikeza izinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlelo ukuze zikhuthaze isinqumo ngaphambi kokufushaniswa okuphelele.
  • Arbitution: uma isivumelwano esiyisisekelo sidinga ukufakwa, amaqembu angadlula inqubo ye-appelta ngokuphelele.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esengeziwe, hlola imithombo yezosizo ku- ye-jaji kahulumeni yencazelo yezinkantolo ze-applicate noma i-American Bar Association's arevolutions [. Uma ucabangela ukunxusa, kubalulekile ukukhuluma nommeli onolwazi. Kulezo ezinemithombo elinganiselwe, izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho ezinjenge- iNhlangano yezeminyango esemthethweni inganikeza izikhombozeli.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokudlulisa ithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile esimisweni sokwahlulela. Ngokuqonda izinyathelo ezihilelekile . "kusukela ekubhaleni isaziso sokudlulisa icala ukuze uthole isinqumo"" ungasondela enqubweni ngokucacile nangokuqiniseka. Uma ungumuntu ocabangela ukudlulisa icala, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma umane ube isakhamuzi esinesithakazelo ekulungiseni izinkantolo, lolulwazi lukusiza ukuba uhambe phambili ngesigaba esibaluleke kakhulu. Icala ngalinye liyingqayizivele, futhi umphumela uxhomeke emaqini aqondile, umthetho, kanye nezinga lokungagunyazi. Qhubekeli kahle futhi ucebise iseluleko esinolwazi ekwenzeni isinqumo esingcono kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sakho.