Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Nokulondeka

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobumfihlo nokulondeka komphakathi bebulokhu bububunhle kakhulu. Kusukela enkathini yezibalo, lokhu kulinganisela kuye kwaba yingozi nakakhulu. Wona kanye amathuluzi enza ukuba kubonakale ngokukhululekile kanye nokusungulwa kwezomnotho anika amandla okuhlola angakaze abonwe ngaphambili. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okucubungulayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuhlola, izisekelo ezingokomthetho, ithonya laso elibonakalayo ezinhlwini eziyisisekelo, kanye nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulondoloza inkululeko yomphakathi.

Iyini Inkululeko Yangaphakathi?

Inkululeko yomphakathi yizivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho ezivikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni ozimele. Azinikezwanga amalungelo angokwemvelo aqashelwa futhi ahlanganyelwa yizinhlangano zentando yeningi. Nakuba uhlu oluqondile luhluka-hluka ngegunya, inkululeko eyisisekelo ethinteka kakhulu ngokuqapha ihlanganisa:

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo[ - ilungelo lokuchaza imiqondo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.
  • Akululo ulwethu lwemfihlo [ - - ukulindela ukuthi ukuphila komuntu siqu, ukuxhumana, kanye nokwaziswa akudaluli ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukulunga okungokomthetho.
  • Inkululeko yokuhlangana nenhlangano [ – ikhono lokubuthana nabanye ngenjongo yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo, noma yenkolo.
  • Inqubo elindelekile yomthetho – ilungelo lezinqubo zobulungisa nokwengamela kokwahlulela phambi kukahulumeni kungaphuca noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka – isisinge esicindezelayo emandleni kahulumeni sokungena emakhaya, ezimishinini, nasemiphumeleni yomuntu siqu.

Lenkululeko ayiphelele; ingalinganiselwa lapho kunesithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo, njengokuvimbela ubuphekula noma ukuxazulula ubugebengu obungathi sína. Nokho, umthwalo wokulunga kumelwe uncishiswe kuhulumeni, futhi imingcele kumelwe ilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola kuye kwavivinya lemingcele njengakuqala.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokuziphendukela Kwaso Kwamanani

EUnited States, iSichibiyelo sesine siyisici esiyinhloko somthetho - sisekelo esiqaphe ukuphenywa okungenangqondo. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, izinkantolo zachaza isivikelo sazo ukuze zimboze izindawo ezingokoqobo njengezindlu nezincwadi zamaphepha. Kodwa njengoba ukuxhumana kususwa ezimisweni zemishini, kwaphakama umbuzo obalulekile: Ingabe iSichibiyelo Sesine siyasebenza e-imeyilini, emetameter, noma emininingwaneni yendawo egcinwe abantu besithathu?

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuphendula lombuzo ngezinqumo ezinjenge Riley v. California (2014, eyayithi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola izinombolo zocingo lwe-cellal ukuze abanjwe. Muva nje, I-United States[FLT][FLT]] [2018]]) yanquma ukuthi ukufinyelela ingqamuzana-lendawo yeSine seSine seSimende kungukuhlola iSiphetho seSine. Lezi zikhankathiso sesazi semithetho yezwe simelela ukuthatha ijubane kodwa okubalulekile kokuvikela izibalo zomhlaba. Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni u-U. u-U. u-U. u-A. u-A. u-A. u-A.

Ukwanda Kwesayensi Yokwanda Kwenani Lomsebenzi

Ukwakhiwa kwe - Internet nokwanda kwemishini ehlangene kuye kwadala indawo lapho cishe zonke izenzo zishiya khona umkhondo wemishini. Ohulumeni nezinkampani baye bawasebenzisa ngentshiseko lamathuba, basebenzisa amathuluzi ayeyobonakala efana nezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi esizukulwaneni esidlule.

Ukuthungatha I - Internet Nokwaziswa

Kuzo zonke izingosi zokungena, ukuphenya, nokuthenga nge-inthanethi kuveza imininingwane. Izinkampani zokukhangisa, izimboni zezentengiselwano, kanye neziteshi zezokuxhumana zibhala lokhu kwaziswa ukuze zakhe imininingwane eminingi yabantu. Ohulumeni bafaka imininingwane yezentengiselwano ngokuphoqelelwa okungokomthetho (Izincwadi ze-National Security, iziyalezo zenkantolo) noma ngokuzithenga kubaxhumanisi bemininingwane. I-Exron Foundation ifaka ubufakazi bokuthi abaphuzi bemininingwane yezindawo, bathengisa izikhangiso, futhi ngisho nokwaziswa okungokwempilo ukuze baqinisekise izinhlangano zomthetho ngaphandle kokuqondisa noma yikuphi ukwahlulela.

Ukuqashelwa Kobuso Nokuhlolwa Kwezakhi Zomzimba

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa buye bafakwa iminyango yamaphoyisa, izinhlangano zokulawula imingcele, futhi ngisho namabhizinisi angabodwa. Nakuba abasekeli bethi busiza ekuhlukaniseni izigebengu, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi akunaphutha kubantu abanemibala ehlukene, okuholela ekuboshweni okungalungile. Ubuchwepheshe beAmerican Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) buye bafaka amacala amaningi lapho amaphutha afanayo eboshelwe abantu abangenacala. Amanye amadolobha, kuhlanganise neSan Francisco neBoston, aye avala ukusetshenziswa kobuso, kodwa ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka benyuka ngamakhamera ahlola izindiza zezindiza, ngisho nangezimiso zesikole.

Iqoqo Lemethava Nokudla Okunganqamuki

Imetadata − ulwazi lokuxhumana okunjengamanani ocingo abizwa, ubude besikhathi, kanye nendawo − luvame ukubhekwa njengobuncane kunokwaziswa okukhona nguhulumeni. Nokho, njengoba izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha njenge-NSA zibonise, ukuqoqwa kwemitapo eminingi kungaveza imininingwane ejulile ngokuphila komuntu, kuhlanganise nezinhlanganiselo zezombangazwe, ukumiswa kwezokwelapha, kanye nobudlelwane bomuntu siqu. Izinhlelo zeqoqo elikhulu ezavezwa u-Edward Snowden ngo-2013 ziqokomisa indlela uhulumeni ongazihlanganisa ngayo izitembulo zamaMelika ezigidi ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba i-USA Freedom Act yaqeda ngayo iqoqo eliqondile lamarekhodi ocingo ngo-2015, ezinye izinhlobo zokuqaphana kwabantu abaningi ziyaqhubeka ngaphansi kweziphathimandla ezingokomthetho ezihlukahlukene.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho: Umsebenzi Oyisimanga Wokuvikela

Imithetho elawula ukuqapha iyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile iphelelwe isikhathi, futhi iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. E-United States, indawo elawulayo ixubene nemithetho yomthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezimiso zezinhlangano. EYurophu, i-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inikeza indlela yokuqonda izinto zomuntu siqu ngokwengeziwe. Ukuqonda lezizimo kubalulekile kunoma ubani okhathalela amalungelo awo.

Imithetho YaseUnited States

  • Isichibiyeli sesine [ – sivikela ekufuneni okungacabangeki, kodwa siye sathotshiswa imfundiso yesithathu [, ephethe leyo mininingwane ehlanganyelwa ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo) ilahlekelwa ukuma okunengqondo.
  • Umthetho wobuCwephesha Obungalawuleki Wobucuphi Umthetho (FISA) - - ulawula ukuqapha kwe-elects yokuvikela kwesizwe. Izigwegwegwe njenge-FISA Isichibiyeli (2008) zandisa amandla kahulumeni okuqoqa ukuxhumana kwabantu abangewona ama-U.S., kodwa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuzenzakalelayo kuyavunyelwa.
  • USUSA PARIOTT Act (2001)--ovale iziphathi-zinhloli ezihlolayo ngemva kuka-9/11, kuhlanganise nokuthola kalula imibhalo yezohwebo namachashaza. Amanye amalungiselelo aphela noma ashintshwa, kodwa isiqephu 215 (amarekhodi ezamabhizinisi) sashintshwa, asisuswanga.
  • I-Act e-Ectronic Communications Access (ECPA) - umthetho ka-1986 ohlukanisa phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-imeyili ezigciniwe ezingaphezulu kwezinsuku ezingu - 180 (eziye zalashwa njengezishiywe) nemiyalezo emisha. Isidingo sokuguqula inguquko siqashelwa kabanzi, kodwa uMkhandlu awukadlulisi ushintsho olubanzi.

Izivikelo Ze - European Union

I-GDPR, ephumelelayo ngo-2018, ivame ukuvezwa njengendinganiso yegolide yemininingwane eyimfihlo. Idinga imvume ecacile yokulungisa ukwaziswa, ukugunyaza ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane, futhi inikeza abantu amalungelo okungena nokucima ukwaziswa kwabo. Nokho, i-GDPR isebenza ngokuyinhloko ezinkampanini ezizimele, hhayi ezifekethisweni zesizwe, ezithi azivunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwe-EUPrivractive Directive Directive kunikeza isivikelo sokuxhumana ngemishini. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu ziye zaphindisela futhi ekuhlaseleni i-a i-arheke; ngokwesibonelo, iNkampathi ye- Justice of the European Union yahlasela i-U. S. I-Sightyleevory ngo-2020 ngenxa yokukhathalela ukufinyelela kukahulumeni waseYurophu. Nokho, izinhlangano zesizwe zisasebenza izinhlelo zokuhlola okukhulu ze-operala.

Amagebe Neziphakamiso

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ukuthi imithetho ebhalelwe izwe elibonakalayo ihluleka ukuthatha amaqiniso okusebenza kwefu, i-Internet-operations, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, kungadingeka isiqinisekiso sokufuna ucingo, kodwa ukwaziswa okufanayo okugcinwe kwi-injini yenkampani kungatholakala nge-pachena ngaphandle kokuhlola okulindelekile. Ukuntula umthetho kahulumeni wemfihlo we-mfundamatheli eUnited States kushiya iqoqo lemininingwane eminingi yokwaziswa engalawulwanga, kuvumele uhulumeni ukuba usebenzise izisekelo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano.

Indlela Intuthuko Ephazamisa Ngayo Inkululeko Yangaphakathi

Imiphumela yokuqapha okungaqashelwa ingaphezu kokulahlekelwa isikhathi sokuba wedwa, iqeda zona kanye izinsika zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nokuzibusa komuntu siqu.

Ithonya Elishukumisayo Ekukhulumeni Ngokukhululeka

Uma abantu bazi ukuthi ukuxhumana kwabo kuyagadwa, bashintsha ukuziphatha kwabo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ithonya elisheshayo [. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2021 yi- u-Pew Research Center [[ uthola ukuthi ama-40% amaMelika awayifaki into ethile kulayini ngenxa yokukhathalela ukuqapha. Imiphumela ivela kakhulu phakathi kweqembu elincane, izishisekeli, nezintatheli ezibhekene nengozi enkulu yokuzisulu. Usizo lwawo lwezentengiselwano lululaza ukulandisa kwemibono futhi luye lwabangela ukuthatha isibopho sentando yentando yeningi.

Ithonya Elingalawuleki Emiphakathini Engalingani

Ngokomlando, ukuqapha kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukunqanda ukuphikisana nemiphakathi yemibala ebhekene nezindawo. Kusukela ekuhloleni kwe-CONTELPRO kwabaholi bamalungelo abantu kuya ezindaweni zanamuhla ezibikezela amaphoyisa, izimiso zokuhlola ngokuvamile zifaka futhi ziqhubekisela phambili ukucwasana kwezinhlanga. Umbiko we- ACLU utholwe kakhulu ukuthi i-software ebikezelayo ye-projekthi iqondisa izikhulu ze-software ku-Black and Latinodations, kuholela ekuboshweni nasekuqinisekisweni kwemijikelezo ngokomthetho wezinhlanga, njengomthetho owe-Black Live Matter, osetshenziswa i-dron, i-part, kanye ne-layisensi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla Nokuntuleka Kobubonisi

Imibuso yezokuhlola eklanyelwe ukulondeka kwesizwe iye yasetshenziselwa ukuzuza komuntu siqu, ukuziphindiselela kwezombangazwe, futhi ngisho nokuhlola abantu abathandana nabo. Ngo-2021, uMnyango womhloli jikelele wathola ukuphulwa okukhulu yizisebenzi ze-FBI zezinqubo zokuhlola ngaphansi kwe-FISA. Nakuba kuye kwasungulwa izinguquko, izinhlelo ezizungezile zenza ukuba ukuqapha kwangaphandle kube okungalawuleki. Ngaphandle kokuzikhanyisa okusobala, amathuba okuxhashazwa kuhlale kuphakeme.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Ukukhululeka Kwakho Komphakathi

Nakuba abantu bengenakuzigodla ngokuphazima kweso, bangathatha imikhuba namathuluzi anciphisa kakhulu ukuchayeka kwabo. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlanganisa izikhungo zobuchwepheshe nolwazi olungokomthetho nesithembiso somphakathi.

Sebenzisa Ukubhala Okuyimfihlo Namathuluzi Okuvikela

Ukubhala kuyithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu lokuvikela ukuxhumana. Izinhlelo zothunyelelwa imiyalezo ezifingqiwe njengesayina ne-ASApp ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthumeli nowamukelayo kuphela abangafunda imiyalezo. I-imeyili, icabangele ukusebenzisa i-ProtonMail noma i-Tutanota, efingqa imiyalezo lapho ingekho. Amayaluzi anjenge-Brave ne-Firefox anikeza isivikelo esakhelwe ngomzila. Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa i-atmap ukufihla ikheli lakho le-IP, kodwa khetha umqalisi ongenakhomba-mfazeli engenakho inqubo ye-log nosebenza ngaphandle kwe-ogalamu ye-ogada.

Nciphisa Izinyawo Zakho

  • Vala izinkonzo zendawo uma ungekho kusidingo. Khubaza i-Bluetooth ne Wi-Fi sihlola phakathi kwezilungiselelo.
  • Sebenzisa izinjini zokufuna ezingakulandeli, njengoDuckDuck Go noma i - Starmepage.
  • Hlola amakhekhe njalo futhi uhlole umlando.
  • I-opt-opt yokwaziswa kwabelana nganoma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona. Amawebhusayithi amaningi ane- “Ungathengisi My Personal Information” axhunywe ngaphansi kwe-CCPA/CPRA.
  • Gwema ukusebenzisa uphawu olulodwa (Google/Facebook) ezinkonzweni zesithathu, njengoba umngenisi ngamunye enikeza umnakekeli ukwaziswa okwengeziwe.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Futhi Wazise

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho kuwumkhakha wokuqala wokuzivikela. E-United States, unelungelo lokuthula futhi unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa. Uma kuthintwa yi-accomist, usho ngokucacile: “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula. Angifuni ukuphenya. Ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli.” Ungavuli ucingo lwakho noma unikeze amagama ayimfihlo ngaphandle kwemvume. Abahambi, i-FOUTSQURENT Administration Administration (TSA) ngeke bakuphoqelele ngokomthetho ukuba uvule isisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokusola okunengqondo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlolweni okulandelayo noma ukulibala. Khumbula ukuthi i-ACCLLUU ne-EFF:]

Ukusekela Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho

Izenzo zomuntu ngamunye zidingekile kodwa azinele ngaphandle koshintsho olulawulwayo. Zihlanganise nezinhlangano ezisekela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, njenge-ACLU, i-EFF, ne-Center for Democracy & Technology. Xhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze bafune ukudluliswa komthetho wemfihlo obanzi njengomthetho we-American Datamfic and Protection Act [APPA] kanye nezinguquko zokuhlola imithetho enjenge-FISA. Tshekela izindlela zendawo ezivimbela ukuqapha imishini yokuqapha, njengokuvinjelwa kobuso noma ukuqapha kwamaphoyisa.

Yiba Umthengisi Wobuchwepheshe Ongangatshazwa

Phambi kokwamukela i-app noma isisetshenziswa esisha, funda indlela yayo yokusebenza yobuso benhliziyo nemisebenzi yayo. Qaphela “izinkonzo ezikhululekile” ezifaka imininingwane yakho. Cabangela izinkonzo zokuzithuma njengefu elilandelayo lokugcina amafayela noma i-Bitwaden ukuze uthole amagama ayimfihlo. Imishini ye-smart-home, zifake kwingxenye yenethiwekhi (VLAN) futhi ukhubaze izici ezinjengokungena noma ukuqopha izwi uma kungenzeka.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nokuhlanganyela Kwemicikilisho

Ukulwela inkululeko yomphakathi kule nkathi yokuqapha ngeke kunqotshwe ezobuchwepheshe kuphela.

Ukusakaza Izimfihlo Zamanani Kuyi - Curricula Yasesikoleni

Izikole akumelwe zifundise abafundi indlela yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa nendlela yokuhlaziya ngokuhluzekile ukudayiswa kwamathuluzi emishini. Izifundo zingahlanganisa izisekelo zokufihlwa, inqubo yezomnotho yokulawula, nokuzivivinya ngezandla ezimisweni zomuntu siqu. Lemfundo inika intsha amandla okukhetha ulwazi futhi ilungiselele ukuba izakhamuzi ezithembisene ukulandisa kohulumeni nezinhlangano.

Ukuhlela Inhlangano Nenkulumo Yeningi

Izindawo zomtapo wezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezingazuzi nzuzo zingangenisa izikhungo ze-apply special. Imihlangano yasedolobheni kanye nokuzwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi ngemishini yobuchwepheshe bokuhlola ingakwazi ukunikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo. Ngokwenza ukuba imfihlo yezindaba zomphakathi ingabi umthwalo womuntu ngamunye, isenzo esihlangene sibe nokwenzeka. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- Ukuyeka I-LAPD Sping Coalition[ I-octive i-spress ingaholela kanjani ekushintsheni izinhlelo zokuhlola utshani kotshani.

Ukuthuthukisa Ubuchwepheshe Bemvelo

Ekugcineni, kunesidingo sezindinganiso zokuziphatha embonini yobuchwepheshe. Amakhampani afaka phambili ukufihla imfihlo yomsebenzisi nokubonakala kobuso okumelwe kubhikishwe futhi kuxhaswe. Abathengisi bangavota ngemali yabo ngokukhetha ezinye izindlela zobumfihlo ezithathelwe indawo yesikhulu. Ukukhetha “ukuqamba ngokuklama” njengemfuneko engokomthetho, njengoba kusikiselwa yi-GDPR, ukucabangela inkululeko yomphakathi ekhubazekayo enqubweni yokuthuthuka kusukela ekuqaleni.

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lenkululeko Yombango

Umzabalazo phakathi kokuqapha nenkululeko yomphakathi awumusha, kodwa umngcele wezinombolo uye wandisa izigxobo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa − njengokuhlola i-Al-aise-ai amandla ezwi, ividiyo, nokuziphatha; ukwanda kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile; nokwanda kwemikhondo okuye kwasebenza ngemikhondo ehlangene ne 5G. .Adri noma ukuphoqelelwa ukuba siphoqelelwe ukuba sibe nobubanzi obuphelele. Nokho, umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukuphikisana nokukhombana ngokumelene nobuqili kungaholela ekuvikelekeni: izambulo zeSnowden i-Xyden i-Free Act; i-Cambridge Analyticad GDPR; futhi i-GPR ewuza ukumelana kwemithetho ngokuqaphela ubuso. Indlela engaphambili ixhomeke ekuphaphakameleni kwezakhamuzi, ukukhohlakala kwemi, nokuhlakanipha komthetho. Ukuvikela izicelo zenkululeko kudinga umphakathi wabekuwumthetho.