Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Ukulandisa kukahulumeni akuyona isiqalo sanamuhla esikhona − izimpande ziqala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka zefilosofi yezombangazwe nokulwa okungokoqobo. Kusukela ekubekeni kwemingcele yamandla e-monarchy kuya ekusungulweni kwemikhakha ezimele, imiphakathi iye yaqaphela isikhathi eside ukuthi igunya elingalawuliwe libangela inkohlakalo. Nokho, umqondo wanamuhla, owenziwe ngekhulu lama-20 ngokuphakama kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe, imithetho yokukhanya, kanye nombiko okhululekile okwazi ukucubungula izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ukusuka Ezinguquko Zasendulo Kuya Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Wanamuhla

I-Athene yasendulo yazama ukuthukwa njengendlela yokuhlola abaholi abadumile. IRome Republic yayinemibono yayo eyayiyibone kakhulu isimilo somphakathi. Kodwa kwakuyizazi zokukhanyiselwa − John Locke, Montesquieu, kanye nabanye .embula isidingo sokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlola ukukhomba kwezikhulu. Lemibono yathonya ngokuqondile u-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezimiso zedemokramenti emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa kwakuyizimiso eziqinile zokulandisa ngemithetho ye-appler nezincwadi ze-Apiervision, kwavela kancane kancane kancane ekuphenduleni ihlazo nemfuno yomphakathi.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Ezathonya Iziphephetha - mlilo

Umthetho wokuqala kahulumeni wokufutha ikhwelo eUnited States wawungu-1863 Act Ethions Engamanga, owadluliselwe ekulweni nempi ezuzisayo phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi. [ilungiselelo layo] liqunga i-tam ilungiselelo lavumela izakhamuzi ezizimele ukuba zidlulise uhulumeni futhi zithole ingxenye yemali egciniwe. Lomthetho uhlala uyithuluzi elinamandla namuhla. Le nqubo ka 1970 yabona igagagasi lomthetho ovikelayo olandela iWatergate nePentagon Papers, kuhlanganise neWhistrie Protect ka 1989. Muva nje, iDodd-Frafrank Act (2010) yakha izisusa zemali zokubika ukuvinja, nakuba uhlelo luye lwabheke izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: IHhovisi lezeluleko ezikhethekile lase-U.S. linikeza isiqondiso samanje sokuvikela ababhuli bekhwelo.

Uhambo Lwesiphepho: Izisusa Nezingozi

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo eshaqisayo, abafutha ngekhwelo abavamile ukushukunyiswa ukuziphindisela noma inzuzo yabo siqu. Ukucwaninga okukhishwe kuyi- Journal of Business Ethics[ kubonisa ukuthi izenzo eziningi zibangelwa umuzwa wesibopho sokuziphatha: zibona ububi futhi zizizwa ziphoqelekile ukubuyeka. Abafutha ngekhwelo ngaphakathi, abasebenzayo ababika ngeminyango esemthethweni − kaningi babhekana nezingcindezelo ezihlukile kunalezo eziya umphakathi. Owamuva, aziwa njengabafuthathi bemi bemicishi, ngokuvamile baphendukela emashaneni ezindaba noma angaphandle ngemva kokuba imidlalo yangaphakathi ihlulekile.

Abashayeli Abangokwengqondo Nabasebenza Ngengqondo

Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abafutha ikhwelo bavame ukuqopha izilinganiso zokuzimela nokucabanga ngokokuziphatha. Abaningi bachaza “iphuzu elingathi sína” lapho ukuthula kungenakubekezeleleka. Isinqumo asivamile ukuba sithatheke; ngokuvamile sandulelwa izinyanga zokukhathazeka, ukubhala, nokubuza osebenza nabo abathembayo noma abameli. Ukwesaba ukuziphindisela kuvela kwasekuqaleni, kodwa kanjalo umuzwa onamandla womsebenzi kubantu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani abavuli bemilo babika ukuthi bayaziqhenya ngezenzo zabo nangenhlekelele enkulu kamuva.

Imiphumela Yakho Nochwepheshe

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho, ukuziphindiselela kusekhona. Umbiko ka-2020 we-Hulumeni Accounting Project wathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-70 abafuyi bempepho abhekana nohlobo oluthile lokuphindisela, kuhlanganise nokubulala, ukudilika, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Ukulimala okungokwengqondo kungaba kubi kakhulu: ukucindezeleka, ukuwohloka, nokuwohloka kwemali. Izehlakalo eziphezulu ezifana neze-Edward Snowden neWearth Waner zibonisa ukuxhaphaza okungaphezulu kakhulu kwemali efunwa yi-Act //8,550 000 000 000 (R3)

Umphumela ohlasimulisayo ungokoqobo. Abaculi abangase bafake lezi zingozi ezingozini ezingaqinisekile zokuvela phambili. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesivikelo esinamandla, esiphoqelelwe kanye nesiko elizisa ukubonakala obala ngaphandle kokwethembeka okungaqondakali.

Ukuhlola I - Journals Njengokuhlolwa Kwamandla

Iphephandawe likaphengululo lisebenza njengamehlo omphakathi nezindlebe ekuziphatheni kukahulumeni. Ngokungafani nokubika kwansuku zonke, okugxila ezimpilweni, ukuphenya kwezincwadi kuhlola phansi kwezehlakalo ukuze kuvulwe izinkinga zesimiso somhlaba(ukunganyani, ukuhluleka kwezimiso, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu (ukuthi izinhlangano zikhetha ukufihla). Lo msebenzi udinga isikhathi, imithombo, ulwazi olungokomthetho, futhi ngokuvamile isibindi sokubhekana nokucindezela kwezombangazwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kokuhlola

Inkathi echumayo yophenya kwephephabhuku le-1970 yaveza ukufinyelelwa okunjengendatshana ye-Watergate ephukayo, eyaletha i-presence. Ngaleyo nkathi futhi kwasungulwa iCentre for Investigative Reporting (1977) kanye nokusungulwa kwePulitzer Prize-winightightightight marking project zezihloko ezisukela kukuphathwa kabi kwamaphoyisa kuya ekunganakini kwasesibhedlela. Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukunyuka kwezokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana kwamanani kuye kwaveza ububanzi bemiklamishi ye-Accatemental. Abacosheli manje basebenzisa imithombo yezincwadi, inkululeko yolwazi, imifanekiso ye-tellitellite, nencwadi eyimfihlo. I-Contraventerm of Inventiventiverss (ICY)[FLct1] iveza i-Panamagencys.

Amathuluzi Ezezinombolo Ne - Journalism

Uphenya lwanamuhla luncike kakhulu ekuhloleni ukwaziswa. Izindaba zinganqamula imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni othandwayo, imizamo yokuthola imikhondo, futhi ziveze izingxabano zesithakazelo ngokusebenzisa ama-mesethi omphakathi. Amapulatifomu alondekile anjenge-DevityDrop avumela abacuphi bempepho ukuba bahlanganyele ngaphandle kokwazi. Ukusebenzisa kwe-ICIJ ukuxoxa okuyimfihlo kanye nokuxhumana kwabelana ngemininingwane kwenza ukuba izintatheli ezingaphezu kuka-400 zasemazweni angama-80 zikwazi ukuhlaziya izincwadi ezivuzayo ezivela ePanamaPanamaPalles kanye kanye. Lokhu kugcobon iye yenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abadlali abonakeleyo ukuba bafihle, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuba izintatheli zithuthukise inqubo yazo yokuvikela imithombo yezincwadi.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: International Consorium of Investigative paper size sixhunyelelwe imingcele ye-frewn-bonobol.

Ubuhlobo Obungavumelani Nomculo Phakathi Kwabacuphi Nezintatheli

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabafuthi-khwela nezintatheli eziphenyisiwe bungenye yezinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu zokulandisa emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Ababhula nge-histle banolwazi olungaphakathi kodwa abanawo umkhakha wokuwusakaza kabanzi; izintatheli zinesiteji kodwa azingeni ngaphakathi. Bonke, bangadlula abagcini bamasango futhi bazizise umphakathi ngokuqondile. Lobu buhlobo budinga ukwethembana okujulile, ukuqiniseka okucophelelayo, kanye nokuhlonipha izingozi ezihilelekile.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba: Watergate

Ihlazo laseWatergate liwuhlobo oluyinhloko lokubambisana kwempendulu-journalist. NgoJune 17, 1972, amadoda amahlanu aboshwa ngenxa yokugqekeza indlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee. Lendaba yayingase ishabalale uma kungengenxa yomthombo ongashiwongo owaziwa ngokuthi “i-Honther Throat” (kamuva yembulwe njenge-Fvictor Depace Depaster Mark Felt). Ezinyangeni eziningi, uFelt wancela izihloko ezigxekayo kuWashington Post Boodward noCarl Bernstein, owawar, owawavumela ukuba axhumane nomkhankaso omkhulu wezombangazwe wezombangazwe wezombangazwe.

Ukutadisha Icala: Iphepha LasePanama

Ngo-2015, umbhuli wekhwelo ongaziwa wavuza amaphepha ayizigidi ezingu-11,5 enkampanini yezomthetho yasePanama iMossack Fonseca ukuya kumcosheli wezindaba waseJalimane iBastian Obermaker. Kunokuba anyatheliswe ngokushesha, inhlangano ye-Obermaker, Süddeutsche Zeitung[, ayesebenzisana nenkampani ye-ICIJ ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokuhlanganisa ukunqamula izimpompompo eziningi. Uphendlo lwembulunga yonke, olwakhishwa ngo-2016, lwembula indlela abahosholo bembulunga yonke abaholi bebalekela ngayo intela, imali ewudele, nempahla yokufihla. I-Priversiderier Smunddavdavdavraugn, futhi ivusenyulisiwe kakhulu. Lamazwe abonisa amandla amakhulu e-onke.

Imisebenzi Yokuzenzela Nokuvikela Okungokomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Izindawo ezingokomthetho zokushaya ikhwela zihluka kakhulu ezizweni ezihlukene. Amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esiqinile; amanye abheka ukufutha ngekhwelo njengokuvukela umbuso noma ukulijezisa ngokulibopha. Ukuphumelela kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekuqikelweni kwamandla, izimo zempucuko, kanye nasekuzimeleni kwejaji.

I-United States: IWhistlepunder Protection Act neDodd-Frank

Abafuyi bempempe bahulumeni bavikelwe kakhulu ngaphansi komthetho weWhistlever Protection Act (WPA) ka- 1989, owenqabela ukuziphindisela ngenxa yokwaziswa okuchaza ukuthi isisebenzi sikholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi kuwubufakazi bokuphulwa komthetho, ukungaphathi kahle, noma ukusebenzisa kabi igunya. Nokho, iWPA imbobo yezisebenzi zikahulumeni kuphela. Ababhula ipempethi be-Pimperater ye-tecter ivikelwa yimithetho yezemboni, njenge-Sarbanes-Oxley Act yezentellingle ne-Dodd-Frank Act ye-ogment yokwaphula umthetho. Dodd-Frank wasungula futhi uhlelo lwe-Sukureastries ne-Ex Commis, oluye lwakhokhwa ngezigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali kusukela ekuhlwini kwayo. Abagxeki bempi yabaphathi abaningi babheke noma isiphi isiphi isivikelo somthetho.

I - European Union Iqondisa

Ngo-2019, i-EU yamukela i-Directive on the Protection of Persons Reporting on Bbaches of Union Law, ifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu amise imikhondo yokubika yangaphakathi, avikele abafuyi bekhweli ekuphindiseleni, futhi anikeze izinkonzo zokusekela. Lo myalo uhlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezihlanganisa ukuthengwa komphakathi, izinkonzo zemali, ukuthungatha imali, nempilo yomphakathi. Ukufakelwa kwemali bekungavumelani nemithetho eqinile, kuyilapho amanye amazwe engaphansi kwe-. Umbiko we-2023 Transparency International wathola ukuthi amalungu e-EU awezwe lonke afake iziqondiso zesizwe ngokuphelele.

Izinselele Nezigebengu

Ngisho nalapho kukhona imithetho, abafutha ikhwela babhekana nezithiyo eziwusizo. Ukuphindisela kunzima; abaqashi ngokuvamile bathethelela izenzo ezimbi kwezinye izindawo. Imithetho eminingi ayigubuzeli ukubika okungaziwa, iveza abacuphi bekhwelo ukuthi bakhona. Ezizweni ze-pholiathoric, ukuvikela okungokomthetho akukho, futhi abafuthayo bafaka izingozi zokuboshwa noma okubi kakhulu. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke kumelwe uqhubeke uqhubele phambili ukusekela izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zendawo yonke [ futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zembulunga yonke kanye nezinhlangano zezezindawo zithatha futhi izimiso zokufutha impepho.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: Imithombo yemali ebhakuzayo ye-international – ukufutha impepho nemibiko yezwe.

Izinselele Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Ubuchwepheshe buye banika amandla abacuphi bekhwelo kanye nezingozi ezikhudlwana. Amathuluzi afanayo avumela ukuxhumana okulondekile enza ukuba izifundazwe nezinkampani zikwazi ukuqapha inqwaba yabantu. Ukungalawuleki kunzima ukukugcina kunanini ngaphambili, futhi ukunyathelisa ngemishini yemishini kungadambisa imithombo.

Ukwethuka Nokungaziwa Kwabantu

Ohulumeni baye bandisa amandla okuqapha ngemithetho enjenge-USA PATRIOT Act ne-UK’s Investigation Powers of Empirect. Abacuphi manje kumelwe bathathe ukuxhumana kwabo kuqashelwa. Ukubhala okuyimfihlo, ukuqapha, nezimiso zokulahla itor , kanye nezimiso zokulahla imvula ezilondekile kunikeza isivikelo esithile, kodwa ukulondeka kudinga ubuchwepheshe obunezisebenzi ezivamile ezimbalwa. Indaba yeChelseater Maning ibonisa lokhu: Ukusebenzisa umzila oyimfihlo ukudlulisa imibhalo ehlukaniswayo yamaWikiLeak kodwa ekugcineni kwatholakala ngemimethane yezobuchwepheshe nange-revio. Ngo-2022. Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wamangalela abantu abaningi ngezimfihlo, ukuchayo okukhulu.

Ukungaqondi Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Ngokuhlekisayo, inkathi yobuchwepheshe ilulaza ithonya lokufushaniswa kwekhwelo. Inqwaba yokwaziswa ingafiphaza izindaba ezibalulekile. Imikhankaso yokungavumelani nezindaba ingalulaza abafuyi bempempetha noma imibiko yezindaba. Ukuthembela komphakathi emaphephandabeni kuye kwaphela emazweni amaningi, kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula imibiko ye-operalyze. Imithetho yezenhlala-zwe ngokuvamile iveza okugcwele ukuvezwa okungacaci, ukudluliswa kobufakazi. Abacushisi nezintatheli manje akumelwe banciphe nje kuphela ngokufihla imfihlo engokomthetho kodwa nangokuncibilikisa isayensi yezindaba ehlukene.

Ukuqinisa Imishini Yokulandisa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abashaya ikhwelo namaphephandaba aphenyisiwe ayaqhubeka ebangela ukuba ohulumeni balandise, kokubili izinguquko ezingokweziqu namasiko kuyadingeka. Ukuvikelwa kukodwa akwanele; abashaya ikhwelo badinga ukusekelwa, ukuqashelwa, nezindlela ukuze bathole ukuphepha.

Ukutuswa Kwemithetho

  • Izindikimba ezizimele zongamele: Yakha izinhlangano ezinikezelwe ekuphenyeni imibiko yokufushazwa kwekhwelo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, efanekiselwa iHhovisi leSiphakamiso se-U.S. noma i-Prescial Consolation at Work ka-UK.
  • [ izisusa zezezimali nosizo lomthetho: Izinhlelo zomvuzo ezandisiwe njengalezo ezingaphansi koMthetho we-Presethiss Act, kodwa futhi zinikeza iseluleko somthetho esikhululekile ngakho abafuyi bekhwelo abakhohliswanga ngokuphindisela kwempi.
  • Imithetho yesivikelo se-Journast: ivikela izintatheli ekuphoqeleleni ukuthululwa kwemithombo, nemithetho yenguquko efaka umbiko obandayo.
  • [ Amalungelo ocingo: Ukuhlanganisa imithetho yangasese ukuze uvikele izokuxhumana kwabafuphi ekuqapheni okukhulu, kanye nokuqeqeshelwa ukugcinwa kwemishini yezokuxhumana kwabacosheli.
  • Izifundo ezithatha phambili: Ukufushanisa amalungelo omsebenzi womphakathi ekuqeqesheni izimiso zomphakathi nezifundo zesikole.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Nama - NGO

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni zivala igebe phakathi kwesivikelo esingokomthetho nakumaqiniso asemhlabeni. Amaqembu anjenge- Iprojekthi yokulandisa [, i-Trancparency International[[, futhi [[FLT]] ne izimemezelo ezingenamagebesers [[[FLT:]] zinikeza ukusekela okuqondile, ukubhalisa, nokucindezela kwezizwe zonke. Futhi balalela ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba nokusakaza imibiko yesithunzi. Izakhamuzi zingaqinisa lemizamo ngokusekela imithombo ezimeleyo, ngokulwa nokubhikisela ukonakala, nokuvocaza ngokufuna ukuvonga.

Isiphetho

Abahlaseli nezintatheli abaphenyi abaphikisa uhulumeni; bangabavikeli bawo. Ngokudalula ukonakala nokuxhashazwa, baphoqelela izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba ziphile ngokuvumelana nemibono yazo eyisisekelo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zinja eziqaphile, amandla athambekele ekugxiliseni nasekuboleni. Inani lesibindi sazo likhulu kakhulu, kodwa izindleko zokuthula zikhulu kakhulu. Ngakho idemokratist yentando yeningi kumelwe ivikele, ihloniphe, futhi ifunde kulabo abakhuluma iqiniso emandleni. Enkathini yokudlondlobala nokuncipha kwekhono lokwaziswa, isibopho phakathi kwabavuli nezintatheli silokhu singenye yezinqubo ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu zokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza abantu ngempela.