Umlando

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye namandla ombuso akuzange kuvele kuphele. Kuwumphumela wamakhulu eminyaka omzabalazo wezombangazwe, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nezenzakalo ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano zasendulo ngokuvamile zabeka umbusi ngaphezu komthetho, kodwa ushintsho olukhulu lwaqala eYurophu ngemibhalo ephakathi enjenge 1215 Magna Carta. Lowomthetho waphoqelela inkosi yaseNgilandi ukuba ivume ukuthi ngisho nomqhele wawungaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho, imisa umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe aqiniswe.

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwanikeza ukucwengisisa kokuhlakanipha kwenkululeko yanamuhla. UJohn Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahla leyo eyandulela uhulumeni. Waphikisana ngokuthi igunya elingokomthetho livela kuphela ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, futhi abantu banelungelo lokumelana nobushiqela. Ifilosofi yezombangazwe [[FLT: 1] yathonya ngokuqondile abasunguli baseMelika. Okwamanje, uMontesquie wasekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, waxwayisa ngegunya elikhuthaza ukuxhaphaza. Imibono yakhe ithonya imibuso efinyelela engokomthetho.

I-American Revolution (1775-171783) yayiwukusetshenziswa okuqinisekile komqondo wokukhanyiselwa. Abaxhasi bamakoloni baphikisa ngokuthi iBrithani yaphule amalungelo ayo, futhi iSimemezelo senkululeko sayisekela ngokucacile icala layo esisekelweni sokuthi ohulumeni bakhona ukuze bavikele ‘ amalungelo angenakususwa. ’ UMthetho-sisekelo olandelayo noMnyango Wamalungelo Omphakathi wasungula uhlelo lokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho unikeza umbuso amandla anele okusebenza. Ngokufanayo, iSimemezelo seNguquko Samalungelo Abantu Nabantu (ngo-789) saqinisekisa inkululeko, impahla, nokumelana nokucindezelwa njengezimiso zendawo yonke indawo. Lezi zincwadi zokusungula izivumelwano zaqhubeka namuhla.

Ikhulu lama-20 laletha izinselele ezintsha nenqubo efanelekile. Ngemva kokwesabisa kweMpi Yezwe II, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948) sahlanganisa iqoqo elikhulu lamalungelo omphakathi nawombuso, ukuhlanganisa izimemezelo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yokukholwa, nenqubo efanelekile. Amathuluzi esifunda anjengeSivumelwano seZivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu saseYurophu asungula izimiso zokwahlulela abantu ukuze baphikise ukuphambana. EUnited States, iNkantolo yaseWarren yekhulu lama-1950 no 1960 yandisa ngokuphawulekayo isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, impatho zobugebengu, nesodwa, inkululeko yomphakathi egcwele kakhulu esemthethweni yaseMelika.

Isihluthulelo Sezitho Zobufilosofi

Imibono emibili ephikisanayo ihlanganisa impikiswano yamanje. Imibono yezemvelo, ilandela i-Locke noThomas Jefferson, igcizelela ukuthi inkululeko ikhona ngaphandle kukahulumeni nokuthi indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela, hhayi ukuyinika. Abaqondisi bezemithetho, njengoJeremy Benham, iphikisana ngokuthi amalungelo ayindalo yomthetho futhi angachazwa kabusha uma umphakathi ubona ukuthi afanele. Lokhu kuthonya wonke amacala amakhulu: izinkantolo kufanele zihlolisise ngokuqinile izenzo zikahulumeni ezithwesa amalungelo ayisisekelo, noma kufanele ziwabeke phansi izahlulelo ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokulondeka nokuhleleka? I-democracyism yanamuhla ngokuvamile ithatha indlela ephakathi, kodwa i-devision engaphansi kwempi yefilosofi iyaqhubeka.

Isihluthulelo sokucabanga

Inkulumo "ukulingana kwamandla" ivame ukuveza imifanekiso yamagatsha kahulumeni ancintisanayo, kodwa emongweni wenkululeko yomphakathi ichaza ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuzibusa komuntu nokulondeka komphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu okunamandla kudinga ukucwengisisa emicabangweni eminingi ehlobene.

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyinkululeko eyisisekelo ohulumeni okungamelwe bayiphule ngaphandle kokulunga okuphoqelelayo. Ihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, kanye nelungelo lokukhuluma ngasese, kanye nesivikelo se-procedrectal njenge-habeas corpus, i-stance, inselele, kanye nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli. Lenkululeko ivame ukubekwa ngokwemithetho-sisekelo noma ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke, kodwa ububanzi babo buncintiswa njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ubudlova? Ingabe ilungelo lokugcina ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe ligcinwe kwi-sethi yesithathu yesigaba se-serversethi? Izinkantolo naleyo mithetho iphendula lemibuzo ngecala, ivumelanisa umngcele phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.

Igunya Likahulumeni

Igunya likahulumeni liyigunya elingokomthetho lombuso lokumisa nokumisa imithetho, ukugcina ukuhleleka, ukunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi, nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Leligunya lisuka ekwamukeleni kwababuswayo, okuvame ukuboniswa ngomthetho-sisekelo nokhetho lwentando yeningi. Kodwa igunya alilinganiselwe. Umthetho udinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ziqondiswe, zibonakale ngokukhanyayo, futhi zihlolwe ngokwezokwahlulela. Inselele ikhona ekuchazeni izinga legunya: uhulumeni angaze afike nini ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, acindezele ukuqamba okuyingozi, noma aphoqelele ukulawulwa kwezindlela zomphakathi eziyingozi zokuphatha impilo?

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siwukuvikela kokwakha ekuphathweni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso eminingi yanamuhla ebusa ngentando yeningi phakathi kwezikhulu, i-productiation, neyamahluleli, ngalinye linamandla okucindezela abanye. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho i-Congress ilawula ukuxhasa ngezimali futhi ingaziphathisa izikhulu. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okuthe tyaba kunezelwa ngokuhlola okuthe nkqo ezimisweni zikahulumeni, lapho umbuso nohulumeni bezwe bencintisana khona futhi bebambisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wezakhamuzi ozimele, i-meodonsela ekhululekile, nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe okusebenzayo kusebenza njengemishini ngokwethukela emagunyeni. Ngaphandle kwalezizimiso, isilinganiso sincike ngokuyingozi kuhulumeni.

Ukunyakaza Okuntekenteke Nokuziveza

Imibono emibili ivame ukuvela ekucabangeni kokwahlulela. Impikiswano eshubile ixwayisa ngokuthi ukunwetshwa okubonakala kulinganiselwe kwegunya likahulumeni, okungalingani nokuqashelwa kwamaphekula, kuyokwenza ukuba axhaphaze ngokungenakugwenywa. Abaphikisi bokungagunyazi banxusa lobu mqondo. Ngokuphambene, isimiso sokulinganisela sidinga ukuba noma ikuphi ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko kudingeke futhi kuvumelane nosongo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi komthetho wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu, uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi izinyathelo zawo ziyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufinyelela injongo efanelekile. Lamasikelo asiza abahluleli ukuba balinganise izithakazelo ngaphandle kokuzibeka icala.

Ukukhululwa Ngomphakathi Kuyaqhutshwa

Nakuba inkululeko yomphakathi ihlanganiswa emithethweni nasemalini yomthetho womthetho, ukusebenza kwayo kwangempela emhlabeni ngokuvamile kuyaphikiswa futhi kuncintiswa. I-United States Bill of Rights ivikela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuvivinya inkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli, neziqinisekiso zenqubo efanelekile nokuqulwa okufanelekile. Nokho ngalinye lala malungiselelo linemingcele nokungalingani. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asikuvikeli ukuhlanjalazwa, izinsongo zeqiniso, noma ukuhlanjalazwa. Inkululeko Yesibili ivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ifakazelwa kuyi-Pribony. [FLT] v.[FLD][200:1] [2001], isalokhu kubekwa ezilinganisweni ezinengqondo. Inkulumo - mayelana nokulawulwa kwezibhamu eziqhubekayo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokucindezela

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivame ukuchazwa njengetshe lesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni wazo, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zihlanganyele empikiswaneni yomphakathi. Kodwa imingcele yokushintshwa kokukhuluma okuvikelekileyo njengobuchwepheshe nomphakathi iyazivelela. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanikeza isivikelo esikhulu enkulumo yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso ezinjengokushiswa kwefulegi (]] Talfas v. Johnson, 1989). Nokho, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukulwa, amazwi, nenhlamba. EYurophu, imithetho yokukhuluma ngenzondo iqinile: amazwe amaningi akhuthaza izinkulumo zobugebengu ezikhuthaza inzondo yesizwe noma inzondo, ngisho nalapho ingaveli ekusongweni okuseduze.

Ukukhula kwezenhlalo kuye kwaqinisa lokhu kuxabana. Ama-Platform anjenge-Facebook ne-Twitter manje aqukethe okusesilinganisweni sembulunga yonke, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izinqumo zabo ziwumsebenzi kahulumeni yini ngaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. I-United States Supreme Court kusamelwe ikhulume ngokugcwele ukuthi amapulatifomu asekela izimiso zokukhuluma zamahhala uma esusa izigqebhezana noma abasebenzisi bevinjelwa. Okwamanje, amazwe afana neJalimane aye ashaya imithetho efuna amapulatifomu ukuba asuse inkulumo yenzondo ngokushesha, ihlanganise igunya likahulumeni nezimiso zenkampani. Umphumela uhlukene, ulokhu uguqulo lwenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa kokubili ilungelo lokukholelwa nelungelo lokusebenza, kodwa izingxabano ziphakama lapho ukugujwa kwenkolo kungqubuzana nemithetho evamile esebenzayo. E-United States, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ] Employment Division v. Smith [1990]) yakholelwa ukuthi imithetho yokungathathi hlangothi kwemithetho evamile yokuzibandakanya akuyonakali ukuhlinza okuvamile, ngisho noma ithwesa inkolo umthwalo. Lokho kunquma kwabangela ukuvuselelwa kwenkululeko yenkolo (RFRA), okungabuyisela ukuvivinywa okuqinile kwemithetho engokomthetho yombuso. Eminyakeni yamuva, izindaba ezihilela unembeza ukunikeza izithiyo zokuvimbela inzalo, ukulungiselela imishadolo exubayo, noma ukugobeka ukugobeka okunye ukugobeka kwenkolo okumelene nokumelene nokulwa kwenkululeko nempi.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ilungelo lokuzifihla akushiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawukhipha kusukela kweyokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, eyesi-Night, neyesine Izichibiyelo. [ Griswold v.Connecticut[[[ [1965]], iNkantolo yaqeda umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela imfihlo njengokuphula imfihlo yomshado. [[FLT:] Rhoe v. [[FLT]][1273]] [773]) ifuna ukudluliselwa kocingo, nakuba kamuva kushintshiwe. Izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe, izikhulumela zezindaba zikahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kwezindawo, nokuvikelwa kokwaziswa kolwazi lomuntu siqu. [4]

Isivikelo solwazi sezwe lonke seseyilungelo eliyisisekelo. I-European’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inikeza abantu amandla phezu kokwaziswa kwabo futhi ibeka izibopho eziqinile kulabo abakwenza. Lendlela yokuqondisa ihlukile kumthetho ohlukene kakhulu we-U.S., oncike emithethweni eqondene nemboni yokuzihlukanisa. Isayensi yembulunga yonke isho ukuthi amabhizinisi nohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, kuqhubeke kunciphisa ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamalungelo ombuso ngamunye negunya lezemboni.

Igunya Likahulumeni Nokulondeka

Uhulumeni ngamunye udinga amandla anele okuvikela izakhamuzi zawo ekusongeleni kwangaphandle nasekuphazamisekeni kwangaphakathi. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalelogunya ngokungenakugwenywa kuphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Inselele iwukuchaza izinga legunya elingokomthetho ngaphandle kokwakha isimo sokuqapha noma ukululaza ukubusa komthetho.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuncibilika Kwaso

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, 2001, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yandisa ukuhlakanipha kwayo kanye namandla ayo okugcinwa komthetho. I-USA PATRIOT Act egunyaziwe yokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukufinyelela emarekhodini ebhizinisi, nokuqoqwa kwezinto "ezingakholeki" ezihlobene nophenyo lobuphekula. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi la malungiselelo aphula iSichibiyelo sesine nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Okwambulwa kwe-Edward Snowden ngo-2013 kwabonisa ukuthi i-National Security Agency yayiqoqa izitebhuleki eziyizigidi zezingcingo zama-cingo zamaMelika avamile, ifaka inselele izinselele ezingokomthetho nezinguquko zemithetho enjenge-USA Free Act (20). USA mplity: ohulumeni baphikelela ukuthi ukuqashwa okukhulu okudingeka ukuba kuvinjelwe usongo, kuyilapho amaqembu ehlwisana nendawo yomphakathi ekhululekile.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Phakathi nezinhlekelele −war, inhlekelele engokwemvelo, ubhadane, ohulumeni bavame ukuthi banezikhundla eziphuthumayo ezinciphisa izinqubo ezivamile okwesikhashana. Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wanikeza ukuhlola kwezezimali emhlabeni wonke ekulinganiseni inkululeko nokulondeka. Ukuvala izifihla - buso, iziphakamiso, izimfuneko zomjongo, nokuvala amabhizinisi aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho engolwazini. Ezinye izinkantolo zasekela lezi zinyathelo ngaphansi kwamandla kahulumeni angokwemvelo amaphoyisa okuvikela impilo yomphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye zawabulala njengangaphezulu kakhulu noma ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo omthetho. Inkulumo - mpikiswano yadalula ukungavumelani okujulile ngendima efanele kahulumeni ekulawuleni izingozi. zizwe zonke, ohulumeni basebenzisa izikhangiso zobuchwepheshe zokuhlola noma izitokisi zemithilo yemisebe bezokwakha imishini yokuhlola izakhiwo ezingavimbela ukuhlasela komphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye izigalelo zifo zabangela ukuhlasela komphakathi.

Ukulawula Inkulumo Eyingozi

Umthetho wokungavumelani nokuqothulwa kwenkulumo, ukugqugquzelwa, nokuhlaziywa kwemibono uhlola imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivame ukuvikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo nenobuqili ngaphandle kokuba siqondiswe ekuvuseleleni izenzo zobudedemokhrasi eziseduze. Kodwa ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, njengeJalimane neFrance, inemithetho emelene nokubulawa kweNkantolo, ukucwaswa kwenkolo, nokuhlanjalazwa kwezinkolo. I-intanethi ye-intanethi ifaka ikhambiso eliphelele lokwaziswa okungamanga, futhi yomidabalelwa ukuba kufune imithetho eqinile. Amapulatimende ezenhlalo manje asusa lokho okuphula umthetho omthetho, njengomthetho wobucala. Umbuzo ungaba uhulumeni abakhethiwe noma izinhlangano beziqu zomuntu kubeka imingcele yenkulumo eyamukelekayo. Akukho khetho elinikeza ikhambiso, futhi kokubili kungasongela inkululeko yomphakathi uma kunganqanyulwa.

Ukuhlola Icala

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwenkululeko negunya awunakumiswa; ushintsha ekusabeleni ezinqumweni zokwahlulela, ezemithetho, nokufunwa komphakathi.

Korematsu v. waseUnited States (1944)

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uhulumeni wase-U.S. wayala ukuba kuthuthwe futhi kufakwe impoqo amaJapane angaphezu kuka-100 000, eveza isidingo sezempi. UFred Korematsu wabekela inselele ukuboshwa kwakhe ijele, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukunqatshelwa kwesinqumo esiphikiswa kakhulu. INkantolo yalalela isikhulu esisho ukuthi usongo luphuthuma, ngisho noma kwakungekho bufakazi bokungathembeki phakathi kwamaJapane. Iminyaka kamuva, uMkhandlu waxolisa futhi wanikeza iziphambeko. [FLT:] [FLT] isekela ukunqabela imvume yokunga uvalo lungaholela ekuphathweni uhulumeni okungaphula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Indaba iyaqhubeka ikhonjiwe ezimpikiswayo ngomthetho wesizwe, i-volverphin. [[FT]]

Isinyathelo Se - USA SOKUTRIOTT Nemiphumela Yaso

Ngo-2001, uhulumeni wadlula ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, uMthetho we-USA PRITIOT wanikeza ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nezinhlangano zobuhlakani amathuluzi amasha ukuze kulwiwe nobuphekula. Ngokuphawulekayo, iCandelo 215 lavumela i-FBI ukuba ithathe amarekhodi ebhizinisi ahlobene nokuhlolwa kwesizwe, kuhlanganise namarekhodi ezincwadi zezincwadi, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, nemibhalo yezimali. Kamuva uhulumeni wachaza leli lungiselelo lokugunyaza ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane eminingi yemidwebo yocingo. Ngo-2013, ijaji likahulumeni lanquma ukuthi lo hlelo cishe lwaphula iSine Sezimpondo, kanti isekeli yesibili sakholelwa ekuhlolweni kwemithetho. I-USA Free Act yaphetha ukuqoqwa kweminyango ebanzi kodwa yabe igcinwe ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlola. Indaba ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nezindlela ezithandwayo zokuvikela zingancishiswa ngaphandle kokuqondisa, futhi nokuhlola kwemithetho kudinga ukubuyiselwa.

Roe v. Wade noDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

Ilungelo lokufuna ukukhipha isisu liye laba elinye lamakhambi aphikisana kakhulu emthetho waseMelika. Roe v. Wade [177]]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha imfihlo lihlanganisa ukuhlobana nokuhlola okuqinile kwesilinganiso esingafanele sokukhulelwa kowesifazane. Ngonyaka ka 2022, iNkantolo yenkantolo enqabela ngokuphumelelayo ukukhishwa kwezimo zokukhishwa kwezisu. [FLT:] Isinqumo saphinde saqinisekiswa [[FLT:] ku-'umthetho] ku-'umthetho [[FLT] v. [FLT]. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [5], ibuye ibone ukukhishwa kwesilinganiso esiphawulekayo sokukhishwa kwezisu. Lokhu okungaboniswayo: Ngobukhulu besilinganiso sokulinganisela okungathwithwa yisilinganiso somthwalo. Ngohulumeni ingabhekwa kanye kanye nesohlangothi esiqinile, izibalo, imvume yokuvimbela esiqinile, isilinganiso esiqinile, i - "FLC.

Ukuphila Okunsundu Kubalulekile Nokungalaleli Kombango

I-Black Lives Matter, eyadlondlobala ngemva kokubulawa kuka-2020 kukaGeorge Floyd, yabangela ukubhikisha okusakazekile ngokumelene nonya lwamaphoyisa nobuhlanga obulawulwa yizimiso. Ababheki be-project basebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQonda ISichibiyelo sokuqala ukuhlanganisa nokufuna ushintsho, kodwa abaningi babhekana nokunqanyulwa kwamaphoyisa, ukumiswa kwesikhathi, nokuboshwa. Kwezinye izimo, uhulumeni wanxusa ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe noma ukumiswa komphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphikisa. Izinkantolo zahlukaniswa ngokuthi lemithetho ivunyelwe yini. Inhlangano yabangela futhi ukumiswa kwemithetho, njengokuvinjelwa kwemiya imingcele, kanye nokuhlolwa kokungancishintshwa kwemithetho efanelekayo. Isenzakalo sibonisa indlela izakhamuzi ezivamile ezingasebenzisa ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi ekubekeni inseleleni iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kuyilapho futhi ziveza izingozi zegunya elisetshenziswa ekunciphenisweni komthetho.

Imfihlo Yamanani: Carpbated v. United States (208)

Ku ku-Calpenter v. United States, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yakhuluma ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kwakudinga isiqinisekiso sokungena amarekhodi endawo yocingo ephethwe yisithuthi semishini. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi amarekhodi ezindaba zebhizinisi ayemafayili eqembu lesithathu, ikhasimende lalingenathemba lokuzifihla ngokunengqondo ngeSimemezelo seSithathu soMya-Nwe-200 seSine soMphemezelo-Mnyango wenguquko. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi i-temply readring, ukulandelela amarekhodi akhiwe ngemishini enziwe ngeminyango engokwezenhlalakahle, futhi ngenxa yalokho kudingeka imvume. Lesinqumo sabonisa ukwanda okukhulu kwamalungelo ezindaba zobuchwepheshe enkathini yobuchwepheshe, ukuqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni uyakwazi ukuqashekasha. Nokho, ukunquma kushiya imibuzo eminingi yezindaba yezenhlalo yezelelwa kwezezimali, imithombo yezindaba yezezindaba.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Ukushintsha kwezimiso zezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nokuvela kwezombangazwe ezibusayo kuye kwabangela izinhloso ezintsha ekulweleni inkululeko negunya.

Isikhungo Sezimpahla Nemininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

Ohulumeni banamuhla baqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu, kusukela ekwazisweni okuphathelene nomthetho kuya ekufuneni imikhuba. Igama elithi "isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile," elaqanjwa isazi uShoshana Zuboff, lichaza ukuguqulwa kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu: izinkampani zibikezela futhi zithonye ukuziphatha ngokuhlola imininingwane emikhulu. Ngokuvamile izimali zifaka lolulwazi ngenxa yokugcinwa komthetho, ukuhlakanipha, nokulawula ukulawulwa kwezenhlalakahle. I-European Union’s GDPR neConsumercy Act inikeza abantu ulawulo oluthe xako, kodwa i-galelo alilingani. Ingozi ingenzeka kalula ukuba isisekelo sezezezobukhankampanelo zezelo zezelo zeze zezentengo, ukuvala inkululeko yomthetho ngaphandle koshintsho oluphawulekayo. Ukuhlela isivikelo sezentengosi esemthethweni kuyindlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa ulwazi.

Ukubusa Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma, Ukulinganisela Nendlela Yokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Amasiteji ezokuxhumana aseyinkundla eyinhloko yenkulumo yeningi, kodwa izimiso zawo zokukhuluma ngenzondo, ukugxeka, nokuhlukumeza ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. I-United States iphatha amapulatifomu njengabadlali abangaboshelwanga yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kanti i-European Union iye yadlula iSivumelwano Sezinkonzo Zezezezente Zezezezezimali, ifuna ukuba ibhekane nokulimaza. Emazweni amaningi, ukucindezela amapulatifomu ukuze kususwe amazwi agxekayo, noma ukusakaza inkulumo esakaza inkulumo eqanjiwe. Umphumela uyisiphithiphithiphithi, isimiso esingabekelwe ngokomthetho lapho imingcele yenkululeko yenkululeko ibekwa ngemibandela yezemisebenzi yezenkolo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ifunwa uhulumeni weze-hod. Isibonelo esisha sesikhulumi esisha uhulumeni esizihlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi lapho kudinga ukulimaza ngempela, kodwa akukho ukuvumelana.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Ngokuzenzekelayo

Ohulumeni basebenzisa kakhulu ukuhlakanipha okungeyokwenziwa ngenxa yobupolisa, ukugweba, ukuqondisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezenhlalakahle. Imithetho-mthetho ingabikezela ukubuyiselwa kwenkululeko, ukukhwabanisa i-fulegi, noma ukuveza abantu abasengozini yokubekwa indinganiso. Nakuba i-Al ingathuthukisa impumelelo, iletha futhi izingozi zobandlululo, ukwenza izinqumo ezifiphele, nokungaqondi okumelwe kwenziwe. Njengoba ukusebenzisa ukuqashelwa kobuso ngokuqinisekisa komthetho, ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthola izimpawu zamanga nokukhukhuleka kobudoda ezindaweni zomphakathi. Amadolobha amaningi aye avimbela ubuchwepheshe, kuyilapho izinkantolo ziqala ukuhlaziya ukuthi zisebenzisa iSiphendumiso sesine noma amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu. Njengoba i-Al iba namandla kakhulu, umbuzo uzoba yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukukhomba inkululeko kunokuba kulawule ukulawulwa kunokuba kulawule.

Ukulungiselela I - pandemic Namandla Empilo Yomphakathi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sembula indlela ohulumeni abangayibeka ngayo imingcele esheshayo enyakaza, eqoqweni, nasemsebenzini wezomnotho. Izibhakela zesikhathi esizayo, noma izimo zempilo ezinkulu, ziyophinde ziphoqelele imiphakathi ukuba ilinganisele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuhlangene nokuhle. Ukushukuma kwemijovo egunyaza inkolo kanye nokungagunyazwa kwezimiso zefilosofi, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola iziteshi, nokuvulwa kwezikole namabhizinisi kuzoqhubeka. Ukudwetshwa kwezifundo kulolubhadaka, izazi eziningi zisekela izinqubo ezicacile ezichaza izinga nesilinganiso esiqinile somthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo, ngaphandle kwezimiso zokwahlulela eziqinile.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Ezweni Elizimele

Ukusongela kobuphekula, ukuncishiswa kwemingcele, nemikhankaso yokungahambisani kwemininingwane kudinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kodwa futhi kunikeza izaba zokuqapha, ukucusumbula, nokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni esinonya. Ukusetshenziswa kwemvume, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, nokuhlanganyela izinhlelo kufiphaza umehluko phakathi kwesimiso somthetho esingokomthetho sokuvikela futhi uxhaphaze. Ukulinganisela kwamandla manje kudlulela ngalé kwemingcele yezwe: imizamo yohulumeni owodwa wokuvikela izakhamuzi zawo zingaphazamisanabela imfihlo nenkululeko yabantu kwamanye amazwe. Izivumelwano zomthetho ezihlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ze- International Paravement on Civil and Polist Rightss, kodwa inselele. Inseleleko ingeko ingeyokuthuthukisa imingcele ehlonipha amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho ohulumeni benza ukuba babhekane nezingozi ezinhlangothini ezihlukene.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela kwenkululeko yomphakathi negunya likahulumeni akuwona umehluko oqinile kodwa ukucindezeleka okunamandla okudinga ukunakwa njalo nokulungisa. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi inkululeko ingaphela kancane kancane lapho izakhamuzi zingakhathaleli, futhi ukuthi izinkathazo zokulondeka zingasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imingcele yokukhuluma, ukuzifihla, nenqubo efanele. Nokho umphakathi ongenagunya elanele likahulumeni libeka izingozi zezehlakalo nokungathembeki komphakathi. Indlela ehlakaniphile ingeyokulinganisela ngokulinganisela okuqinile: ukubukeza ukwahlulela, ukuqinisa ukuqondisa kwemithetho, ukuqinisekisa ukunyathelisa okuzimele, nokukhuthaza umphakathi okhuthele onegunya lokulandisa ngemithetho ezindaweni ezizimele. Izinhlangano zeZizwe Ezihlangene namalungelo abantu zinikeza ukulandisa, kodwa ekugcineni umthwalo wemfanelo ungenayo isizukulwane ngasinye ukuphinde ubhekane nokuncintisana ekukhanyeni kwesayensi nezokuvela. Ukulondoloza inkululeko akusikho ukuphumelela; ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwempumelelo okuqhubekayo. [Filctive [0] [1] Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano yombuso, kodwa izikhulu, njengoba kungeke neze kuqinisekise ukuthi isikhulu sesizwe, isikhulu sesikhulu sesizwe, futhi kusisebenzi sesikhulu sesizwe.