Ukucindezela phakathi kwenhlalayenza yombuso namalungelo abantu kuye kwaba isihloko esiphikelelayo kulo lonke uhulumeni wabantu, esikhuthaza kakhulu izikhathi zenhlekelele nokuhlehla phakathi nezikhathi zokuzinza. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kulinganiswa ngelens yenqubo efanele, isimiso esingokomthetho esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga nokuvimbela isenzo sombuso esiwumthetho. Ngokuhlola izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinselele zanamuhla, nendima enqumayo yejaji, singaqonda kangcono indlela izinhlangano ezizama ngayo ukuhlanganisa ukulondeka kweqembu nesivikelo senkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukuqonda Ukulondeka Kwesizwe

Ukulondeka kwezwe kubhekisela ekuvikelweni kwezakhamuzi zesizwe, ezomnotho, ezinhlanganweni, nasebusweni bezwe ezinsongweni zangaphandle nezengaphakathi.

  • Ukulungiselela impi namasu okuvikela ukuze kuvinjelwe noma kusabelwe ekuhlaseleni okuhlomile.
  • Ukuqoqa ngobuhlakani nokugada ukuze kubonwe futhi kuqede izinsongo.
  • Imizamo yobuphekula, kokubili ekhaya nasemhlabeni wonke, ilwisana nemizamo yobuphekula.
  • Ubuhlobo obungavamile nokusebenzelana okuthuthukisa ukulondeka kweqembu.
  • Izinyathelo zokuvikela izakhiwo nemininingwane ebucayi.

Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile esimweni esisebenzayo, ngokuvamile zihilela izenzo eziphazamisa umuntu ngamunye, inkululeko yokuhamba, kanye nezinye inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amalungelo abantu ngabanye ayinkululeko nesivikelo esiyisisekelo esiqinisekiswe kubo bonke abantu abasebuthweni elithile. Emphakathini wentando yeningi, lamalungelo asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla ombuso futhi abaluleke kakhulu ekuhloniphekeni kwabantu. Amalungelo abalulekile ngokuvamile ahlanganisa:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokukhuluma, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokugxeka uhulumeni.
  • Ilungelo lokuba wedwa, ukuhlanganisa ukuzibusa nokuvikela ekuphazanyisweni okungadingekile.
  • Inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, iqinisekisa izinqubo ezifanelekile ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uphuce othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungekho emthethweni nasekuqulekeni, okudinga izisusa ezifanele nokwahlulela.
  • Inkululeko yokuhlangana nomhlangano, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele futhi zisekele njengeqembu.

La malungelo awaphelele; alinganiselwe lapho kudingeka afinyelele izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, njengokulondeka kwesizwe.

Inqubo Efanele: Isimiso Esiyinhloko

Inqubo imfuneko engokomthetho nengokomthetho egunyaza ukuphathwa ngokufanele ngesimiso sokwahlulela esivamile. Isebenza njengesivikelo esingokomthetho ekulahleni ukuphila okungenasizathu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inqubo elindelekile ifakwe emibhalweni eminingana eyisisekelo:

  • IsiHluzi Sesihlanu SoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyoba “nenkululeko yokuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.”
  • ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane, esidlulisela lesisiqinisekiso kohulumeni bezwe.
  • Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengeSivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Samalungelo Abantu Nezombangazwe, nazo ezidinga izinqubo ezifanelekile.

Inqubo elindelekile inawo womabili ama-procedal nama-spective. Inqubo efanele iphathelene nezinyathelo uhulumeni okumelwe azithathe ngaphambi kokwenza njengokungathi unikeza isaziso, ithuba lokuzwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Inqubo yokuzibopha ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho nalapho kukhona izivikelo zokuvikela. Kumongo wesizwe, inqubo efanele ithatha uhlobo lokubukeza ukwahlulela, habeas corpus, nokufinyelela iseluleko.

Inqubo Engokwemvelo Yokufika Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Phakathi nomonga wokuphepha wesizwe, ohulumeni baye bafuna ukudlula inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela, bephikisa ngokuthi ijubane nokufihla imfihlo kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zagomela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele, izici eziyisisekelo zenqubo efanele azinakususwa ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, uHamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. i-U.S. i-kathi isazi sesizwe esingumlwi wesitha kumelwe sibe nethuba lokuphikisa isisekelo esiqondile sokuboshwa kwakhe phambi komphathi wesinqumo sokungatha.

Inqubo Eyinqaba Namalungelo

Inqubo efanelekile engathi sína iyasebenza lapho isilinganiso sokulondeka kwezwe siphazamisa ngokuqondile inkululeko eyisisekelo, njengelungelo lokushada, ukukhulisa abantwana, noma lokuhamba. Nakuba uhulumeni engase alinganisele amalungelo athile ngenxa yesithakazelo sokhuseleko lwesizwe, lawo mandla alinganiselwe kumelwe aqhubeke ehlolwa ngokuqinile. Kumelwe ahloselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo. Lendinganiso ephakeme ayivamile ukuhlangatshezwa, okungakho kunezinqunyelwano eziningi zeposi eziseceleni kwezezezezeze ngokomthetho.

Umlando

Kuwo wonke umlando, ohulumeni baye babeka ukulondeka kwesizwe kuqala phezu kwamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokusongela okubonakala kukhona.

Ukungenela KwaseJapane YaseMelika Phakathi NeMpi Yezwe II

Ngo-1942, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt owasayinwa u-Order Adminitive 906, egunyaza ukususwa nokufakwa ngempoqo kwamaMelika aseJapane angaphezu kwe-110 000, amashumi amabili nantathu aseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho [ku- Korematsu v. United States [1944] [isho ukuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lezempi.] Lesinqumo silokhu siyisibonelo esiqinile senkantolo esihlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo ngamanye enkathini. Kamuva, uhulumeni wavuma ukungalungisi futhi wakhipha iziphakamiso, kodwa lesi senzakalo sisebenza njengesixwayiso ngezingozi zenqubo yokuhlenga esekelwe ezweni noma ekudalweni kwesizwe.

Umthetho weUSA PTRIOT Post-9/11

Igunyazwe ngo-Oktobha 2001, i-USA PATRIOTT Act yandisa kakhulu amandla okuqapha abaphathi bomthetho wase-U.S. ama-Candelo 215 avumela ukuqoqwa kwe-metadata yocingo, kanti i-National Security Letters (MSI) yanika i-FBI amandla okufuna amarekhodi ebhizinisi ngaphandle kokuqondisa kokwahlulela. Abameleli benkululeko yomphakathi baphikisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zazingasivikela iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuphenyezwa ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka futhi zazingenazo izivikeli ezifanele. Izinselele zomthetho nokukhala komphakathi ekugcineni kwaholela ezinguqulweni, kuhlanganise ne-USAHULUSA , okuphethe ukuqoqwa kwemimende yemimende yomthetho ngesikhathi sezikhulu.

Izinhlelo Zokusakaza Zavezwa U - Edward Snowden

Ngo-2013, owayeyiNSA we-NSA Snowden waveza imibhalo ehlukanisayo edalula izinhlelo zokuhlola zembulunga yonke ezaqhutshwa yi-NSA kanye nezisizi zayo. Izambulo zazihlanganisa i-PRISM, uhlelo olwaphoqelela izinkampani ze-Internet ukuba zinikeze i-data yabasebenzisi, nokuqashwa kwezokuxhumana kwabaphathi bangaphandle. Lokhu kwaveza impikiswano yomhlaba wonke mayelana nemfihlo, inqubo efanele, kanye nemingcele yamandla okulawula. I-Interlinemilligent Surveillance Court (Inkantolo yase-FA) yayigunyaze izinhlelo eziningi zalezi zinhlelo, kodwa abagxeki abagxeki baqaphela ukuthi inkantolo isebenza ngokufihlayo, ngokunikeza ubufakazi kuphela, futhi ingafuni naliphi ithuba lokugawula inqubo esobala.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Kule ndawo yanamuhla, ukulinganisela phakathi kwenhlala - kahle yesizwe namalungelo abantu kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha neziyinkimbinkimbi ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe nezisongelayo.

Ukungavikeleki Kusongela Nemininingwane

Ohulumeni baya ngokuya befuna ukufinyelela ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kanye nokwaziswa komuntu siqu egameni lokuvimbela ubuphekula nokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi. Nokho, izinyathelo ezinjengokukhipha i-openticism ebophelele noma iminyango yangemva kwenza ukuba bonke abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuqashelwa futhi baphakamise izimpikiswano ezingathi sína ezifanele. Impikiswano yokuvulwa kwe- ngemuva kwe-emuva kwe- ivimbela ukulondeka komphakathi ekukhululekeni kwelungelo lokuxhumana kwabantu. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mithetho zilwa nokwenza amacebo angokomthetho avumela ukungena ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwamanani noma inqubo efanelekile yendawo yonke.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nendlela Yokubikezela

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al ekulondekeni kwesizwe − njengokubikezela ukusongela kobuso ngokubona izinsongo, ukuqaphela ubuso ngokuqapha, nokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo ekulawuleni umngcele − kukhathaza ngobandlululo nokungabonakali. Uma uhlelo lwe-AI lulawula umuntu njengosongo olungenzeka, lowomuntu angase angabi nathuba elinenjongo lokuncintisana nokuzimisela. Inqubo idinga ukuba abantu batshelwe ngesisekelo sezinqumo ezimbi futhi bakwazi ukuzibekela inselele. Izimiso zamanje zivame ukuswela lezizivikelo.

Isimiso Sezinto Eziphilayo Nemingcele Yokuhamba

Amazwe amaningi aye andisa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuphathelene ne-biometric emingceleni, kuhlanganise ne-iscan ye-iso kanye ne-DNA. I-U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s i-biometric phuma/isimiso sokungena entweni [ isolwa ngokuqoqa imininingwane e-U.S. ngaphandle kokulawula okwanele. Ukunqanda imingcele esekelwe ebuzweni noma enkolweni, enjengesithi “Muslim's" ebekelwe inselele [[FLTY:2] Trump v v. Hawaii (20)], futhi inqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo. INkanto ephakeme yasekela ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sesithathu, iveza ukuvalela kwegunya elikhulu phezu kwegunya, kodwa isinqumo sokuthutha abantu.

Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezithile ngemininingwane kwembula indlela izimiso ezifanele ezisetshenziswa ngayo.

Ukuqhumisa Kwebhomu EBoston Nezenzo Ezingokomthetho Ezilandelayo

Ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu eBoston Marathon ngo-2013, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kwasetshenziswa ukugada izindlela zokuhlola futhi kwagcinwa enye indlela yokusola, uDzhekar Tsarnaev, ngaphansi kokuphepha komphakathi okungamelani noMirandah izixwayiso. Waphenywa izinsuku ezimbili ngaphandle kokwelulekwa ngaphambi kokuba afunde amalungelo akhe. Nakuba uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi usongo olusheshayo luthethelele ukulibala, abameli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthathelana kwamacala kudlulele ngalé kwesilinganiso sawo esihlosiwe. UTsarnaev wagcina eboshwe icala futhi wagwetshwa ukufa. Icala ligcizelela ukushukuma kwecala phakathi kobuthelela u-RGlobalba kanye neSichime sokuhle sokuzi.

Ukugadla Kwezigaxa Nokubulawa Kwabantu Abafile

Ukusebenzisa kukahulumeni wase-U.S. ama-dollans ukuhlasela amaphekula asolwayo kwamanye amazwe − kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi zase-U.S. ezifana ne-Anwar al-Awlaki − kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu. Lemisebenzi iqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela, futhi izinhlelo zokufakwa “ezinhluni” zihlelwe ngokwezigaba. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukubulala okuhlongozekile kwenqubo efanelekile ngokuncisha abantu abathile ukuphila ngaphandle kokuziphindisela noma ithuba lokuncintisana nesiqu sabo. I-Obama yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlasela okunjalo kwakungokomthetho njengezenzo zokuzishaya kwezwe lonke futhi kugunyazwe ngokusebenzisa i-OrGraliast (AMF). Nokho, ukungabeki kokwaziswa kokwaziswa nokulandisa kuhlala kuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu.

Izimpi Ezingokomthetho Ezizungeze I - NSA

Izindaba ezifana [[FLT: 0] ne-Amnesty International (2013) kanye .[FLT] ACLU v. I-Clapper[ [20] [2015] yavivinya ukuma kwe-Placttiffs NSAPS eyinsensers. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] I-Clapper [[FLT]] [iNkakhulu leNkantolo] ikholelwa ukuthi izinhlangano zabantu azimi ngenxa yokuthi zazingakwazanga ukufakazela ukuthi ukuxhumana kwazo kwakuvinjelwe, i-Cach-222) kwakuyimfihlo. Lesisinqumo savikela ngokuphumelelayo ekubukeni kokwahlulela, ukuphakamisa imibuzo emayelana nenqubo efanelekile lapho kuvela inqubo engaphandle.[5]

Indima Yengoma

Ijaji lifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka kwesizwe namalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, futhi linikeza abantu isikhungo sokufuna ukuvuselelwa.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izinqumo eziningana eziyinhloko ziye zathonya inqubo edingekayo ekulondekeni kwezwe:

  • Ex e Milligan (186): INkantolo yanquma ukuthi abathunywa bezempi babengeke bazame izakhamuzi uma izinkantolo zisebenza, ngisho naphakathi kweMpi Yombango.
  • [FLT][FOREMA] v. United States (1944]): Njengoba kuphawuliwe, iNkantolo yasekela i-internament yama-Japanese [1] isinqumo esigxekwa kakhulu futhi esilawulwa ngokuphumelelayo ngombono womphakathi nangomthetho wamuva.
  • HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004] : INkantolo yathi isakhamuzi sase-U.S. siboshelwe njengempi yesitha enelungelo elifanele lokuncintisana nejele laso phambi komenzi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi.
  • Boumediene v. Bush (2008): INkantolo yandisa i-as corpus kubathunjwa eGuantánamo Bay, ilahla impikiswano kahulumeni yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awusebenzi lapho.
  • [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii (2017): INkantolo yasekela ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba emazweni amaningi amaSulumane, ibhekisa egunyeni eliphethe kodwa ishiya ithuba lezinselele zesikhathi esizayo lisekelwe enhloso yokuzixazulula.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zingathandisisi ukuphazamisa isinyathelo sokuqondisa lapho kuphuthuma, zingaba izaba zokuvimbela ukwephulwa okungahambisani nokungafanele kwenqubo efanele.

Inkantolo Ephakeme Yobuhlakani Bakwamanye Amazwe (FISC)

I-FISC yasungulwa yi-Freigent Surveillance Act (FISA) yokugunyaza ukuqapha izinjongo zokuhlakanipha zakwamanye amazwe. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi isebenza ngokwengxenye ye-(inqubo) kahulumeni kuphela okhona(iyisitembu senjoloba. Kusukela ngemva kwezambulo zeSnowden, izinguquko zasungula izici ezingaphezulu ze-adversaria, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwe-aicusus ukuze kuphikisanezelwe izicelo zikahulumeni. Noma kunjalo, inqubo enengqondo kulabo ababanjwa ngenetha lokuhlola i-rabha ihlala iqalile, njengoba izisulu zingatholi izimvume futhi zingenakuzibeke inselele.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nokukhohlisa

Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezinjengokuhlasela kwamaphekula zivame ukushukumisela umphakathi ekutholeni ukulondeka, kuyilapho ukwambulwa kwezambulo zokufuna ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuthonya ukulinganisela okwamukelekayo phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Electronic Foundation (EFF), ne-Brennan Center for Justice afeza indima ebalulekile ekucubutheleni uhulumeni ngokweqisa, ngokuqamba, nangemfundo yomphakathi. Imizamo yawo iye yaholela ekubekeni imithetho ephawulekayo nezinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, inselele ye-ACLUU eqoqweni yeNSA yafaka isandla eMthethweni we-USA.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuphotha

Izindaba zivame ukuhlela indlela umphakathi oqonda ngayo izindaba zokuphepha kwesizwe. Ukubika ngezinhlelo zamaphekula kungakhulisa ukwesaba nokusekela izinyathelo zobudlova, kanti ukuqapha kwezincwadi zezindaba (nesikhathi sika-Glenn Greenwald ne-The Intercept) kubangela izinhlelo eziyimfihlo futhi kubangele impikiswano. Ukufakwa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha njengokudingekile “kwesikhashana” kungazenza zibe nzima, okwenza kube nzima. Ukuqapha komphakathi nokulandisa kwezezindaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni inqubo efanele.

Ukulinganisela

Ukufinyelela ukulinganisela okuqinile phakathi kwokulondeka kwesizwe namalungelo abantu kudinga izinqubo zokuhleleka ezihlonipha inqubo efanele kuyilapho zivumela ukusabela okuphumelelayo.

  • [ Intethe kanye nokubika: Kufunwa imibiko yomphakathi evamile ngemisebenzi yokuqapha nezimiso zokuvalelwa, okunezici ezicaciwe ezibukezwe yizindikimba eziningi eziqondisayo.
  • Ukuhlela amalungiselelo: Imithetho eminingi yokulondeka yesizwe ihlanganisa izinsuku ezizenzekelayo zokuphelelwa kwesiphelo, iphoqelela ukuba kube nengxoxo yezikhathi ezithile nokuphinda ibhalwe. I-USA PATRIOT Act yaqukethe ukushona kwelanga okuningana, futhi ukuphela kwayo ngo-2015 kwaholela ezinguquko.
  • Ukubusa okuzimele: i-socrectal commentation bustription board, abahloli, namakomiti e-compaliation anganikeza ukulandisa. I-Liscial and Civil Liberation Oversity Board (PCLOB) yadalwa ukuze ibukeze izimiso eziphikisana nobuphekula.
  • [[NT.0] Jodicial Review and Access to Counsers: Ukwazisa ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukungena ezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni zokuvalelwa noma ukuqapha okuthatha isikhathi eside. Indima yabasekeli abakhethekile (njengasemiyalweni evaliwe yezinto ezibonakalayo ye-UK) ingasiza ekulinganiseleni ukufihla nokungakhethi.
  • Imfundo ePhakeme ne-Civic Accement: Ukwazi ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi kuyi-secondal i-chemestry kuhulumeni ophakele. Izifundo ezithatha isinyathelo ngomthetho-sisekelo mayelana nokubaluleka kwenqubo efanele kungakha ukuqina kokumelana nenqubo yokwesaba.

Alikho ikhambi eliphelele, kodwa ukuhlanganisa lezi zici kungakha ukwakheka okuqinile okulondoloza ukulondeka ngaphandle kokudela ukubusa komthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenhlalayenza elondekile yesizwe namalungelo aso ngabanye kuhlala kungezinye zezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezilandela inqubo yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokumisa ukulinganisela esimisweni senqubo efanele, imiphakathi ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezinyathelo zokuphepha eziphuthuma kakhulu zihlolwe ngokusemthethweni, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho inqubo efanele ibekwa eceleni egameni lokuphepha, umphumela ngokuvamile ukungalungi, futhi kamuva, kuyadabuka. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinsongo, isibopho sokusebenza ngokulunga namalungelo ayisisekelo kumelwe kuhlale kuqinile.