Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yezisekelo ezihlala njalo zokubusa kwentando yeningi emlandweni wezwe. Nokho ubude bawo abusuki ekuqineni, kodwa kusukela ekhonweni lawo lokuguqula ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. ISigqi samaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala lokushintshela kuhulumeni we-U.S., kwamiswa ngo-1791 ukuze kuqashelwe uhulumeni wezwe ocindezelayo ngokumisa amalungelo athile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inqubo yokulungisa iyaqhubeka icwenga futhi iphinde ilungise ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni, naphakathi kwabantu abakhonzayo.
Ukuqonda indlela izinguquko ezilawula ngayo uhulumeni wethu kudinga ukuhlola kokubili izimiso zokwakha ezizakhayo nezimiso zefilosofi ezizihlanganisayo. kusukela ezinsukwini zakudala ze - republic kuya ezikhathini zanamuhla, izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ziye zasebenza njengemishini yokushintsha, zisingatha yonke into kusukela emalungelweni abantu ayisisekelo kuya ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe zezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni
Ngaphambi kokuhlola izinguquko ezithile, kubalulekile ukuqonda isisekelo esisilungisayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kodwa alinganayo kahulumeni: igatsha lomthetho (lenza umthetho), igatsha eliphethe (ligunyaza umthetho), negatsha lokwahlulela (lichaza umthetho). AmaFrames amisa uhulumeni ngalendlela ukuze kuvinjelwe igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, futhi amise isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso.
Ukuhlukanisa amagunya ukuba avumelane, asebenzise, futhi afake iminyango kahulumeni ehlukene kwakuwumqondo ojwayelekile kwabameleli. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakungahloselwe ukuba kube okuphelele, nokho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawungagunyaza lezizimiso, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kwabaseFramers kwakungeqinile, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho igatsha elilodwa lingahlola khona amandla alabelwe elinye.
UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wamisa futhi isimiso sikahulumeni ohlukanisa ohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Abasunguli baletha lokhu kulinganisela ngokunika uhulumeni omusha wesizwe amandla alinganiselwe nabaliwe kuphela nokushiyela umthetho wezentengiselwano zezwe ezindaweni. Le gebe legunya, elaziwa ngokuthi i-construlism, liye lahlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo ngokulungisa umthetho ngokomthetho.
I - Ibri of Rights: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Kamuntu Ngamunye Namandla Alinganiselwe
Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights, zimelela ushintsho lokuqala oluyinhloko ekulinganiseni komthetho-sisekelo wamalungelo. Ukungabikho "kwesikhala samalungelo" kwabonakala kuyisithiyo ekunqandeni koMthetho-sisekelo yizwe. Impikiswano phakathi kwamaFederali nama-Anti-Fedalist yabumba uhlobo lokugcina lwalokhu kulungisa.
Abaqondisi bempi baphikisa i-Federalist behlanganisa nencwadi yamalungelo emkhakheni echaza ukuthi yayingadingekile. Abalwi be-Anti-Fedalist, ababesaba uhulumeni onamandla, benqaba ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle koyedwa. Ekugcineni, isifiso sabantu sokuvikela ngokuqondile kuhulumeni sanqoba.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkulumo Yentando Yeningi
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Abasunguli babheka ikhono lokukhuluma nokukhulekela ngokukhululekile njengelungelo elingokwemvelo elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. ISishaya - mthetho senqatshelwa ukwenza imithetho emisa inkolo noma inkululeko yokukhuluma elinganiselwe. Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingagxeka uhulumeni wazo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo, zihlangane ngokuthula, futhi zinxuse izikhalo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni.
Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sidlulela ngalé kwenkulumo ethandwayo. Ngisho nenkulumo engathandeki ivikelekile ekucindezelweni uhulumeni noma ekuhlolweni. Lesi simiso siye sahlolwa kaningi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela emacaleni avuthayo avuthayo kuya ekuphikiseni imithetho kahulumeni, ebonisa indima ebalulekile yale mithetho ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhululekile.
Okwesine Ngezinqumo Zesishiyagalombili: Ukwahlulela Kwezigebengu Kuvikela
ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululeka ekugxambukeni kukahulumeni okungenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume. Lokhu kuvikelwa ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni kusho ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kwamandla kahulumeni, okudinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuboniswe imbangela ngokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi zihlasele.
IziNguqulo zesihlanu kuya kwezesi-8 zimisa ezinye izivikelo kulabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzilahla, ilungelo lenqubo efanele, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelasobala, kanye nesivikelo ekujezisweni okunonya nokungavamile. Lezi zinguquko ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni okuqulisa nokujezisa acindezelwa ngesivikelo esingokwemvelo nangenhlonipho ngesithunzi sabantu.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Ukubuyisela Amandla Ezwe
Ngo - 1791, izifundazwe zagunyaza iSichibiyelo seshumi njengengxenye yeSiphendulo seSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu.
Ifundeka kanje, "Imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe i-United States, noma abantu." Lokhu kulinganisela uhulumeni kahulumeni ezindaweni ezithile ezibekwe kuMthetho-sisekelo.
Ivumela amagunya asekela ohulumeni bezwe asiza ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwabo nohulumeni wombuso. Ivumela futhi ukuba kunikezwe inkululeko yokuzama imibono nezinhlelo ezihlukile. Ngezinye izikhathi i-odoli babizwa ngokuthi "amanxusa entando yeningi" ngenxa yalesizathu. Lesi simiso sisiza ukuba kuhlolwe izimiso ezihlukene zemfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinye izindaba, ukuvumela ukusungula okuphumelelayo ukuba kusakazwe lapho kunemiphumela yokuhlola okuhlulekile.
Izinqumo zokuvuselelwa: Ukuguqula iFederal-State Relations
IMpi Yangaphakathi kanye nomphumela wayo kwaveza izinguquko ezintathu ezaguqula kakhulu ukulinganisela kwamandla esimisweni sombuso waseMelika. Iziphendu zeMpi Yombango zakushintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwemibuso nohulumeni ngokulinganisela igunya likahulumeni nangokunika iSishaya - mthetho amagunya amasha "ukusekela bonke abantu injabulo yokulingana okuphelele kwamalungelo omphakathi kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho ekunqandeni uhulumeni noma ekuhlaseleni.”
ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo
ISichibiyelo se - 13 saqeda ubugqila − isisekelo soMthetho - sisekelo esicindezelayo esabangela ukudelelwa kwemibono yethu yokusungula. Ngaphandle kokuqeda ukumiswa kobugqila, lokhu kuguqula kwanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo awo ngomthetho ofanelekile, ukumisa isibonelo sokungenela kukahulumeni ezindabeni ezazicatshangelwa ngaphambili ezindabeni ezibuswa umbuso.
ISichibiyelo Se - 13 senqabela ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzakalelayo e - United States.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane mhlawumbe simelela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamandla kahulumeni phezu kwemibuso emlandweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.ISichibiyelo se - 14 saqinisekisa wonke amaMelika inkululeko eyisisekelo eyisisekelo futhi senza ukulingana kwaba ilungelo elingokomthetho.
Ingxenye 1 yenqabela imibuso ekwephuleni amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi zayo, ibeka imingcele entsha kahulumeni kuwo womabili amagatsha ohulumeni bombuso abathathu. Ingxenye 5 yanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela lezozithiyo. Ngokudlula kweSichibiyelo se 14 uhulumeni manje ungavimbela imibuso ukuba iphule amalungelo nokugonywa kwezakhamuzi zayo; iphuca noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele; futhi inqabe noma ubani isivikelo esifanayo.
ISichibiyelo se 14 seSiphendulo se-Access of Community Claus sitolikiwe ukuba sihlanganise eziningi zezivikelo zamalungelo, sizenze zisebenze kohulumeni bezwe kanye nohulumeni. Le nqubo yokukhetha iye yandisa kakhulu izinga lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwa ekuphazanyisweni yinoma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Okuvikelwa
ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke liphiwe noma livinjelwe iUnited States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili." NjengeziNguquko zeshumi nane neshumi nane, lihlanganisa isimemezelo sokugunyaza ukunikeza umthetho ovikela amalungelo okuvota.
Bobathathu banikwa amandla amakhulu kuhulumeni kahulumeni ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi isithembiso sethu sokusungula inkululeko nokulingana sisebenza kubo bonke. Leziziphendu zokwakha kabusha zimelela ukuvuselelwa okuyisisekelo kobuhlobo obungokwesizwe nohulumeni, ukushintshwa kwamandla kuhulumeni wezwe okuvikela amalungelo abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.
Izichibiyelo Zenkathi Eziqhubekayo: Ukuncishiswa Kwezigwegwe Nokubusa Kwezikhungo Zokubusa
Phakathi neNkathi Yokuthuthuka kwekhulu lama - 20, abantu baseMelika baphinde bawulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze baqinise amandla kahulumeni okuthatha isinyathelo senhlala - kahle evamile nokuvikela izakhamuzi ezilinganayo. Lenkathi yaveza izinguquko eziningana ezaguqula kokubili isimo sikahulumeni kanye nokulingana kwamandla ngaphakathi kuwo.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela
ISichibiyelo se-16 saqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu wawunegunya lokuphoqelela intela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo. Lokhu kulungisa kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla kahulumeni, kwawenza akwazi ukusekela izinhlelo nezindlela zokuthatha izindleko ngokwesilinganiso ngaphambili esingenakwenzeka. Ikhono lokukhokha izintela zeholo ngaphandle kokwabelana phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe kubantu, lanika uhulumeni wezwe izimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zezwe futhi kusetshenziswe imithetho yokuvelela.
Lapho iSichibiyelo se - 17 sihlanganiswa neSichibiyelo se - 16, esanikeza uMkhandlu amandla oku “‘ hlenga futhi uqoqe intela eholweni, ’ futhi okwagunyazwa ekuqaleni kwalo lowonyaka, uhulumeni wamazwe waba nekhono lokwandisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa namandla awo ngaphandle kokucabangela izithakazelo zemibuso noma imiphumela yegunya lobukhosi lamazwe.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi
Isichibiyelo Se - 17 sayishintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo nobuhlobo baso nohulumeni.ISichibiyelo Se - 17 saqeda amandla ezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni okumisa izimemezeli ze - United States, sanika abantu lelogunya lentando yeningi ngokuqondile.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu kulungisa, umklamo wokuqala woMthetho-sisekelo eSiphakamisweni I wanika ohulumeni bezwe ukuhlola okubalulekile, okwesibili okuqondile emandleni kahulumeni wombuso($) igunya lezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zokukhetha amanxusa amelela imibuso yabo. Lokhu kushintshela ekutholeni idemokrasi enkulu kodwa futhi kwaguqula ukulingana kwezwe.
Ngokhetho oluqondile, abasizi abanaso isisusa sokuvikela ohulumeni bezwe nemali yombuso ngokulahlekelwa izinhlelo ezinkulu zikahulumeni ezihlangene kanye nemali esiyisebenzisayo esiholela endleleni eya encibilikeni yezimali. Ukuthi lolushintsho lwaqinisa noma lwalulaza uhulumeni waseMelika lulokhu luyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano phakathi kwezazi zomthetho sisekelo nezazi zezombangazwe.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane
ISichibiyelo se - 19 saqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane banelungelo lokuvota. lokhu kulungisa kwaphindeka kabili ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika futhi ngokuyisisekelo kwashintshwa.
ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba ngo-1920 samelela isiphetho samashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobudilshini nokubuthakathisa. Ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota, saqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga kuyo yonke izakhamuzi udinga ukusabela ezinkathazweni nasezintweni eziza kuqala, hhayi nje abavoti abangabesilisa kuphela. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi kuye kwaba nemiphumela enzulu ezimisweni eziphambili, kwezombangazwe ezikhethweyo, nasekwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Izinqumiso Zanamuhla: Ukubuyisela Izinhlelo Zentando Yeningi
Izinqumo ezagunyazwa phakathi nekhulu lama - 25 zaqhubeka zicwengisisa ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kukahulumeni waseMelika, zidingida izindaba ezisukela ekulandeleleni umongameli kuya emalungelweni okuvota.
ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili Esihlangene: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane se-Suned, esagunyazwa ngo-1951, salinganisela abaholi emagameni amabili asehhovisi. Lokhu kulungisa kwamiswa ngokwesiko elamiswa nguGeorge Washington futhi laphulwa kuphela nguFranklin D. Roosevelt, owakhethwa ukuba abe namagama amane phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yokwehla Kwezomnotho neMpi Yezwe II.
Ngokulinganisela kwesilinganiso esikhulu, lokhu kulunga kuthinta ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawabemthetho. Umongameli wesikhathi sesibili, ongakwazi ukufuna ukukhethwa futhi, kungenzeka unciphise amandla ezombangazwe kodwa futhi ukhululeke kakhulu ukuphishekela izimiso ngaphandle kokuzicabangela. Inguquko iqinisekisa ukujika njalo egatsheni eliphethe, ivimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla okungase kufike ngokuthatha isikhathi eside.
ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Sezehlakalo: Intela Yempova Echumayo
ISichibiyelo sama-24 saqeda ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho. Izintela zokuvota zazisetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNingizimu, ukuze kususwe abavoti nezakhamuzi zase-Afrika ezimpofu. Ngokususa lomngcele wokuvota, ukuncishiswa kwesimiso sentando yeningi kwanwetshwa futhi kwagcizelela isimiso sokuthi isikhundla sezomnotho akumelwe sinqume amalungelo ezombangazwe.
ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla
ISichibiyelo Se - 26 sandisa ukugunyazwa kwabavoti abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu — futhi wonke lamalungelo okuvota anikeza uMkhandlu igunya elicacile lokuqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zawo.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sandisa ukuvota kwezigidi zabavoti abasebasha, okungase kushintshe izinto eziza kuqala zezombangazwe kanye nemiphumela ekhethwayo. Kwagcizelela futhi isimiso sokuthi amalungelo okuvota kufanele ahlanganiswe, alinganiselwe kuphela ngokucabangela amandla asekelwe ebudaleni kunokuba ahloselwe imingcele ebodwa.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Noshintsho
Ubunzima bokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo buyisici esibalulekile sesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo simisa inqubo eyinselele ngamabomu edinga ama-3 afuna kokubili izindlu zomthetho noma umhlangano obizwa ama-patrol olwesithathu ombuso ukuba ahlongoze ukulungiswa, alandelwe ukuhlaziywa ngezingxenye ezintathu ezine zamazwe.
Lo mnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokuvumelana kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe. Uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ekushintsheni ngokuphamazela kuyilapho usavumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okudingekile. Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa ukuqina nokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.
Kuzo zonke izinkulungwane zezinguquko ezihlongozwe kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela aye agunyazwa. Lokhu kukhetha kubonisa ubunzima benqubo nokubaluleka kwalezo zinguquko eziphumelelayo. Ushintsho ngalunye oluphumelelayo lumelela isikhathi lapho abantu baseMelika bafinyelela khona ukuvumelana okwanele kokuguqula umthetho wabo oyisisekelo.
Izinqumo Nokusungulwa Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni
Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni buye baguqulwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba abanye baye baveza uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ngokuyinhloko ekhuluma ngokulinganisela uhulumeni, umongo ongokomlando ubonisa ukuthi abaQhingi babenjengoba nje, uma kungengaphezulu, babekhathalela ukwakha uhulumeni wezwe onamandla, ophumelelayo kunasekubekeni imingcele eqinile emandleni kahulumeni. Futhi "Thi People" siye saqinisa lowombuso ngenqubo yokulungisa.
UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wamisa lokho izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi "Izikhundla Ezilinganiselwe" uhulumeni wezwe wathathwa njengombuso olinganiselwe nobalayo. Imibuso yemibuso yayimane ishiyeka ngemva kwalo hlelo. Loluhlelo lwabeka umthwalo kuhulumeni kahulumeni ukuze uthethelele izenzo zawo ezisekelwe ekunikezeni igunya okukhethekile okungokomthetho ngokomthetho.
IziNguqulo zokuvuselelwa kwalesi simiso ngokuyisisekelo zawashintsha lo mehluko. Kunokuba zivale amandla kahulumeni wesizwe, njengoba iConfederacy yayifuna ukukwenza, amaMelika anezela izinguquko ezintathu zomthetho-sisekelo ngemva kokunqoba kwe-Union eMpini Yombango, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukunikeza uhulumeni omusha ukuze uvikele abantu baseMelika.
Lolushintsho lwabangela lokho okungase kubizwa ngokuthi "Foundation Rights Federalism," lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya lokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Ngaphansi komthetho sisekelo izinguquko ezagunyazwa ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSishaya-Mkhandlu kwezinye izimo singaqondisa ngokuqondile izifundazwe ukuze zivimbele ukuncishwa kwabantu amalungelo abo omthetho ngokomthetho.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwezigwebo Nencazelo Yokwahlulela
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho azisebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. Incazelo yazo nohlelo lwazo zilolongwa yincazelo yokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme. Indima yeNkantolo ekuchazeni izinguquko idala ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo.
INkantolo Ephakeme inendima enkulu ekuchazeni lemibuso lapho ihlola ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ingokomthetho yini. Ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, iNkantolo inquma indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo emacaleni athile nasezimpikiswaneni, igcwalisa imininingwane ephumayo lapho umbhalo olungisiwe uvulwa.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinikeza isibonelo esiyinhloko saleNguqulo enamandla. Ulimi lwaso olubanzi oluphathelene nenqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo luye lwachazwa njengembonakaliso yonke into kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kwesikole kuya ekulinganani emshadweni. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kokumiswa kwayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa i-Prefetrance Rights Federalism yamaRefecturences eReconsolences phakathi kwezeNdnduluko yeSimendo (1873), U.S. Cruikshank (1875), i-Poral Rights Cases (1883), Pnessandroguevers v (1896), kanye noGigles (1866).
Izinkantolo zamuva zavuselela futhi zandisa isivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Ekugcineni, kusukela ngawo-1930 kuze kube namuhla, iNkantolo yasuka kakhulu kulendawo ukuze ivikele okubizwa ngokuthi "inkululeko engokwezengqondo" namalungelo omphakathi "amahlelo ahloniphekayo" njengezinhlanga ezincane. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukuthi ukulungisa kungaba nemiphumela esebenzayo ehlukile kuye ngokuthi zichazwa kanjani futhi ziphoqelelwe kanjani.
Izinqumo Nezentengiselwano ZikaClaus
Nakuba kungesona inguquko ngokwayo, incazelo yeCommerce Claus ye-Claus iye yathonywa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komthetho-sisekelo futhi ibonisa indlela ukulinganisela kwamandla okushintsha ngayo. ISiphakamiso SeNkantolo I sachaza ukuthi inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okulawula umsebenzi wezentengiselwano owenziwe ngokwezifundazwe ezihlukene othinta kakhulu ezentengiselwano zezwe lonke. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga nokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwezwe kuye kwawudlula kakhulu umbono wezentengiselwano ezisezingeni eliphakathi eziphethwe abasunguli, amandla okulawula noma yini ebhizinisini elithinta izifunda zomhlaba lilingana kakhulu nomthetho wokwenza cishe yonke into.
Lokhu kwanda kwegunya lombuso kahulumeni, kuhlangene nokunikeza kweSichibiyelo sesithupha amandla okuntela kanye neSichibiyelo sokugunyaza ukuvuselelwa kweZichibiyelo, kuye kwaveza uhulumeni kahulumeni onegunya elikhulu kunalelo ababelicabanga ekuqaleni. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni manje ungalawula ezindaweni ezazibuswa yimibuso kuphela. Ungalawula ngisho nemibuso ngokwayo.
Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo
Izinqumo ziye zaqinisa futhi zalungisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Ukulondeka okukhulu ngokugxiliswa kancane kancane kwemibuso eminingana [kwesi [bonke], kuhlanganisa ukunikeza labo abanikeza [isivumelwano] ngasinye, izindlela ezidingekile zomthetho - sisekelo, nezisusa zomuntu siqu, ukuze kunqandwe ukugxambukela kweminye... ukushisekela ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukuvelela.
Ngokwesibonelo, iBill of Rights ilinganisela wonke amagatsha kahulumeni. UMkhandlu awunakubeka imithetho evimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, umphathi akakwazi ukwenza ukuphenya okungenangqondo, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zihloniphe ilungelo lokuqulwa icala labahluleli.
UMongameli angahlola iSishaya - mthetho ngokukhipha izikweletu zentela zendlu kudlulile. UKhongolo lungadlula ukuvota kukamongameli ngokuvota amagatsha amabili-mithathu azo zombili izindlu. INkantolo Ephakeme ingawahlola amagatsha ngokumisa umthetho ongekho emthethweni. Lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuzibamba.
Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola wonke amagatsha amathathu. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela abantu abazithola zingamukeleki, ukulungisa kungadlula lezozincazelo. Uma uMkhandlu noma uMongameli edlula igunya labo, ukulungisa kungacacisa noma kuvimbele imibuso yabo. Abantu, abasebenza ngenqubo yokulungisa, bagcina igunya eliphelele phezu kukahulumeni wabo.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa LeziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izimpi zamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni zisaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Cishe ziyohlale zikhona. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngosizo lwempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukufuduka, nezinye izindaba zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanele kwamandla esimisweni sombuso.
Inqubo yokulungisa ikhona ukusingatha lezinselele, nakuba ibhande eliphakeme lokulungisa imishayo lisho ukuthi ukuphumelela kokulungisa akuvamile. Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwabonakala kuhlongozwa ukulungiswa kwezihloko ezisukela ezingeni ezilinganiselwe zemali kuya ekulweni nenguquko yezezimali, kodwa ayikho efinyelele ukuvumelana okudingekile kokusetshenziswa kwemali.
Ubunzima bokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo enkathini yanamuhla buphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi inqubo yokulungisa iyaqhubeka yini isebenza ekushintsheni komthetho-mthetho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo inzima kakhulu, ivimbela ukushintshwa okudingekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zamanje. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi umnyango ophakeme uvikela ngokufanele uMthetho-sisekelo ezinkanjeni zezombangazwe zesikhashana.
Indima Yezinqumo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Amancane
Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo iye yaba ukuvikela amalungelo amaqembu amancane ebushiqelani obuningi. iReconstructon Reconstrument, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye, namalungelo okuvota konke kulungisa isivikelo esengeziwe samaqembu aye akhishwe ukuba angahlanganyeli ngokugcwele ekuhlanganyeleni nentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngokuzimela wokulungisa ubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yabo ekulinganiseni amandla. Nakuba inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo idinga izikhundla ezinkulu, uma nje zigunyaziwe, izinguquko zivikela amalungelo angenakususwa ngemithetho emikhulu elula. Lokhu kudala umphumela wesikhala, lapho amalungelo ake aqashelwa egxile ekuphazanyisweni kwesikhathi esizayo.
Amalungelo afunwa yizikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zivikele ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni ayebhekiselwa kuwo eSimemezelweni seSivumelwano seSikhulu sozimele ngokuthi "amalungelo angenakuthathwa". Ayebizwa futhi ngokuthi "amalungelo emvelo", futhi kuJames Madison, ayeyilungelo elikhulu lesintu." Iziphendulo ziye zandisa ukuqashelwa nokuvikelwa kwalamalungelo ayisisekelo kumaqembu aye adedelwa ekujabuleleni kwawo.
Izinqumo Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi
Izinguquko eziningana ziye zagxila ngokukhethekile ekuthatheni ingxenye yentando yeningi futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu. ISiphakamiso sokuvota samashumi amabili nantathu, nezingamashumi amabili nanye, zonke iziNguquko ezandisiwe, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seSeventeenth senza iSigele siphendule ngokuqondile kubavoti.
Lezinguquko zibonisa ukuthambekela okungaguquki kokungalawuleki nokulandisa ngentando yeningi kuhulumeni waseMelika. Zihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uthola igunya lawo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, futhi lokho kuvumela kumelwe kube okunenjongo.
Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota ngokulungisa kuye kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu emiphumeleni yenqubo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni. Njengoba amaqembu aye akhishwa ezindaweni ezihlukene ngaphambili ayethola ukuncishiswa, uhulumeni wasabela ngokwengeziwe ezinkathazweni nasezithakazelweni zawo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izinguquko ezingase zibuye zinciphe ngayo hhayi nje kuphela isimo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni kodwa futhi nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo kanye nemiphumela yezimiso.
U-Claus owenziwe ngokuxoxisana kanye ne-Federal-State Conflicts
Ngisho nangaphandle kwelungiselelo elicacile lokuhlengwa, imithetho kahulumeni iza kuqala phezu kwemithetho kazwelonke uma laba ababili bengenela izingxabano. Lokhu kungenxa ye-"Sigqebhezana VI soMthetho-sisekelo. Sibiza u-Constitution wase-U.S. ngokuthi "umthetho ophakeme wezwe," kanye nemithetho kazwe ebhalwe ngaphansi kwegunya layo.
Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, njengengxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, zisendaweni ephakeme kulesigaba sabefundisi. Uma izinguquko zinika uhulumeni wezwe amandla noma amalungelo omuntu siqu, la malungiselelo athatha indawo yemithetho ephikisanayo kahulumeni noma izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuphakamisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kungabuyisela ukulingana kwezwe ngokuphumelelayo ngisho nalapho kubhekene nokumelana nombuso.
Izigaba zokuqapha ezihlanganisiwe ezinqikanqika eziningi zinikeza iziphakamiso ezicacile zomthetho wokunikeza imithetho esetshenziswayo. Uma imingcele ethile ingekho, uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa amandla awo okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali ukuze ukhuthaze imibuso ethile ukuba ithathe izenzo ezithile, ngisho nalapho uMkhandlu ungenalo igunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuthatha lezozenzo ngokuqondile. Lokhu kudala ezinye izindlela ukulungisa okungathonya ngazo ukuziphatha nenqubo.
Izifundo Ezitholakala Emlandweni Womthetho - sisekelo
Umlando wokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo unikeza izifundo eziningana ezibalulekile ngohulumeni waseMelika nokulinganisela kwegunya. Okokuqala, uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ezimele kodwa uyisisekelo esiphilayo esikwazi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa. Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela yoshintsho olunokuthula, oluhlelekile oluye lwasiza i-United States ukuba igweme izinguquko eziye zahlupha ezinye izizwe eziningi.
Okwesibili, ukuncishiswa kwemisebe kubonisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla akulungiseki kodwa kuyaqhubeka kuxhunyaniswa futhi kunqunywa. isizukulwane ngasinye samaMelika sinethuba lokubuyisela uhulumeni waso ngenqubo yokulungisa, siqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uyaqhubeka usabela ezindinganisweni nasezimweni ezishintshayo.
Okwesithathu, izinguquko eziphumelelayo zivame ukuveza izinguquko zezenhlalo nezivumelanayo ezibanzi kunokuba kube izithakazelo ezincane.
Kusukela ekuFumeni, abantu baseMelika baye bawulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi uMkhandlu unawo wonke amathuluzi okuwadinga ukuxazulula izinkinga zesizwe nokuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Bathi uMthetho - sisekelo wethu ulinganisela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngokunamandla kanjalo awuvumelani nombono wesizukulwane sethu esiFundayo kuphela, kodwa futhi udinga uhlobo lwenguquko ekhethekile ngomthetho - sisekelo wesizwe wethu owenziwa izizukulwane ezilandelanayo zamaMelika.
Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhubekayo Kwezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Kulenkathi yokushintsha okusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezenhlalo, nakwezomnotho, indima yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela okufanelekile kwamandla isebalulekile. Izinselele ezintsha (kusukela ekuzinzeni kwemishini kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuhlakanipheni okungekona okungokomthetho) zingadinga ukusabela okucacisa igunya likahulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokomongo wezindaba.
Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela yokusingatha lezinselele ngendlela eyenza kube semthethweni futhi idala amakhambi ahlala njalo. Nakuba kunzima ukuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi lelithuluzi lisetshenziswa kancane, ukutholakala kwalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo ungashintsha uma kudingeka.
Namuhla, isizwe sethu sibhekene nezinkinga ezintsha nezinselele ezichitheka ezisemikhawulweni yombuso futhi zithinte isithakazelo somphakathi sezwe lonke. Ngenhlanhla, uMthetho - sisekelo wethu ohlala njalo unikeza amandla kahulumeni anele ukuxazulula lezizinkinga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenguquko entsha noma ngokuchaza okuqhubekayo nokusetshenziswa kwalezo ezikhona, uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ukwazi ukuqondisa uhulumeni waseMelika ngezinselele zanamuhla.
Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okunamandla Kwamandla
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ziye zaguqula ukulingana kwamandla kuhulumeni waseMelika. Kusukela ekuvikeleni kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nobukhosi bukahulumeni kuya ekunyuseni kweSichibiyelo sikahulumeni sokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela ekuthuthukiseni kweNkathi yokubusa ngokwentando yeningi kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota kwanamuhla, ukulungisa kuye kwabulungisa futhi kwabucacisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni, naphakathi kohulumeni nezakhamuzi.
Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zaseMelika: ukukholelwa ekubuseni okuthandwayo, ukuzimisela ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ushintshe ukuze ubhekane nezimo ezishintshayo, nokugcizelela kokuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ngokulungisa, abantu baseMelika baye babonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi bayakwazi ukuzibusa bona kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukwakha "ubunye obuphelele ngokwengeziwe."
Ukuqonda indlela ushintsho olulungisa ngayo amandla kahulumeni lubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Lezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo azizona nje izinto ezingokomlando kodwa yizimiso eziphilayo eziqhubeka zihlela impikiswano yezombangazwe, ziqondisa izinqumo zokwahlulela, futhi zichaza izinga legunya likahulumeni. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela futhi umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, lenqubo iyaqhubeka ikhona njengethuluzi loshintsho olunokuthula, lwentando yeningi.
Ukulingana kwamandla asungulwe nacwengisisiwe ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kubonisa ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kwaseMelika komuntu ngokwakhe kuhulumeni. Akumi ndawonye futhi akuphelele, kodwa kuye kwabonakala kuqinile futhi kuvumelana nezimo ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokuhlola indlela izinguquko eziye zawuguqula ngayo uhulumeni wethu, sizuza ukuqonda kokubili ikusasa lethu lomthetho-sisekelo namathuba ethu esikhathi esizayo.
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokulungisa komthetho- sisekelo kanye nethonya labo kuhulumeni waseMelika, i-Constitution Anvotion eMtatsheni we-Congress inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kweSikhungo ngasinye se-accords kanye nencazelo yaso. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] inikeza umongo ongokomlando nemibhalo eyinhloko ehlobene nenqubo yokulungisa inqubo. [[FLT:] [[FLT: 4.] Bll yeSikhungo samalungelo [ inikeza izimali ezifundisayo ezimisweni zomthetho nemisebenzi yazo. [[FLT:] Izentembelo ye-National Center [FFF:]] [FLT]] inikeza ukuhlelwa kwemithelisa nokuhlolwa kwezezeluleko] izinqulution.[FT]
Indaba yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni iyindaba yaseMelika ngokwayo, cishe isizwe esizinikele ekubuseni umthetho, esikwaziyo ukuzilungisa, futhi esinikezelwe emyalweni wokuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla aso alungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo. Ngenqubo yokulungisa, isizukulwane ngasinye samaMelika sihlanganyela ekulolongeni ukulingana kombuso ochaza uhulumeni waso futhi uvikele amalungelo aso.