Indima yezinhlangano ezizimele ekulinganiseleni amandla phakathi kwezimiso zanamuhla icacile futhi ibalulekile. Lezi zimo, ezakhiwa yiKhomishane ukusingatha izidingo ezikhethekile zobuqondisi nokwengamela, zisebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzimela egatsheni eliphetheyo elizivumela ukuba zisebenzise imithetho nezimiso ngaphandle kokuziphazamisa okuqondile kwezombangazwe. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuyisisekelo sokulondoloza ukuthemba komphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezithinta izimboni, abathengi, nendawo ezungezile zenziwa ngokusekelwe ekwazinisweni nakwezinhloso kunemigomo ehleliwe. Enkathini eyandayo yobunkimbinkimbinkimbini bezentengiselwano, izinhlangano ezizimele zisebenza njengezinsika zokungakhethi nokuziphendulela. Ikhono lazo lokuziphathisa inqubo ende ehlelelwe ngokuhleleka nokugcinwa kwemithetho ehleliwe.

Ukuqonda Izimo Eziphuthumayo

Izinhlangano ezizimele ziyisici esikhethekile sikahulumeni ophethe, esiklanyelwe ukusingatha izindaba zobuchwepheshe neziqondisa ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile nokusetshenziswa ngokungaguquki. Ngokungafani neminyango yamakhathekrati, amakhanda ayo asebenza ngokujabulisa umongameli futhi angasuswa ngaphandle kwesizathu, amanxusa azimele avame ukuholwa amabhodi e-bipartistan noma amanxusa anezinqumo ezimisiwe ezihlanganisa ukuqondisa okuningi. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezakhiwo kuhloselwe ukuba zivikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasenhla yemijikelezo. Isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele sisuka e-AState Procediture Act Act (A) ka- 1946, okuthi ukubekwa kwemithetho nezimiso ezimisiweyo kunikeze izinqubo ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa kwezinhlangano ukuba ziqondiswe imithetho ngendlela ehleliwe futhi ihlelwe ngokwethuke ngokwethu. Ukubheka ngokujulile enkabeni ye-APA, [FLT] [5]

Umlando

Umqondo wezinhlangano ezizimele usukela emuva eNkathini Eyathuthuka, lapho abashisekeli befuna ukuxoxa ngobunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo bezentengiselwano zase-international nemikhuba yezombangazwe. I-Interstate Commission (ICC), eyamiswa ngo-1887, ibhekwa njengenhlangano yokuqala ezimeleyo yokuzibusa. Ukudalwa kwayo kwabonisa isifiso sokuqondisa amazinga kajantshi nemisebenzi, ngaphandle kwethonya lawo womabhizinisi nawomhlaba. Le sibonelo sabonakala sinethonya, liholela ekusungulweni kweFederal Tracty Commission (FTC) ngo-1914 ne-Foderal Powerce Commission ekhethekile (FTC). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani lezinhlangano ezizimele zanwe ukuba zimboze zihlanganise ukusakaza ukusakaza, ukuvalwa kwezente, izibambiso, izakhiwo nendawo ezungezile. Namuhla, njenge-Consumercial Provice Burection Burection (FF) ne-Foservetions) eFoservement (F) i-Fod Com

Izici eziyinhloko

Izinhlangano ezizimele zinezici eziningana ezichazayo:

  • `Bipartisan Leadership': Abaningi babuswa amakhomishane anezingxenye eziningi ezishaqisayo, ngokuvamile kudinga ukulinganisela kweqembu lezombangazwe. Lesi sakhiwo sinciphisa ingozi yokubuswa yiphathi eyodwa.
  • Igunya lokwenza: Izimo eziphuthumayo zinamandla okukhipha imithetho ephethe amandla omthetho, engaphansi kokukhulumela komphakathi nokwahlulelwa. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba bavumelane nezimiso ezishintsha izimo ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho omusha.
  • [ Ukuphoqelela kanye nokukhipha isigwebo: Bangaphenya ukuphulwa, ukuphoqelela izintela, nokufushanisa izimpikiswano ngamajaji omthetho wokuqondisa, benikeza indawo ekhethekile yokuxazulula izingxabano.
  • Imali ehleliwe:[ Nakuba uKhomishane ilawula iziphakamiso, izinhlangano ezizimele ngokuvamile zinikeze imifula exhasa imali, njengemali ezimbonini ezilawulwayo, ukunciphisa ukuxabana kwezombangazwe kwaminyaka yonke.

Ukubaluleka Kokugada

Ukulawula kuwumsuka wezinhlangano ezizimele, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimboni zisebenza ezimisweni zomthetho futhi izithakazelo zomphakathi ziyavikelwa. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuphumelelayo, izimakethe zingabhekana nokukhwabanisa, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, nezingozi zezimiso ezilimaza abathengi nabanikazi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Secureties and Exchanges Commission (SEC) iqhuba ukuhlola njalo amacebiso anikezwa amacebiso abathengi abatshali bezemali kanye nabaqondisi bemali ukuze baqaphele ukukhwabanisa okukhona ngaphakathi nokukhomba. I-CFP) i-Evironmental Agency iphonsa izindinganiso zokukhipha imfuno ngokugada, imvume, izijeziso, ijezo, ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokudlala insimu. Njengoba isimo sezimali sango 2008, ukuphatha izikhala kungaholela enhlekeleleni, okubangela ukuba izinhlangano zeCFP zikhiyekwe ukuba zigcwalise izindleko zemali.

Imishini Yokuqondisa

Izinhlangano ezizimele zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa:

  • Imishini kanye nokuhlola: Izimiso zokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlangano ezilawulwayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvumelana nemithetho nezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO) ivame ukuhlangana nezinhlangano ezizimele ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kohlelo.
  • Izimfuneko zokubika:[ Izinhlangano eziningi zigunyaza ukudalulwa okuvamile kwezinkampani, njengokuveza imibiko yezezimali ye-SEC noma i-injini ye-EPA. Lokhu kubonakala kuvumela abaqondisi bomphakathi ukubona i-anomalie.
  • Ukuzwa kwePublic:[ Izimo eziphuthumayo zithatha ukuqulwa kokwaziswa kubagcini bemali, ochwepheshe bezimboni, nezakhamuzi. Le midanti ingathonya ukubusa futhi iqokomise izindaba ezivelayo.
  • Izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele zinehhovisi eliqondisayo elihlola ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza, zenezela omunye ungwengwezi lokulandisa.

Ithonya Embonini Nabezohwebo

Ukugadwa yizinhlangano ezizimele kunemiphumela ebonakalayo. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula ukuhlukaniswa kwenani nokungathathi hlangothi kwenetha, ithinta ngokuqondile indlela abasizi benkonzo ye-Internet abasebenza ngayo nendlela abangenisi be-injini abasebenza ngayo nendlela abakwazi ngayo ukufinyelela inzuzo. Izenzo zokuphoqelela ukulwa kokuhweba ngaphakathi azijezisi abenzi bobubi kuphela kodwa futhi zivimbela ukuziphatha okubi esikhathini esizayo, zikhuthaza ukuqiniseka. Ngokufanayo, ukugcinwa kwe-EPA's ye-Ecle Air Act kuye kwaholela ekunciphekeni okukhulu kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya, ukuthuthukisa imiphumela engokwempilo yomphakathi. Lezi zibonelo zigcizelela indlela abaphathi bezokwengamela ngayo izinzuzo zangempela emincintiswaneni, ukuphepha, ukuphepha nokulunga.

Ukulandisa

Ukulandisa kuwukungalungisi. Izinhlangano ezizimele kumelwe ziphendule umphakathi, uMkhandlu, nezinkantolo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zazo zisobala futhi zifanelekile. Ukuzimela kwazo akusho ukuthi azinakubalwa; kunalokho, zivumela ukuba zinikezwe icala ngenxa yezinqumo zazo esikhundleni sokwethembeka kwezombangazwe. Izimiso zokulandisa eziphumelelayo ziqinisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi zivimbele ukuthunjwa kokuzilawula.

Imishini Engalandisa

Izinqubo eziningana zithuthukisa ukulandisa kwezinhlangano ezizimele:

  • Umbiko we-Public: Imishini inyathelisa imibiko yaminyaka yonke, ukwenza amarekhodi okulawula, kanye nokwaziswa komthetho kuyi-inthanethi ye-inthanethi ye-intanethi. I-metamshini ye-SEC'S EDGAR inikeza ukutholakala kwamafacendi enkampani mahhala, kuyilapho i-EPA''''’s Enthorcement and Compliance History Online (ECHHO) ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuvumelana kwezindawo.
  • I Process Complaint: Izinhlangano eziningi zinezimiso zokukhononda ngabathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-CFPB igcina iqoqo lomphakathi lokudayisa izikhalo ngemikhiqizo engokwezimali, engathonya isimiso nokugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala.
  • I-Cansurer Iment: Izimo eziphuthumayo ziqhuba imihlangano yamakomiti okuqondisa, zicela ukukhulumela komphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, futhi zithatha indawo yemiphakathi ethintekayo. Lokhu kufakwa kusiza ekucwengisiseni imithetho futhi kuqaphele imiphumela engalindelekile.
  • Ukuphatha okungalawuleki: AmaKomiti eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho ahlala eququzelelwa njalo nabaholi bezinhlangano, abukeze uhlelo lwemali, futhi afune imibiko ngemisebenzi eyisihluthulelo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuqondisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okuqondile.

Ukubukeza Nokuhlolwa Kokwahlulela

Izinhlangano ezizimele zingaphansi futhi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingalahla izenzo zezinhlangano ezizishaya indiva, eziguquguqukayo, noma ezingaphandle kwegunya lomthetho. Izehlulelo zezwe ezithi i-Chvevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council [19984]) zivulile ukudebeselelwa ezinhlabeni zemithetho engaqondakali, kodwa izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo ezithi eziphezulu ziye zanciphisa leyonto. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwezemishini nokwengamela kokwahlulela kuyindawo enamandla yomthetho wokulawula elawula ukulandisa okumelwe kusebenze.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimo Ezizimele

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izinguquko ezilondoloza ukuzimela kwazo nokusebenzisa imali.

Izingcindezi Zezombangazwe

Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungabonakala ngezindlela eziningi. Ukubopha ngezaneliseko kungase kuzame ukululaza iziqondiso noma ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngezinye izikhathi izikhulu ezinganakiwe zisongela ukunqanyulwa kwemali noma ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho ukuze zithonye izenzo zezinhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokumisa ingaba yiziphazamiso, ibekelwe imithetho eqinile eqinisekiwe noma ikhethelwe ukuhleleka kwemibono yazo kunokuba ihlolwe ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokusebenza. I-FEC, ngokwesibonelo, iye yabhekana nokugxekwa kwemigoqo yemithetho eqinile phakathi kwamakhomishane. Ukunciphisa ukucindezela okunjalo, abanye basikisela ukuqinisa imithetho eqinile nokulinganisela ukuxhumana kwengxenye phakathi kokuhlelwa komthetho.

Iziteshi Zokusebenzisa Imali

Izithiyo zokusetshenziswa kwemali ziyinselele engapheli. Izishaya-ndlela zilawula ukuhlelwa kwemali, futhi amazinga okuxhasa imali ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuhambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo ekhulayo. Ukuxhasa imali ngokunganele kungaholela ku: [

  • [FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] Ukucwaninga okungalawuleki:[[[[FFLT:]][FLT]] ] Izindleko zingalwisa ukulinganisela ikhono lokuhlola, ukuqoqa ulwazi, ukuqoqa, ukuhlunga, nokuhlola izinqubo ezihambisana nezindlela. [[5] [FT] [FLT:]] [FT:]]

    Izinselele Zokwahlulela Nezomthetho

    Izinselele ezingokomthetho ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezilawulwayo zivivinya igunya lezinhlangano ezizimele ngokwandayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sasingekho emacaleni ku-LLC v. I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau [2020]) sanquma ukuthi i-CFPB's singumqondisi oyedwa oqondiswe ngesizathu sokususa isivikelo sasingagunyaziwe, kudinga izinguquko. Icala lesikhathi esizayo linganciphisa amandla ezinhlangano, ikakhulukazi ezisekelwe ezimfundisweni ezingathembekile kanye nasezincamini zomthetho. I-AAAAAtmosten kumelwe iqhubeke ilungisa imikhuba yayo ukuze imelane nokuhlola kokwahlulela lapho ifeza izigijikelezo zabo.

    Ukuhlola Izimo Ezizimele

    Ukuhlola izinhlangano ezithile kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile ngendlela okusebenza ngayo ukuzimela, ukwengamela nokulandisa.

    IKhomishane Yokuxhumana Kahulumeni (FCC)

    I-FCC ilawula i-internet nezokuxhumana kwezizwe nge-operal nezizwe ngomsakazo, ngethelevishini, ngethelevishini, nge-tellite, nangentambo. Ukugunyaza kwayo kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulungile nokuphumelelayo ezinkonzweni zokuxhumana, ukulawula ama-gravitisfectal, nokukhuthaza ukuncintisana. Indima ye-FCC ye-etask enhla nezokungathathiwe kwe-empetal ka-mstiki ibonisa kokubili amandla ayo nokungangeni kwayo kwezentengiselwa kwayo kwezombangazwe. Ngo-201717, i-impoqo entsha ephikisa leyo ngokomthetho, ukubangela ukubekwa kwezelulekohlo nokuhlelwa kwezenzwe zezentengiselwano zeze-omfa. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuhlolwa kwezentengiselwano enkulu, ukuvivinya imingcele yokuzimela.[FCCC futhi kudlala indima enkulu kwezesayensi bezobuchwepheshe, inqubo ephambili yezentengiselwayo, idinga ukuzuza nezinzuzo eziphambili.[0]

    Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)

    I-SEC yengamela izimakethe zokuvikela abatshali bezimali, igcine izimakethe ezilungile nezihlelekile, futhi izenze kube lula ukugcinwa kwezimali. Izenzo zayo zokuphoqelela zibalulekile ekusekeleni ukuthembeka emakethe. Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukushushumbisa ukushushumbisa ukuxhaswa kwemali yezimali ze-hrial connermenter umphathi Raj Rajaratnam kanye nezindawo zokukhokha izimali eziyizigidi ezingu-R350 zokufaka i-Goldman Sachs CDOcs. Ukubekwa kwezimali ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni kuletha amakhulu emisebenzi yomphakathi minyaka yonke, ukulondolozwa kwezigidi ngezindleko zemali eziyingozi. Nokho, i-SECC zibhekenezelele ukungenzi izingozi ezisandayo njenge-cripperrojing preserved preads provident projectivesting [FF] engokomthetho yezenyuzimezimenti yomthetho.[0]

    I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

    I-EPA ivikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile ngokumisa imithetho esekelwe emithethweni enjenge-Ceac Air Act, Clean Water Act, ne-Toxic Substances Control Act. Umsebenzi wayo uhlanganisa umoya namanzi, ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali, nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile. Ukugcinwa kwe-EPA' kweSicio Power Plan ngaphansi kwe-Obama nokugcinwa kwayo okulandelayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ephethe i-Trump kubonisa ukuthi inqubo ingashintsha kanjani. Kodwa, ukuhlola kwezesayensi, njengokuhlola kwe-Integrated Commentice Infation Information Information Information systems (IRIS), kuhlala kuyisisekelo sokuphatha. I-EPA i-SuperFlactive comss projectives ne-modevidential. Izinselele zezinhlelo zezezemboni zezezezezemboni nendawo ezungezile, njengezindleko zezezikhundla zeze-Foc.[0][0][5]

    I - protein Financial Bureau (CFPB)

    Iqaliswe ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, i-CFPB ilawula imikhiqizo yezimali nezinkonzo, kuhlanganise nezikweletu zemali, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, kanye nemali ebhajelwayo. Isakhiwo sayo esisodwa sabangela impikiswano, okwaholela eMthethweni we- SALA[. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-CFPB ibuyisela izigidi zezigidi zabathengi kwimisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-injini futhi inikeza i-sholo yomphakathi eqondisa ukubonakala. Ukukhokha intengisa kwayo izimali ngemini yokukhokha nokuboleka izimali kuhloselwe ukuvimbela imikhuba edlayo. I-CFPBB ingahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kabusha kokuthunywa kwayo okuzinziwayo ukuze ithuthukise ukuma kwayo lapho iqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo womthetho.

    Ikusasa Lezimo Ezizimele

    Ikusasa lezinhlangano ezizimele lizololongwa ubuchwepheshe obuxubile, ithonya lezombangazwe, nezimfundiso ezingokomthetho. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ushintsho lwezinqubo, nokushintsha isimo sezulu kudinga izinhlangano ukuba zivumelane ngokushesha kuyilapho zilondoloza imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko yokuqondisa nokulandisa. Ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukwenza izinqumo, nemininingwane emikhulu kunikeza kokubili amathuba nezingozi. Izimo ezinjengamaFTC kanye ne-CFPB kakade sezihlola indlela yokulawula ukulunga komthetho nemfihlo. Okwamanje, kudinga ukumiswa kwe-athonsi evela kwezinye izindawo.

    Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona

    Izinguquko eziningana zingaqinisa izinhlangano ezizimele zesikhathi esizayo:

    • Inkululeko: Izikhomba-ndlela ezicacile zenkululeko yezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nezikhawu ezivimbela ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe futhi zithuthukisa isivikelo sabavuli bekhwelo.
    • Imali enele: Ukunyuka kwemidwebo noma ukusungula imithombo enikezelwe yezimali kungavumela izinhlangano ukuba ziqashe ochwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela, futhi zilawule izikhwama ze-partum ngokuphumelelayo.
    • Ukuhlangana komphakathi okungangena phambili: Izimo eziphuthumayo zingathatha amathuluzi anamuhla afana namatheku omthetho olwembulwa nge-inthanethi, amabhodi adluliselayo, kanye nezinsalela zomphakathi zokuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokusabela.
    • [ Isiqondiso sobuJudicicial:[ Isinqumo seNkantolo Ecacile kakhulu segunya lenhlangano singanciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi sisize izinhlangano zimise imithetho emelana nezinselele zomthetho.

    Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinselele Ezintsha

    Ubuchwepheshe budinga izinhlangano ukuba zizenzekela. I-FCC kumelwe ilawule i-transformal ye-5G ne-internet lapho isingatha izimo ezihlukanisayo ze-minustry. I-SEC ibhekana nezingozi zempahla ekhangisayo nezokungakhuliswa kwe-inthanethi. I-EPA ibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokulawulwa kwamagesi afudumezayo. Lezi zinselele zifuna ubuchwepheshe obubophanayo kanye nokubambisana komphakathi. Izinhlangano ezizimele zihlelwa kahle ukuba zifake izibambisi futhi zithuthukise izimiso ezivumelanayo, uma nje zilondoloza imvume nezimiso zazo zomphakathi.

    Isiphetho

    Izinhlangano ezizimele zibalulekile ekulinganiseleni amandla phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni. Ukuzimela kwazo kuzenza zikwazi ukuphatha futhi zibophe isibopho sokulandisa ngendlela edlula imijikelezo eguquguqukayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zokuqondisa zisekelwe ebuchwepheshini nasemthandweni womphakathi. Nakuba zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezibangelwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, ukulinganisela kwezimiso, ukuncintisana okungokomthetho, umbhalo wazo ubonisa ukubaluleka kwazo ekuvikeleni abathengi, abanikazi bezimali, nendawo ezungezile. Njengoba indawo elawulayo ishintsha, inguquko evikela ukuzibusa kwabo nethuthukisa amakhono abo iyakuba nebucayi. Ngokufaka izinhlangano, izinhlangano zingalondoloza ukwakheka kokulawula okuphumelelayo nokunokwethenjelwa, okukwazi ukuqondisa izakhiwo zezwe lanamuhla.