Kuyini Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu?

I-renationalism iyifilosofi enethonya echazayo ephethe ukuthi umbhalo we-United States Constitution kufanele uqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuthola i-ratting. Lendlela ifuna ukusekela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo ehleliwe engokomlando kunokuba ivumele abahluleli ukuba banikeze itekisi ngezindinganiso zamanje noma izindinganiso eziguquguqukayo. I-listritanism yavela emweni sayo yanamuhla phakathi nonyaka ka-1970 nowama 1980 njengempendulo kulokho abagxeki bekubheka njengezenzo zokwahlulela ezinqumweni ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] Roe v. I-wade futhi [FLT:] futhi [FLT] [2] [irda] ne-Milda].[FLT] v.[FLT] Filomosessionssion.[Flson:3] [Flm] [Flson:3] [Flm]] [ist:] [ist]

Kukhona imicu emibili eyinhloko ye-lish. engokokuqala inhloso yobuQuqu bakuqala igxila kulokho abakhi bomthetho-sisekelo ngokwabo ababehlose ukukusho. Lenguquko ihlola imibhalo yangasese, izimpikiswano, kanye nezihloko zezihloko eziyinhloko ezifana no-James Magdalene, Alexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington. Originaral refectionism[[, eye yazuza incazelo enkulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, kunalokho ibheka indlela umfundi onengqondo aqonde ngayo umbhalo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwerat. Lendlela ixhomeke kusichaza ngezichazamazwi, amaphephandaba, nezinye izincwadi zomphakathi kusukela ekusungulweni kwenkathi yokusungulwa kolimi oluvamile. I-Scialgalian edumile ngenxa yencazelo yokuqala ye-bushicistrugory, eyaziwa yinguquko engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, enziwayo kanye nezinguquko enziwayo.

Incazelo KaClaus: Umbhalo Nenjongo

I-Emoluments Clausse ivela eSiphakameni I, Ingxenye ye-9, u-Claus 8, yoMthetho-sisekelo. Umbhalo wayo ogcwele ufundeka kanje: " Akukho sihloko sobumpohlo esizonikezwa yi-United States: Futhi akukho muntu ophethe iHhovisi lenzuzo noma iThemperation ngaphansi kwazo, ozokwamukela noma yisiphi isiphi iSishaya-Mkhandlu, i-Emlument, ihhovisi, noma isiqu sanoma yiluphi uhlobo, kunoma yiliphi uhlobo, kunoma yiliphi iNkosi, iNkosana, noma iZwe langaphandle." Lelilungiselelo linye lezimiso ezisetshenziswa ngumthetho ukuvikela ubuqotho bukahulumeni wombuso wezwe nowezwe langaphandle.

I-gameter ifeza umsebenzi othile wokwakha phakathi komthetho-sisekelo. Inqabela abaphathi bakahulumeni ukuba bamukele izipho, ukukhokha, iziqu, noma izikhundla ezivela kohulumeni bangaphandle ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemvume. Injongo iwukuvimbela ngisho nokungena kwezindawo zangaphandle ekubuseni kwe-Melika. Ngokufuna imvume yengqungquthela, lo mbhalo udala isimiso sokuqondisa okuqinisekisa ukucaca nokulandisa ekusebenzelaneni kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nemibuso yangaphandle. Le mfuneko ibhekiselwa kuMongameli, uMongameli, kanye nazo zonke izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, kanye namalungu e-Congressborress kanye namajaji ombuso.

I-Emoluments Clausse ihlobene eduze namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukonakala nokuvinjelwa kwamanye amazwe. I-Oforeign Ements Claus ehlukile ku-Familyments Clauss, evela eSiphakamisweni II, i-Cear 1, u-Clausse 7 futhi ibeke imingcele yokukhokha i-paript uMongameli angayithola kuhulumeni kahulumeni noma ezwe ngalinye. Ndawonye, la magama akha isimiso esibanzi sokuvikela izikhulu zikahulumeni emathonyeni angafanele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela kwamanye amazwe noma emazweni.

Umlando Wezingqwembe ZikaClaus

Izikhulu zaseMelika naseFrance zavela ezinkingeni ezingokomlando eziqondile ezathonya isizukulwane sokusungulwa. Phakathi nenkathi yokubusa nokuvukela, abaholi baseMelika babenokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwemizamo yaseYurophu yokuthonya ezombangazwe ngezipho nangempesheni. Izikhulu zaseBrithani naseFrance zizama njalo ukuphoqelela ababusi baseMelika ngenkokhelo, iziqu, nezinye izimemezelo. Isizukulwane esisungulile saqonda ukuthi imikhuba enjalo yayingakonakalisa uhulumeni weRepublic nokwehlisa ubukhosi besizwe esisha.

U-Alexander Hamilton wakhuluma ngalezizinto ngokuqondile ku u-Federal No. , lapho axwayisa khona ukuthi ithonya lamanye amazwe lalingenye yezinsongo eziyingozi kakhulu kuhulumeni weRepublic. Waphikisa ngokuthi imibuso yakwamanye amazwe ingasebenzisa izifiso zomuntu ngamunye nokuhaha ukuze iphule ubuqotho bezikhulu zaseMelika. I-Emoluments Claus yaklanyelelwa ukuqeda ukuwohloka ngokudala umthetho ocacile osekelwa yimishini. UJames Madison waphinda futhi waveza lezi zinkathazo phakathi noMthetho-mthetho, waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ube ne "igunya lokukhipha noma isiphi isikhundla kunoma isiphi umuntu ongase abe yilungu senye isikhulu.""

Umlando wembula ukuthi abahleli babekhathazeke kakhulu ngethonya elonakalisayo lemibuso yaseYurophu. Umkhuba wohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe abanikeza izikhulu iziqu zobukhosi kuhulumeni baseMelika wabonwa njengoyingozi kakhulu ngoba ungadala isigaba sezakhamuzi ezithembekile ngaphandle kwe-United States. I-Emoluments Claus ikhuluma ngalolusongo ngokuqondile ngokunqabela ukwamukela iziqu ezivela emazweni angaphandle. Ukwenqabela okukhulu izipho nokuhloba kuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mbhalo awuhlanganisi nje kuphela inhlonipho engokomthetho kodwa futhi uhlanganisa noma yiziphi izinto ezibonakalayo ezingathonya ukuziphatha kwezikhulu.

Isizukulwane esisungulwe sasebenzisa futhi izibonelo ezingokomlando ezivela eRome Republic nakweminye imibuso yangaphambili. Bahlola indlela ithonya lakwamanye amazwe elaliye laba nengxenye ngayo ekuweni kwezinhlangano zeriphabliki futhi bafuna ukwakha izivikelo ezisemthethweni. iEmoluments Clause ingelinye lamalungiselelo amaningana abonisa lokhu kukhathalela okujulile kokonakala nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokunqatshelwa kweziqu zakwamanye amazwe okuqukethwe kulombhalo ofanayo nemfuneko uMongameli afunga ukuvikela, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo.

Incazelo Yakuqala YeziNhloko ZikaClaus

Incazelo yokuqala ye-Emoluments Clause idinga ukuhlolisiswa kombhalo kanye nomongo womlando owabhalwa kuwo. Lenqubo yokuchaza iveza imithombo eminingi, kuhlanganise nezichazamazwi zenkathi yokusungulwa, imibhalo yeConvention yoMthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano ze-ratiation, nemibhalo yezinombolo eziyinhloko njengoHamilton, u-Madison, noJohn Jay. U-Exridalors uzama ukuthola ukuthi umfundi onengqondo wayeyowuqonda kanjani umsuka ku-1788 futhi asebenzise leyo ncazelo ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla.

Okushiwo "Ukukhulula"

Umbuzo oyinhloko ochazayo ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla ngo-Emoluments Claus incazelo yegama elithi "umthensi]. Ekusunguleni-indlela yokusetshenziswa, "umqululo" ngokuvamile ubhekiselwa enzuzoni, inzuzo, noma inzuzo ethathwe ekhukhweni noma inkonzo. Isichazamazwi esiyinhloko senkathi, uSamuel Johnson's [Isichazamazwi solimi lwesiNgisi , esichazwa "umgomo" njenge "nzuzo; inzuzo; inzuzo;." lencazelo ebanzi isikisela ukuthi umelulekiso noma yinzuzo ethile, hhayi nje ukukhokha noma ukufumba. Izazi zezekwa kwamagama ziye zathola ukuthi inkathi esetshenziswa kabanzi engokomthetho nasekwenzweni kwezentengo yeze yeze yeze yeze yeze yezentengo yeze yeze yeze yeze, kanye nenzuzo yezezimali.

Nokho, ubukhulu "bokukhulula" bebuyindaba yempikiswano ephawulekayo. Ezinye izazi zakuqala ziphikisa ngokuthi leligama laliqondwa ngokuncane kakhulu emongweni we-Emoluments Clausle ukuba libhekisele kuphela ekukhokheleni izinkonzo ezinikezwayo noma izinzuzo ezinikezwayo ezingokomthetho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lo mbhalo wawuhloselwe ukufinyelela noma yiziphi inzuzo kuzwe langaphandle, kuhlanganise nenzuzo ekusebenzelaneni kwezebhizinisi. Isinqumo salendaba sisho okukhulu ukuthi lesi sigxazululo sisebenza kanjani ezimweni zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi uma izikhulu zikahulumeni wezwekazi zinezinzuzo zemali ezingase zizuze esinyangweni sikahulumeni wakwamanye amazwe.

Abaklami Bamafektha Bazimisele Ukubheka Ithonya Langaphandle

Izinkinga eziqondile zabakhiqizi ngethonya lakwamanye amazwe zinikeza umongo obalulekile wencazelo yokuqala. Amarekhodi e-Constitution abonisa ukuthi izihambeli zazikhathazeke kakhulu ngekhono lohulumeni bamanye amazwe lokonakalisa izikhulu zaseMelika ngezipho, ukukhokha, nezinye izinto eziyekelelayo. UCharles Pincney waseNingizimu Carolina wahlongoza ilungiselelo elaba yi-Emoluments Clause, futhi icebo lakhe lathathwa ngempikiswano encane, esikisela ukuvumelana okukhulu ngesidingo somthetho onjalo.

Isizukulwane esisungulile sazibonela mathupha indlela imibuso yaseYurophu eyasebenzisa ngayo izipho nempesheni ukuthonya izikhulu kohulumeni ababuthakathaka. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika ngaphansi kweZihloko zoMhlangano kwabonisa ukuchayeka kukahulumeni ohloniphekile ekusebenziseni ezinye izizwe. I-Emoluments Claus yaklanyelwa ukuqeda lokhu kuthobeka ngokudala ukuvimbela okucacile, kokuzibulala okungadingi mthetho owengeziwe ukuze usebenze. Izikhulu ze-Frederal azinakwamukeli izinzuzo zangaphandle ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ngokukhethekile ukuba zenze kanjalo, wakha icebo lokulwa nokuvunyelwa okunjalo okunganqotshwa kuphela ngesenzo sokuvuma umthetho.

Isisebenziso kuMongameli

Umbuzo obalulekile ekuchazeni komsunguli wezindaba u-'Emoluments Claus' usebenza kuMongameli. I-gameter ihlanganisa "Noma ubani ophethe iHhovisi Lemali noma Imali ngaphansi kwayo," ebhekisela emahhovisi ngaphansi kwegunya le-United States. Umbhalo awumkhumbuli ngokuqondile uMongameli, futhi uhlelo loMthetho-sisekelo lusikisela ukuthi umongameli uyisikhundla esiphakathi kwesilinganiso somthetho. I-Emolus Claus eSiphakathini II ngokukhethekile esikhokhelwa umongameli, okubonisa ukuthi abahleli be-falmessage babheka uMongameli njenge-mgalelo wemithetho ebekwayo yonke indawo.

Izimpikiswano phakathi nenkathi yokudilizwa zinikeza ukusekela okwengeziwe kokusebenzisa i-gamente kuMongameli. Kuyi-Federal uNo., u-Alexander Hamilton wafanisa uMongameli neNkosi yaseGreat Britain futhi waphawula ukuthi uMongameli wayezokwehluleka ukugunyaza nokususwa ngokuthola izipho zangaphandle noma ukukhokha. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abahleli baqondise ama-Emoluments Claus ukuze basebenzise ehhovisi eliphezulu egatsheni lesikhulu. Izazi ze-Oritan eziye zahlola lombuzo ngokuvamile ziphetha ngokuthi uMongameli umbozwe yisihloko, nakuba kunempikiswano ngokuphathelene izinga eliqondile lomthetho onqabelayo njengesebenza ehhovisi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Nendlela Yokusebenza Yanamuhla

I-Emnuments Claus yahlala ingaziwa kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ibangela ukuqashelwa okuncane noma ukunakwa kwezazi. Lokho kwashintsha kakhulu phakathi nokuphatha kukaMongameli uDonald Trump, obhizinisi lakhe elikhulu nowenqaba ukukhipha imibuzo enzima ngokusetshenziswa kwemishwana ebuza u-Express kuMongameli oqhubeka eqhuba izinkampani zezentengiselwano zangasese. Inkathi yeTrump yabangela ukumangalelwa okuningi nempikiswano ebanzi engokomthetho ngencazelo nobukhulu be-Emoluments Claus.

Imvume Yokulawula ITrump

Kwaqulwa icala eliningi ngokumangalelwa kukaMongameli Trump eveza ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwakhe kwenkokhelo kuhulumeni bakwamanye amazwe ngamabhizinisi akhe kwaphula iMithetho kaClaus. Lamacala aphikisa ngokuthi lapho ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe bethatha amahhotela eTrump, amathilomu, nezinye izakhiwo, babenikeza izivumelwano kuMongameli ngaphandle kwemvume yokuquliswa. Abamangalelwa babehlanganisa amalungu eSishayamthetho, abameli-hulumeni, namabhizinisi azimele ayencintisana nezakhiwo ze-Trump.

Ikhambi laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yokuma nokulunga, lapho izinkantolo zifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngokuthi ama-paltiff ayelimele ngokwanele yini ukuze akhiphe izikhalo zawo. INkantolo Yesifunda Yesine yokudlulisa Amacala neNkantolo Yesifunda Yesibili yokudlulisa Izikhalo zombili zombili zomahlulelo zombili zavumela amacala ukuba aqhubeke ngezinzuzo, alahle izimpikiswano zokuthi uMongameli wayekhululiwe kuClaus. INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukusingatha inzuzo yalamacala, esikhundleni sokulahla iziphakamiso ezithile njengoMongameli uTrump ngemva kokushiya ihhovisi, ishiye ukuchaza imibuzo ingaxazululeki ezingeni lokwahlulela eliphakeme kakhulu.

I-Trump litigation yaqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwencazelo yokuqala namaqiniso ezomnotho anamuhla. Abakhi be-flamenti abalindele uMongameli owalondoloza imisebenzi eminingi yezentengiselwano emazweni amaningi. Abahluleli bezobuprotomstism balwa kanzima ukusebenzisa ulimi lweshumi elinesishiyagalombili lokuqala emalungiselelweni ebhizinisi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo ebanzi "yokusekela" ekusunguleni inzuzo etholakala ezintengiselwano ezivamile zezentengiselwano ngezifunda kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho abanye bebambelele ekutheni lolu phawu lwaluhloselwe ukufinyelela kuphela amahlelo angokwesiko ezipho, inkokhiso, nokudumisa okusemthethweni, hhayi ukuhlanganisa amabhizinisi amade.

Imibuzo Ebanzi Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Izimpikiswano ezihlobene ne-Emoluments Clauss zidlulela ngalé komphathi weTrump futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo, izimiso zikahulumeni, kanye nohlelo lwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika. Ukuhlaziya koqobo lombhalo kumelwe kuphikisane neqiniso lokuthi ithonya lakwamanye amazwe lisebenza ngokwehlukile kunasekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ohulumeni bangaphandle namuhla bangathonya izikhulu zaseMelika ngeminikelo, ngokufaka isisusa, nezinye izindlela ezingalindelwe abalawuli. Impikiswano iwukuthi iEmoluments Clausle ingaguqulwa ukuze zifinyelele lezizimo zanamuhla kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile eziqondeni zokuqala.

Ezinye izazi zokuqala ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi le nkulumo kufanele ichazwe kabanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe zonke izinhlobo zenzuzo ngokwezimali kohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nenzuzo etholakala ekusebenzelaneni kwezamabhizinisi, ngoba abahleli bemidanti baqonda ingozi yethonya langaphandle kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo. Abanye baye baphikisana ngencazelo elinganiselwe elinganiselayo ukuthi iziphiwo ezingokwesiko nezikhokhelo, becabanga ukuthi abahleli bezakhiwo babehlose ukuvimbela izinhlobo ezithile zenkohlakalo ababezibone ngaphansi kombuso waseYurophu. Le mpikiswano ibonisa ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kobukhomfanda obungokokuqala mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa izinhlelo zomthetho ezibhalwe ngenkathi ehlukile ukuze kutholakale izimo abahleli bezakhiwo abangeke bazilindele.

Ukugxekwa Namanga

Incazelo yokuqala ye-Emoluments Claus ikhona futhi ikhona abagxeki bayo. Izazi ezisekela indlela ephilayo yomthetho-sisekelo ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuqamba uqobo kuveza imiphumela ephikisana nokubusa kwanamuhla nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuqonda komsunguli wethonya lamanye amazwe kwakulinganiselwe ezinhlotsheni zenkohlakalo ayezibonele zona ngokwazo, njengezipho eziqondile neziqu zomthetho, futhi ukusebenzisa lokho kuqonda amalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi ebhizinisini lanamuhla kuyi-achronism. Laba bagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zichaze i-Emoluments Claus ngokuqonda inkohlakalo nethonya lakwamanye amazwe lamanje, kunokuba zihlanganiswe nencazelo engoko yomlando.

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuqamba ukwenziwa kwenqubo ezisekelweni ezingokomlando. Baphikisa ngokuthi umlando awucacile futhi abahluleli bokuqala bangathembela ngokukhetha emithonjeni ukuze bafinyelele iziphetho ezinqunyiwe. Izimpikiswano ngokubaluleka "kwemvume" zibonisa lokhu kugxeka, abasekeli bakuqala befinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ezisekelwe ebufakazini obungokomlando obufanayo. Abagxeki futhi baveza ukuthi isizukulwane esisungulile sasinemibono ephikisanayo ezindabeni eziningi, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola incazelo eyodwa yokuqala yezimiso zomthetho.

Abavikeli bobufundamentali bokuqala baphendula ngokuthi lokhu kugxeka kuqonda kabi isimo sencazelo ye-prostance. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukukholelwa ekudalweni akudingi ulwazi oluphelele lwencazelo yokusungula kodwa kunalokho umzamo oqotho wokulungisa ukuqonda okunengqondo kakhulu kombhalo osekelwe ebufakazini obukhona. Nakuba kuhlale kukhona ukungavumelani, abaqaphi basekela ukuthi indlela enqabelayo ilawula ukwahlulela futhi iveza izincazelo ezicacile nezingokomthetho kunokuvumela abahluleli ukuba bafake izindinganiso zabo siqu. I-Emoluments Clausle, ngalombono, inikeza umthetho ocacile wokuthi izinkantolo zingamisa ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obungokomlando ngokuphathelene nomthetho lapho uthathwa.

Isiphetho

I-Emoluments Claus imelela esinye sesivikelo sokwakha esibaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika ovela kwamanye amazwe. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwale mithetho kugcizelela umbhalo nomongo ongokomlando welungiselelo, ukufuna ukusebenzisa incazelo yalo yokuqala ezimweni zamanje. Lendlela isekelwe kakhulu ebufakazini obungokomlando, kuhlanganise nemibhalo ye-Constitutional Convention, izimpikiswano zokuhlanganisa, nemibhalo yabasunguli abayinhloko abanjengo Hamilton noMadison. Incazelo ebanzi ye "emolument" ekusunguleni nokusetshenziswa kwayo isikisela ukuthi ihlanganisa umehluko omkhulu wezinzuzo ezivela kwamanye amazwe, nakuba izinga elinembile lilokhu liyindaba yenkulumo yenkulumo eqhubekayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwanamuhla okuzungeze i-Emoluments Claus kuye kwaqokomisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwencazelo yokuqala. Nakuba ukufundisa kunikeza uhlelo olunezimiso lokuhlaziya le-game, kwembula futhi izinselele zokusebenzisa ulimi lweshumi elinesibhozo-lenkulungwane ukubusa ngobukhulu. Isinqumo sokugcina salemibuzo yokwahlulela nokuhlola isayensi. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni isihloko ngokuqhubekayo, umbhalo ogcwele womthetho [ utholakala kuNational Archives, futhi [FLT] futhi unikeza ithonya eliyigugu leNguquko] lenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Emshuwashinizo-'unyaka ka-Exption [FF].[5]

Ukuqhubeka kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezezazi ngo-Emoluments Claus kufanekisa ukungezwani okukhulu komthetho-mthetho waseMelika phakathi kokwethembeka encazelweni yokuqala nokuvumelana nezimo zanamuhla. I-requalistism inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo njengombhalo omisiwe, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kumongo omusha kuzoqhubeka kudala impikiswano. I-Emoluments Claus, eyake yaba yilungiselelo elikhohlakale kakhulu, iye yaba isisekelo sokuhlola indlela yokuzimela kokuqala kanye nesikhumbuzo sokukhathalela okuhlala njalo kwabasebenzi bemithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho waseMelika ngokugcina ubuqotho bethonya kwamanye amazwe. Isinqumo salemibuzo yokuchaza lemibuzo siyo siyoba nezicingo ezihlala njalo ukuze iRiphabliki livikele kanjani umthetho ekusongweni lwangaphandle nasekubusweni kwayo.