Table of Contents

Ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe akulona nje ilungelo eliyisisekelo lentando yeningi kodwa futhi kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthembisana nomphakathi nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. IsiHlanzi Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo," ukumisa isisekelo somthetho sokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda uhlelo olungokomthetho oluzungeze lelilungelo, kanye nemikhuba engcono kakhulu nezihibe, kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela inhlalakahle yazo ngokunempumelelo kuyilapho zihlala zisemingceleni engokomthetho efanelekile.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola izilinganiso ezingokomthetho zokuxhumana nabameleli, kusukela ezivikelweni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kuya emithethoni evimbelayo, futhi unikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ekwenzeni izwi lakho lizwelwe ngenqubo yentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummeli wokuqala noma umshisekeli onokuhlangenwe nakho, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlola okungokomthetho kuzakusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuxhumana kwakho kuyasebenza futhi kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela ngokuqondile ukumiswa kwe-Congress "ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." lesisivikelo somthetho senziwa isisekelo sokubophana kwezakhamuzi nezikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi siye saqashelwa njengebalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ilungelo lesicelo lasuka elungiselelweni eliphansi elenzelwe yona esahlukweni 61 seMagna Carta (1215), futhi kuze kube yilesiqalo esincane kuyiPhalamende ngokwalo kanye nezinqubo zalo zokumisa umthetho. Abasunguli baseMelika babheka lelilungelo njengelibaluleke kakhulu, balifaka ngokucacile kuyiBill of Rights.

Ngokwe-Congregational Research Service, kusukela kwabhalwa uMthetho-sisekelo, ilungelo lokucela liye landa futhi alisekho eliboshelwe ekufuneni "ukulungisa izikhalo," kodwa liqonda imfuneko yokusetshenziswa kwemibuso yalo ekuqhubekiseni phambili isithakazelo nokuchuma kwalabo abacelayo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli cishe nanoma yiyiphi indaba yenqubo yomphakathi, hhayi ukukhononda nje ngezikhalo ezithile.

Indawo Yokuvikelwa

Ilungelo lidlulela kuyo yonke iminyango kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokusondela kwezakhamuzi noma amaqembu azo ezikhungweni zokuqondisa nasezinkantolo, igatsha lesithathu likaHulumeni. Lesivikelo esikhulu siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaxhumana nabameleli kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakuleyo ndawo kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwalelilungelo. Nakuba abanye abaxhasi beye baphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni lihlanganisa imfuneko yokuba uhulumeni alalele noma aphendule amalungu omphakathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yawenqaba lombono ngo-1984. Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba unelungelo lokuthintana nabameleli bakho, akudingeki ngokomthetho ukuba uphendule ekuxhumaneni kwakho.

Ukuqonda Abameleli Bakho Nezindima Zabo

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sihlanganisa abameleli abasemazingeni amaningi, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo nezindawo ezihlukene.

Abameleli Abangama - Federal

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, izakhamuzi zimelelwa izikhulu eziningana. Isifunda ngasinye sikhetha izinyunyana ezimbili zeminyaka eyisithupha ezimelela izithakazelo zawo wonke umbuso, ukuthatha i-application nokuvota emthetho kahulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli, izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i House of Messistrations inamalungu angu-35, ngalinye likhethwe iminyaka emibili ukusuka esifundeni esithile, futhi abameleli balo bayisibopho sakho esiqondile senqubo yomthetho kahulumeni.

Imibuso Nezikhulu Zendawo

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni baveza isimo sikahulumeni nababusi, abameleli besifundazwe, nabameleli bombuso noma amalungu esifundazwe. Ngezinga lombuso, lapho izikhulu ngokuvamile zinezisebenzi ezincane nezikhungo ezizimele, ithonya lokuxhumana likhulisiwe. Izikhulu zendawo zihlanganisa imeya, iziphathi zesifunda, amalungu edolobha, nezinye izikhulu zesifunda-mkhandlu ezisingatha ngokuqondile izimpikiswano ezithinta umphakathi wenu.

Ukunquma Isikhulu Esifanele Sokuxhumana

Izindaba ezithinta ngokuqondile indawo ohlala kuyo noma ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, isikhulu sendawo cishe singumuntu ofanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuxhumana. Ukuqonda imingcele yezwe kubalulekile − ukuxhumana nommeleli kahulumeni ngempikiswano yokuhlanganisa indawo kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, ngeke kuphumelele ngoba asinagunya ezindabeni ezinjalo.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Nokukhulumisana Okungokomthetho

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esikhulu ezakhamuzini zokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, leli lungelo aliphelele.

Usongo Nokwesaba

Umthetho kahulumeni wenqabela ukuthungatha izintambo eziqondiswe ezikhulwini zikahulumeni. Ukusongela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zicacile noma zisikisela okuthile, kuwubugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni obungaphumela ekuboshweni nasemalini enkulu.

Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukusongelwa zingaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuxhumana okubhaliwe, izingcingo, ama-imeyili, noma izikhungo zezokuxhumana.

Ukufumbathisa Nokonakala

Ukuzama ukufumbathisa isikhulu sikahulumeni kuyicala elingathi sína likahulumeni. Ukufumbathisa kuhilela ukunikela, ukupha, noma ukucela okuthile okubalulekile ukuze kuthonye izenzo zesikhulu esisesikhundleni saso esingokomthetho. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kuhlanganisa izipho eziqondile, izivumelwano zomsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo, noma noma yini enye eyigugu enikezwayo ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo esingokomthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweminikelo yomkhankaso esemthethweni nokufumbathisa okungekho emthethweni. Iminikelo yenkampano eyenziwa ngezindlela ezifanele zomthetho futhi yavezwa ngokwemithetho yezezimali esemthethweni ivikelekile ekukhulumeni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ngokuqondile umnikelo esinyatheloni esithile esingokomthetho unqamule imingcele ekufumbathisweni.

Amazwi Amanga Nokumangalelwa

Ukunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kungaba nemiphumela engokomthetho. Lapho uxhumana nenxusa elithile, amalungu nezisebenzi kufanele bagomele ngokuthi yiqiniso eliziyo ukuthi liyiqiniso, futhi lesi simiso sisebenza ngokufanayo ezakhamuzini. Nakuba unenkululeko enkulu yokuveza imibono futhi usekele izikhundla zakho, ukunikeza ngamabomu ukwaziswa okungamanga kungaqeda ukwethenjwa kwakho futhi kungawuphula umthetho kahulumeni.

Awukwazi ukuzimelela kabi wena, kodwa udinga ukuziveza njengomuntu ongekho yingxenye uma kunjalo, futhi kufanele ucace ukuthi usukaphi. Ngokuqamba amanga uthi ungumsizi uma ungekho, noma unikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga, kuyindlela yokuchaza okungalimaza ukwethenjelwa kwakho futhi kungaphula imithetho ngokuphamba.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nokukhuluma

Nakuba ukuqasha okuphikelelayo kuvikelekile, izingxoxo ezidlulela ekuhlukunyezweni noma ekucindezelweni zenqatshelwe. Ukuxhumana ngokuphindaphindiwe nendawo yokuhlala yesikhulu, ukwenza ukuxhumana okudlulele okungafezeki ngenjongo engokomthetho, noma ukuziphatha okungabangela ukuhlaselwa umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni akuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Umehluko phakathi kokuhlasela okukhulu nokuhlukumeza ngokuvamile uxhomeke ezicini ezinjengokuxhumana, izinto eziqukethwe yizokuxhumana, ukuthi umuntu uxhumana yini nezindawo ezifanele, nokuthi ukuxhumana kufeza injongo efanelekile yini.

Imithetho Engekho Esemthethweni Nezimfuneko Zokubhalisa

Nokho, ukuqonda le mithetho kusiza ekucaciseni lapho iziphambano ezingochwepheshe zingena endaweni elawulwayo.

Ubani Okumelwe Abhaliswe Njengomqashi

Imithetho egunyaza ukudluliswa kwezincwadi ngokuvamile isebenza kubantu abakhokhiswa imisebenzi yokunxenxa futhi abathintana kaningi nezikhulu eziphethe.

Imithetho ethatha imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ezinye izifundane ezinezimfuneko eziqinile kunomthetho kahulumeni. Uma uhlanganyela emikhankasweni ehleliwe yokulawula noma usebenzela inhlangano, kufanelekile ukuhlola izimfuneko zikahulumeni wakho eziqondile zokuthola imvume.

I-Grassroots Advocacy v. I-Oparenthing Lobbing

Isicelo sivikela ukunxusa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenziwa ngokomuntu siqu noma ngomkhandi, futhi lenkululeko ivikela ilungelo lokumangalela uhulumeni enkantolo. Izakhamuzi ngazinye zihlanganyela ekusebenziseni izimpande zotshani eziwuhlupho, /ukubuza abameleli abaxoxa ngazo ngezindaba ezithintana ne-(-"awenzi amalungelo azo omthetho-sisekelo futhi ngokuvamile akudingeki zikhathazeke ngokufuna ukubhaliswa kwezimfuneko.

Abameleli Abangameleli Wena

Umbuzo ovamile uphakama ngokuthi izakhamuzi zingathintana yini nabameleli bezifunda noma bamazwe lapho zingahlali khona. Impendulo ihilela kokubili ukucatshangelwa okungokomthetho nokusebenzayo.

Ukungavumelani Okungokomthetho

Nakuba iningi lezikhulu zemithetho yokuxhumana litholakala kubantu abazimele, ayikho imithetho emelene nokuxhumana nezinye izishayamthetho, ikakhulukazi uma zinegunya. Ngenxa yokuba kwazo isikhulu esikhethiwe, uvunyelwe ukubeka icala lakho kubo. Ngokombono ongokomthetho kuphela, unelungelo lokuxhumana nanoma isiphi isikhulu esikhethiwe.

Angabiza noma ubani amthandayo, kodwa akakwazi ukuzichaza kabi yena ngokwakhe. Kudingeka azibonakalise njengomuntu ongeyena umsizi futhi okudingeka acace ukuthi usukaphi. Imfuneko eyisisekelo engokomthetho ukwethembeka ngesikhundla sakho.

Ukuphumelela Okusebenzayo

Nakuba kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, ukuxhumana nabameleli abavela ngaphandle kwesifunda sakho ngokuvamile akuphumeleli. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho asengozini enkulu yokunaka uma ungomunye wabameleli bawo. Abameleli banesibopho esiyinhloko sokukhonza abameleli babo siqu, futhi ukuxhumana okuvela kubantu abangebona abasekelayo ngokuvamile kuthola indawo yokuqala.

Nokho, kunezimo lapho kunengqondo khona ukuthintana nabameleli abangathathi hlangothi. Uma ummeleli ehlala esihlalweni esinendawo elawulayo endabeni ethinta wena, ekhonza ezikhundleni zobuholi, noma ecabangela umthetho ohambisana nemiphumela yesizwe, ukufakwa kwakho kungasebenza ngisho noma ungekho ummeli.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokukhulumisana Ngokomthetho Nokuphumelelayo

Ukuqonda lokho okuvunyelwe ngokomthetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Ukuqapha okunempumelelo kudinga ukuxhumana okusemqoka okuhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo abonisa indlela amahhovisi okumisa asebenza ngayo.

Zibone Ngokucacile Nangokwethembeka

Faka igama lakho nekheli phezulu kwendlela yokuxhumana ebhaliwe futhi usho injongo yakho yokubhala esigabeni sokuqala. Ukuzichaza ngokucacile kubonisa ukwethemba kwakho futhi kusiza izisebenzi ukuba zikwazi ukuxhumana kahle. Uma ungumsizi, yenza lokhu kucace. Uma kungenjalo, thembeka ngendawo ohlala kuyo futhi uchaze ukuthi kungani uthintana nalesikhulu esithile.

Umenzi womthetho udinga ukwazi ukuthi ungowokuhlangana, uma usebhizinisini, ukuthi umelela inani elithile lemisebenzi noma imboni ethile esifundeni sabo. Ukunikeza umongo mayelana nokuthi uthinteke kanjani kulendaba kunezela ukubaluleka kokukhulumisana kwakho.

Yiba Nenhlonipho Futhi Ube Nobuchwepheshe

Ungaphakamiseli izwi lakho noma ube nempikiswano − thatha kafushane, nobubele futhi ube nenhlonipho kuzo zonke izingxoxo. Ukukhulumisana kochwepheshe kungathathwa ngokungathi sína futhi kubangele ukusabela okuhle. Khumbula ukuthi ukhuluma namalungu ezisebenzi awenza imisebenzi yawo futhi afanelwe inhlonipho.

Yiba nenhlonipho, chaza izinto ezicacile, futhi usebenzise izibonelo ukuze usekele isikhundla sakho, uma kungenzeka, futhi ube nombono oqondile nohloniphekile. Ngisho nalapho usekela izikhundla eziphikisanayo noma uveza ukungavumelani ngesimo sesikhulu, ukulondoloza izwi lenhlonipho kuthuthukisa ukwethemba kwakho.

Nikeza Ulwazi Olunembile

Ungalokothi uphendule umbuzo − ukunikeza ukwaziswa okungalungile noma okunganembile kungalimaza kakhulu ukwethenjwa kwakho. Uma ungazi lutho, kungcono kakhulu ukuvuma lokhu futhi uthembise ukulandelela ulwazi oluqondile kunokuqagela noma ukunikeza imininingwane engamanga.

Uma ucaphuna izibalo, ukuhlola, noma amaqiniso aqondile, kulungele ukunikeza imithombo. Ukwaziswa okunembile, okubhalwe kahle kusiza izikhulu nezisebenzi zazo ukuba ziqonde izindaba futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe kulwazi.

Gxila Esigijimini Sakho

Ikheli likamagazini owodwa noma isikweleti esithintana nengxoxo ngayinye, futhi ugcine izincwadi ekhasini elilodwa; ama-imeyili kuya ku-4 kanye nezingcingo imizuzu emithathu. Amahhovisi agunyaziwe athola inqwaba yokuxhumana. I-Concise, imilayezo egxiliswe cishe ingafundwa futhi iqondwe kunezihloko eziningi, ibhucungwa kakhulu, i-memone yokuxhumana ihlanganisa izihloko eziningi.

Uma ukuxhumana kwakho kubhekisela emthethweni oqondile, yiphawule ngokufanele (Isikweleti: S___ noma Indlu: H.R. ______). Ukuzichaza okufanele kusiza izisebenzi ukuba ziqonde ngokushesha ukuthi uxoxa ngani futhi udlulisele ukuxhumana kwakho kumuntu ofanele.

Xoxani Ngezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

I-actin inganikeza okuthile okuhlukile: indaba yomuntu siqu, isibonelo esithile sendawo, noma ulwazi lwamathupha ngezidingo zomphakathi − lokhu akuwona nje umbono, ulwazi oluyi-intelliging, ukuhlakanipha okungakho ukulingisa umkhangisi eWashington, D.C., okungakho ukulingisa. Izindaba zomuntu siqu ziveza izindaba zesimiso sobuntu futhi zinikeze izikhulu imibono ebezingasoze zayithola.

Ukuchaza indlela umthetho noma inkambiso ekuthinta ngayo wena ngokwakho kwenza ukukhulumisana kwakho kube okushukumisayo nokukhumbuleka ngokwengeziwe, uma kufaneleke.

Landela Ngokufanelekile

Ngemva kokuba usuthintane nesikhulu esikhethiwe, landela lokho abakwenza − uma bekhetha indlela ofuna ngayo, cabangela ukubhala amazwi okubonga amafushane, futhi uma ummisi wakho engavoti ngendlela oyifunayo, cabangela ukuthintana nabo futhi uveze ukudumazeka kwakho ngenhlonipho. Ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthembisana okuqhubekayo futhi kusiza ukwakha ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo namahhovisi abameleli.

Beka isikhathi esimisiwe sokuphendula, uma isikhulu esikhethiwe singathathanga sikhundla emthetho, buza uma kufanele uphinde uhlole ukuze uthole ukuthi uyini ummisi-mthetho wakho ohlose ukwenza, ngakho awushiywanga ulenga ngokungenasiphelo. Ukulandela ngokulinganisela kubonisa ukuphikelela ngaphandle kokuwela ekuhlukunyezweni.

Ukukhetha Indlela Efanele Yokukhulumisana

Ukuqonda amakhono nokulinganiselwa kwendlela ngayinye kukusiza ukuba ukhethe indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuxhumana.

Ukuxhumana Okulotshiwe: Izincwadi Nezincwadi

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zikhetha kakhulu ukuxhumana nge-email nama-fax ngoba iposi lithatha isikhathi esengeziwe ukufinyelela kuzo ngenxa yezilinganiso zokuphepha. I-imeyili iye yaba indlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana okubhaliwe nabameleli, ukunikeza ijubane nokuvumelana ngesikhathi sidala umbhalo.

Iposi lendabuko lisenendawo, ikakhulukazi yezokuxhumana ezisemthethweni noma uma ufuna ukubonisa umzamo owengeziwe. Abanye abameleli bathumela kokubili i-imeyili neposi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo wabo wamukelwa ngezindlela eziningi.

Izingcingo

Abantu abahambela ucingo akumelwe balindele ukukhuluma ngokuqondile nabaphathi-zingqungquthela zabo, kodwa kufuneka ukuba abhale phansi indawo yakho, futhi izingcingo ziphathwa yilungu lezisebenzi. Izingcingo zocingo zingaphumelela kakhulu ezindabeni ezizwelayo isikhathi noma uma ufuna ukuhlola isimo sesikhulu esisemthethweni ozayo.

Uma kungenzeka, cela ukukhuluma nomdlali osingatha udaba ofuna ukusho ngalo, zichaze njengo-ace (igama, idolobha nezwe), futhi utshele umkhondo ongathanda ukuwushiya umyalezo omfushane. Ukulungiselelwa ngomyalezo ofingqiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isikhathi selungu lezisebenzi ngokuphumelelayo.

Emihlanganweni Ephansi

Ukuhlangana nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe ngezindaba zenkululeko yomphakathi kulula kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaningi becabanga, uma bekhumbula, izishaya - mthetho zakho ziyakusebenzela.

Akudingekile ukuya eWashington, DC , i-DC ngalinye lamalungu oMkhandlu futhi linamahhovisi afanayo noma ngaphezulu esifundeni sawo, futhi ngisho noma ilungu lingasekho ehhovisi lendawo kakhulu, kunelungu elihlala njalo lezisebenzi ehhovisi ngalinye ongahlangana nalo. Amahhovisi esigodi avame ukutholakala futhi angesabi kakhulu kunasemahhovisi aseWashington.

Yenza isicelo sakho ngokubhala bese ulandela ucingo kuNobhala we-Treasure/UMhleli, usikisele izikhathi nezinsuku ezithile zomhlangano wakho, futhi ubazise ukuthi yiyiphi impikiswano nomthetho ofisa ukuxoxa ngawo. Ukulungiselela nokuhlela kahle kwandisa amathuba omhlangano ozuzisayo.

Izinqubo Zokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana

Izikhulu eziningi zigcina imithombo yezokuxhumana ikhona futhi zihlola izimpawu ezihambisana nalezi ziteshi. Nokho, ukuxhumana kwezezokuxhumana kusobala futhi kungase kungatholi ukunakwa okufana nokuxhumana okuqondile ngezindlela ezingokomthetho.

Izindaba zomphakathi zingathonya izingxoxo ezibanzi futhi zibonise imizwa yomphakathi ezindabeni, kodwa kufanele zihambisane nokuxhumana okuqondile esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izindlela ezingokomthetho.

Ukukhathalela Okukhethekile Izindlela Ezihlukahlukene Zokukhulumisana

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobungcweti zidinga izindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ziphakamisa ukucatshangelwa okuhlukile okungokomthetho.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo Nemisebenzi Yokucophelela

Abameleli banikeza izinkonzo ezihlangene ukuze kusizwe izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise amanxusa kahulumeni futhi zixazulule izinkinga ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Lezi zinkonzo zingahlanganisa usizo ngenzuzo yenhlala- kahle, izinzuzo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho, izindaba zokufuduka, noma ezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

UKhongolo-mthetho luthathe izindinganiso eziqaphela indima engokomthetho yamalungu ekusizeni abameleli, kuyilapho kuvikelwa kokubili amalungelo afanele enqubo amaqembu angathintwe yizenzo zikahulumeni nekhono lezikhulu zezinhlangano lokusebenzisa imithwalo yazo yemfanelo. Lapho ufuna usizo lwamacala, nikeza ukwaziswa okuphelele nokuqondile ngesimo sakho ukuze usize ihhovisi lommeleli ekusizeni ngokuphumelelayo.

Imikhankaso Ehleliwe Yokuthumba

Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo okuvela kubantu abahlangene, futhi kaningi, kunethonya elikhulu emiphumeleni yenqubo, futhi ezingeni likahulumeni, umbiko wamahhovisi emithetho ubika ukuthi ukuthola izingxoxo ezimbalwa ezifinyelela kweziyisithupha noma ezingu-8 ohlangothini olulodwa lwendaba kungabhekwa njenge "zwe elididekile" imikhankaso yobuzali ehlangene ingaphumelela kakhulu, kodwa isebenza kangcono kakhulu uma abahlanganyeli behlela imiyalezo yabo siqu kunokuba bathumele izinhlamvu ezifanayo.

Lapho uhlanganyela emikhankasweni ehleliwe, qonda lendaba ngokuphelele ukuze ukhulume ngolwazi uma uxhunyelelwa ukuba ulandele. Izingxoxo zempi zinamandla kakhulu, kodwa imiyalezo ehlelekile emikhankasweni ehlangene inemiphumela emikhulu.

Izimemo

I - American Bar Association ibala izinhlobo ezine zezicelo ezivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuhlanganise nezicelo zomphakathi ezicela izikhulu ukuba zithathe isinyathelo noma zingasithathi nhlobo isinyathelo, ukuze zithole izignesha ezivela kumalungu omphakathi avumelana nombono wesicelo, futhi ngokuvamile abasayinayo akudingeki ukuba bamise ezinye izimpawu ngaphandle kokuba bona beyibo.

Uhulumeni angase amise izimiso ezinengqondo zokwenza kuqinisekwe ukuthi ukusayina isicelo esibhalwe phansi noma esikuyi - Internet kuyasebenza futhi angabeka imithetho evamile yokuthi izicelo ziqoqwe futhi zithotshwe kanjani, kodwa lezo zimfuneko akumelwe zihloselwe noma zibe nomphumela wokudumaza abantu ukuba basebenzise lelilungelo. Lapho behlela noma besayina izicelo, baqiniseke ukuthi bayavumelana nesimo nezimfuneko zendawo ezisebenzayo.

Ukuqonda Ukusebenza Kwamahhovisi Emithetho

Ukwazi indlela amahhovisi okushaya imithetho asebenza ngayo kukusiza ukuba ukhulume ngokuphumelela futhi ubeke izinto ezingokoqobo ozilindele.

Indima Yabaqeshi

Ku 99% yezingcingo eziya kuKhongolo, uzoba ukhuluma nelungu lezisebenzi zesishayamthetho. Amalungu abasebenzi adlala indima ebalulekile emahhovisi emithetho, ekusingatheni izigijimi ezihlangene, ukusingatha izindaba zokucwaninga, ukumisa umthetho ogunyazayo, kanye nokweluleka abameleli ezindabeni zesimiso. Ukuphatha izisebenzi ngenhlonipho futhi ubanike ukwaziswa okuwusizo kusiza ukuba ufinyelele ummeleli wakho.

Amalungu ahlukahlukene ezisebenzi asingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene. Abasizi bemithetho bavame ukusebenzelana nezindawo ezithile, kanti izisebenzi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezizosiza ekumangaleni. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zasehhovisi kukusiza ukuba uqondise ukuxhumana kwakho nomuntu ofanelekayo.

Indlela Okukhulunywa Ngayo Ngokuxhumana

Amahhovisi emithetho alondoloza izimiso zokulandelana kwezokuxhumana. Izincwadi zakho, ama-imeyili, nezingcingo zivame ukulotshwa, kuhlotshaniswe, futhi kuhlohlwa ukusiza abameleli ukuba baqonde umuzwa ohlangene. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ngisho noma ungatholi impendulo yomuntu siqu, ukuxhumana kwakho kunengxenye ekuqondeni kwehhovisi izinto eziza kuqala.

Izinhlamvu ezisemthethweni nama-imeyili amakhulu ziqashelwa njengezinjalo futhi zingabhalwa ngendlela ehlukile kunokuxhumana okungokomuntu siqu.

Izikhathi Zokusabela Nokulindela

Amahhovisi agunyaza imithetho athola inqwaba yokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphezulu. Izikhathi zokusabela ziyahluka kuye ngemithombo yehhovisi, ubunkimbinkimbi bophenyo lwakho, nokusebenza kwakho kwamanje. Nakuba ungase ungatholi ukusabela okusheshayo, amahhovisi amaningi alwela ukuvuma ukuxhumana okuhlangene.

Ngezindaba ezizwelayo, njengamavoti azayo, bonisa ukuphuthuma kokukhulumisana kwakho. Ngezindaba zokusebenza, yiba nesineke kodwa uphikelele, ulandele uma ungatholanga impendulo phakathi ne-frame yesikhathi esifanelekile.

Ukucatshangelwa Komuntu Siqu Nokuvikelwa Kwemininingwane

Ukuqonda indlela lokhu kwaziswa okusingathwa ngayo kuyakusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini mayelana nalokho ozokutshela abanye.

Indlela Osebenzisa Ngayo Ulwazi Lwakho

Amahhovisi asemthethweni asebenzisa ukwaziswa okuthintana nocingo ukuze aphendule ukuxhumana kwakho, umzwelo ohambisana nakho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi athumele ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yommeleli. Ulwazi lwakho lungagcinwa ezitapishini zokuqondisa ubuhlobo ezigcinwe yihhovisi.

Ngokuvamile, amahhovisi emithetho abheka ukuxhumana kwezikhulu ezihlangene njengemfihlo futhi awamthumeli obala oye wathintana nazo ngezindaba ezithile. Nokho, ukuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni kungathonywa imithetho yomphakathi ezimweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi embusweni wezwe nasemazingeni endawo.

Ukuvikela Isikhathi Sakho Sokuba Wedwa

Uma uthintana nabameleli, nikeza ukwaziswa okunembile kodwa cabangela imininingwane yomuntu siqu edingekayo ekuxhumaneni nawe. Ukuze isimiso esivamile sokuqamba amasheya, igama lakho, ikheli, nokwaziswa kokuxhumana kwanele. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezindaba, kungase kudingeke unikeze ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe okungakusiza ihhovisi ukuba likusize.

Qaphela ukuxoxa ngokwaziswa kwakho okuthinta inhliziyo ngezindlela ezingaqondile. Uma kudingeka unikeze ukwaziswa kwakho siqu okuningiliziwe ukuze ukhokhele amasheya, buza ngezindlela ezilondekile zokudlulisela ukwaziswa okunjalo.

Amaphutha Avamile Okumelwe Agwenywe

Ukuqonda izingibe ezivamile kuyakusiza ukuba ugweme ukululaza imizamo yakho yokuzitika.

Ukuba Nonya Noma Isihluku

Intukuthelo nokukhungatheka kuyizindlela ezingokwemvelo zokusabela ekungavumelani kwezombangazwe, kodwa ukuveza lemizwelo ngokudelela noma ngobudlova akuzuzisi.

Ukunikeza Ulwazi Olunembile

Amaphutha ayiqiniso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi awenziwe ngamabomu noma awenziwenga ngenhloso, anciphisa ukwethenjwa kwakho. Phambi kokuthintana nabameleli ngomthetho othile noma ngemibandela engokwezimiso, qinisekisa amaqiniso akho. Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuthile, vuma lokhu kungaqiniseki kunokuveza ukuqagela njengokuyiqiniso.

Ukwehluleka Ukuzazi Ngokufanele

Ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kwakho kothintana noma ukungaqondi ukuthi ungumsizi yini kunciphisa ukuphumelela kokuxhumana kwakho. Amahhovisi agunyaza umthetho ahlela ukuxhumana okuhlangene, ngakho ukuziveza ngokucacile njengomnikazi (uma unguye) kuqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo wakho unakwa.

Ukuthumela Imiyalezo Ewumfanekiso

Nakuba imikhankaso yokuqondisa iwusizo, ukuthumela izinhlamvu ezifanayo ngaphandle kokuzihlela akuphumeleli kunokunezela umbono wakho siqu.

Ukuxhumana Kaningi Kakhulu

Nakuba ukuqapha okuphikelelayo kufanelekile, ukukhulumisana ngokweqile kungalimaza. Uma usukhulumisa ukuma kwakho engxoxweni, eminye imiyalezo efanayo ayihlanganisi inani. Kunalokho, nikeza ukwaziswa okusha, uphendule ngentuthuko, noma ulandele ngezikhathi ezifanele.

Ukungazinaki Iziqondisi Zamahhovisi

Amahhovisi amaningi abameleli anikeza iziqondiso eziqondile zokuxhumana okuhlanganyelwe kumawebhusayithi abo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izindlela ezithandwayo zokuxhumana, ukuhlela izimfuneko, noma iziyalezo zezicelo ezithile. Ukulandela lezi ziqondiso kubonisa inhlonipho ngezinqubo zobuso futhi kwandisa amathuba okuxhumana kwakho kuzokuhlelwa ngoku ngokuphumelelayo.

Izindlela Eziphambili Zokufundisa

Lapho usuziqonda izici eziyisisekelo zokukhulumisana okungokomthetho nokuphumelelayo, ungasebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okusebenzisa ukuqasha.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Kunokuba uthintane nezikhulu kuphela lapho udinga okuthile, cabangela njalo izindaba ozikhathalelayo. Ngiyabonga abameleli lapho bethatha izikhundla ozisekelayo, banikeze ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngezindawo zakho zobuchwepheshe, futhi babonise ukuvumelana okuqhubekayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhulumisana okuvamile, okwakhayo kungakuveza njengomuntu onolwazi nonokwethenjelwa okuthi ukuqondisa kwakhe kuyaziswa. Lokhu kwakhiwa kobuhlobo kuzuzisa uma kudingeka ukhuthaze izindaba ezibalulekile.

Ukubambisana Nabanye

Ukuletha abantu abangaphezu kwabane noma abahlanu kungaba nzima ukukuphatha, “‘ kugcine kuncane, kodwa kulethe abantu abamelela amaqembu ahlukahlukene anesithakazelo emthetho onjengodokotela, omakad ’ ebona, abaholi benkolo, amalungu ebhodini lesikole. i - coalition advocacy, lapho ababheki bezimo abahlukahlukene behlangana khona ngemigomo efanayo, kungaba ngokuphumelelayo.

Uma uhlangana nabanye, qinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyaqonda isigijimi nokwazi ukusondela. vumelanani ngokukhuluma amaphuzu − kunzima ukwenza isimo sakho sibe siqinile lapho ungavumelani nemibono yakho emhlanganweni, futhi uma iphuzu libangela ukucindezeleka eqenjini, lishiye. Ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa i-advocacy kusuka kumasu ahlukahlukene kubonisa ukusekela okukhulu isikhundla sakho.

Imithombo Yezindaba Ehlasimulisayo Nokunakwa Komphakathi

Ukuqapha umphakathi ngeminyango yezezindaba kungaphelelisa ukuxhumana okuqondile nabameleli. Izincwadi eziya kumhleli, i-op-eed, nezingxoxo zemithombo yezindaba zingavusa ukuqashelwa kwezimpikiswano futhi zibonise ukusekela komphakathi izikhundla zakho. Abameleli banaka izindaba ezifihlwa yimithombo yezindaba ezifundeni zabo, futhi ukuqamba umlomo komphakathi kungathuthukisa isigijimi sakho.

Lapho uhlanganyela ekuqondiseni umphakathi, gcina izindinganiso ezifanayo zokunemba nenhlonipho ongazisebenzisa ekudluliseleni izigijimi ngokuqondile. Izinkulumo zomphakathi ziba yingxenye yerekhodi elihlala njalo futhi zingathinta ukuthembeka kwakho emahhovisi abameleli.

Ukunikeza Ulwazi Oluphambili

Nakuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zithonywa yizici eziningi, ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko kwanoma yimuphi ummeleli kuwumphumela oqondile wenkambiso kubantu esifundeni sabo noma esifundazweni, futhi ummeleli anganikeza okuthile okuyingqayizivele: indaba yomuntu siqu, isibonelo esithile sendawo, noma ulwazi lwangempela lwezidingo zomphakathi . .awuwona umbono nje, awuyona imininingwane ewubukhazikhazi.

Uma unolwazi olungochwepheshe oluvumelana nezimiso, thembisa ukusebenza njengekhokhi lehhovisi lommeleli. Ukunikeza ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe nokunembile ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kusiza izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi zikumise njengendawo eyigugu.

Ukuhlela Kahle Ukukhulumisana Kwakho

Ukuqonda ikhalenda lomthetho nokusebenzisa isikhathi sokuxhumana kundisa ithonya. Ukuxhumana nabameleli ekuqaleni kwenqubo yomthetho, lapho kuthathwa izikweleti noma kucatshangelwa ekomitini, ngokuvamile kunethonya elikhulu kunokulinda kuze kube yilapho amavoti asesitejini asondela.

Ngezindaba ezizwela isikhathi, bonisa ngokucacile ukuphuthuma nanoma yiziphi izikhathi ezifanele. Ezindabeni zokuxhumana ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukukhulumisana okuqhubekayo kuveza ukukhathazeka okuphikelelayo futhi kugcina izimpikiswano kuyirada yamanxusa.

Izimo Ezikhethekile Nokucabangela

Ezinye izimo ziphakamisa ukucatshangelwa okuyingqayizivele kwamacala angokomthetho noma awusizo lapho kuthintana nabameleli.

Ukuxhumana Phakathi Nemikhankaso Yokhetho

Inguquko enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi nemikhankaso yokhetho. Nakuba ungathintana njalo nabameleli ngezindaba zezimiso, qaphela ukuthi ukuxhumana okuhlobene nomkhankaso kungasingathwa ngendlela ehlukile kunokuxhumana okuvamile. Imithetho yezezimali elawula iminikelo nokubambisana nemikhankaso, ngakho qonda lemithetho uma uhlanganyela emisebenzini ehlobene nomkhankaso.

Ukubhoboza Nokubika Ukuziphatha Okungafanele

Uma uthintana nabameleli ukuze ubike ukuziphatha okubi noma ukungcola kukahulumeni, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza, izivikelo ezikhethekile zingasebenza. Imithetho yesivikelo yabaphathi ivikela abantu ababika izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha okubi ekuphindiseleni. Uma ucabangela ukubika ukuziphatha okubi, ukucwaninga okusebenzayo kokufutha impepho futhi ucabangela ukuxhumana nommeli.

Izinhlangano Ezimelelayo

Uma uthintana nabameleli benhlangano kunokuba ube isakhamuzi ngasinye, kuyasebenza ukucabangela okuhlukile. Kusho ngokucacile ukuthi uyingxenye yenhlangano yakho negunya lakho lokukhuluma ngenhlangano. Kuye ngokuthi unjani futhi unegunya elingakanani, kungasebenza izimfuneko zokubhalisa ezivumelanayo.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nengahambi

Abantu abangahlali e-United States bangase bathintane nabameleli ngezindaba ezithinta bona, nakuba kufanele baphawule isimo sabo ngokwethembeka. Nakuba abameleli ngokuyinhloko bekhonza isakhamuzi, bangase bathakazelele imibono yabo bonke abantu abahlala ezifundeni zabo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezithinta ngokuqondile imiphakathi yabafuduki.

Imithombo Yezincwadi Eziphumelelayo

Imithombo eminingi ingakusiza ukuba ube ummeleli ophumelelayo futhi uhlale wazi ngenqubo yomthetho.

Ukuthola Abameleli Bakho

I-website engokomthetho ye-USA.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi kokuthola izikhulu zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nombuso, kanye nezindawo zendawo. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezisekelo ezifanayo zokuthola abameleli nokuthola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nabo.

Ukulandelela Imithetho

ISishaya-mthetho.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesikhwama, isimo, abaxhasi, namarekhodi okuvota. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zilondoloza amawebhusayithi afanayo ukuze kulandelelwe umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho nokulandelana kwezindleko ezihlobene nezithakazelo zakho kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukunikeza izimvume futhi usebenzise isikhathi.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza ukuqeqesha kobumpoqo, ukukhipha izinhlelo ezifingqiwe, futhi zihlela imikhankaso yokuphatha izigebengu. Lezizinhlangano zingakusiza ukuba uqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, uxhumane nabanye abasekeli, futhi ukhulise izwi lakho. Lapho zisebenza nezinhlangano zezempatho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ziyavumelana nezindinganiso zakho futhi zisebenzise imikhuba yezimiso zokuphatha.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Imithombo yemfundo eminingi ichaza inqubo yomthetho, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezindlela eziphumelelayo zokulawula izigelekeqe. Imitapo, izinhlangano zezemfundo, ngokuvamile kunikeza izinhlelo ezihlanganisa izakhamuzi nokuzibandakanya kwezakhamuzi. Ukusebenzisa isikhathi ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo kukwenza ube ummeli ophumelelayo.

Ithonya Elibanzi Lokuhlanganyela Kwezakhamuzi

Embusweni wentando yeningi omelelayo, ukuxhumana okuhlangene kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yemithetho, “‘ yonke imithetho iqala njengomqondo, futhi lowomqondo ungavela kummisi - mthetho, umkhangisi onguchwepheshe, noma isakhamuzi esivamile, nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo okuvela kubantu abavamile, futhi ngokuvamile kunethonya elikhulu emiphumeleni yezimiso.

Ukuxhumana kwakho nabameleli kuneqhaza enqubweni ebanzi yentando yeningi ngezindlela eziningi. Batshela izikhulu ngezinto eziza kuqala, banikeza imibono yangempela ethinta inqubo, futhi babonise ukuthembisana komphakathi ngokubusa. Ngisho noma ukuqamba kwakho siqu kungaphumeleli ngokushesha, kunezela ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo zesimiso futhi kusiza ekulolongeni isimo sezombangazwe.

Ayikona nje "ukwenza izwi lizwe"; iyisenzo esikhethekile sokunikeza ukwaziswa okuyigugu, okungenakho okusiza isikhulu ukuba senze umsebenzi waso ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokuqonda uhlelo lomthetho, sisebenzise imikhuba emihle kakhulu, futhi sithathele phambili futhi ngenhlonipho, unganikela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukuwasebenzisa Ngobuwula Amalungelo Akho

Ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho kuyilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo nelungelo lomphakathi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala selungelo lokucela uhulumeni siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda imingcele engokomthetho yalelilungelo(ihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwezinsongo, ukufumbathisa, nokuhlukunyezwa) kukusiza ukuba usebenzise i-ethenwa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga okungaphezu kokuqonda nje okuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Kudinga ukucabanga okusemqoka ngokuthi ubani ongathintana naye, ukuthi ungafinyelelaphi, nokuthi ungawuhlela kanjani umyalezo wakho. Kudinga ukunemba, inhlonipho, nokuphikelela. Kusiza ngokuqonda indlela amahhovisi emithetho asebenza ngayo kanye nalokho okwenza ukuxhumana kuphumelele.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthintana nabameleli okokuqala noma ungummeleli onokuhlangenwe nakho, izimiso ezichazwe kulo mqondisi zingakusiza ukuba ulawule igebe futhi ukhulise ithonya lakho. Khumbula ukuthi abamisi-mthetho bakho bayakusebenzela! Izindaba zezwi lakho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kunikeza umbono obalulekile, futhi ukuthembisa kwakho kuqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba uhlangana nabameleli, londoloza izindinganiso eziphakeme zokwethembeka, ukunemba, nenhlonipho. Yakha ubuhlobo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, xhumanisa nabanye abakutshela izinto ezikukhathazayo, futhi uhlale wazi ngezindaba nangenqubo yomthetho. Ukuphikelela kwakho, ulwazi, nenhlonipho kungenza umehluko omkhulu ezimisweni ezilawulayo ezithinta umphakathi wakho nesizwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, vakashela USA.gov's izikhulu ezikhethiwe ikhasi ukuze uthole abameleli bakho, noma ukuhlola imithombo yezinhlangano ezifana iSigebengu saseMelika esinenkululeko yoLuntu Union [[[FLT:]] enikeza ukuhlaziywa kwenkululeko yokuLungisa iSibeko sokuqala, kuyilapho [[FLT]] inikeza amathuluzi omningi okuqondisa imingcele. [[FLT]

Ngokusebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuxhumana nabameleli ngokucabangela nangempumelelo, uhlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokubusa ngentando yeningi futhi usize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abakhonzayo.