Kulokhu kushintsha ngokushesha kwezindawo ezizungezile zokwaziswa, ukuba kwezindawo zokuxhumana kunethonya elinamandla ezindaba nasekuhlaziyweni okufinyelela izakhamuzi. Ukuqonda indlela ukuba nemithombo yezindaba okuthinta ngayo ukwaziswa komphakathi − izindaba, ukwaziswa, nokuchaza okusekela ukungenela kwentando yeningi (ibalulekile kubafundisi, abamisi-mthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Lokhu kuhlola ukuhlangana kobunikazi bobunikazi nokwaziswa komphakathi, ukugxila ezinhlangothini zezokuphatha, ukuthintana nenkulumo yomphakathi, ukwethemba, nokuthembisa. Ngokuhlukanisa izibalo zezehlakalo lwezezwe, nokuhlola amasu okuthuthukisa ukwahlukahlukana, singaqonda kangcono indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela komphakathi okwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Isimiso sentando yeningi esinempilo sixhomeke esimisweni sezokuxhumana esinikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa okunembe, okuhlukahlukene, nokufike ngesikhathi.

  • Ukungavumelani kolwazi:[ Izikhangiso zezindaba zinikeza izindaba ngezenzakalo zendawo, zezwe, nezembulunga yonke, ezisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale ziqaphela izenzakalo ezithinta ukuphila kwazo.
  • [[NT.0] I-Public Forum: Ngezinhlu zombono, imiboniso, nezingxoxo ze-inthanethi, imithombo yezindaba inikeza indawo yengxoxo nenana imiqondo, ivumela ukuba kuzweke amazwi ahlukahlukene.
  • Ukukhokha imali nokulawula: Ukuhlolwa kwamaphephandaba kuveza ukonakala, ukungaphathwa kahle, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, okwenza izikhulu zomphakathi nezinhlangano zibone ukuthi zinecala.
  • Isivumelwano sobufazi:[ ngokuhlanganisa okhetho, izimpikiswano zezimiso, kanye nezimpikiswano zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba ikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi enjengokuvota, ukuzinikela, nokuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi.

Le misebenzi iphumelela kakhulu uma imithombo yezindaba ihlukene futhi izimele. Uma izinhlangano ezimbalwa ezinkulu zilawula ukusakazeka kokwaziswa, imithombo yezindaba ingamelana nenkinga yokulawula intando yeningi.

Ubuthakasha bendima yentando yeningi ye-Media

Ikhono lemithombo yezindaba lokufeza imisebenzi yayo yentando yeningi alizenzakaleli. Kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni komhleli, ukusekelwa kwemali, nokuzinikela ekukhonzeni umphakathi. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukukhula kokunenzuzo nokuncipha kwenzuzo yokukhangisa okungokwesiko kuye kwawabeka ngaphansi kwemihelo. Ngokwandayo, imithombo yezindaba kumelwe ilinganisele isithakazelo somphakathi nezisusa zenzuzo zabanikazi bayo, iholela ekukhathazekeni ngokunenzuzo engokwenzuzo kanye nokuncishiswa kokubika okunenzuzo kodwa okubalulekile.

Ukuqonda Ukuba Umqashi Wemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuba nemithombo yezindaba kuhlanganisa ukulawula nokulawula kwezinhlangano zezindaba, abasakazi, amasiteji e-digital, kanye nabanye abakhiqizi bezinto eziqukethwe. Ukuba ngumnini-mnikazi kungagcinwa abantu ngabanye, imikhaya, izinkampani, izisekelo, noma umbuso. Isimo sokuba ngumuntu sithonya kakhulu izinto eziza kuqala, ukuqoqwa kwemithombo, kanye nohlu lwemibono efinyelela izilaleli.

Ubungako Obuyinhloko Bobunikazi Bezindaba

  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Monistership: Uma inani elincane lezinhlangano noma abantu benengxenye enkulu yezindawo zokusakaza, ukuhlukahluka kwemibono kungancipha. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, iSinclair Broadcast Group kunakho noma isebenza amakhulu eziteshini zendawo zethelevishini, okuholela ekusakazeni izinto ezinamasuntswana anokushelana ezithengisene emaketheni amaningi.
  • I-Cros-Media Monitor: i-umnikazi wezinhlobo eziningi zemithonje (umzk., amaphephandaba, iziteshi zeTV, nomsakazo) emakethe efanayo kungalinganisela umncintiswano futhi kukhe amagumbi okunanela. I-FEDALAN Commissions [[ ibekelwe igeleze ngokwesiko eliyikhomputha ku-mnikazi e-US.S, kodwa i-dereging i-panetic i-panetic i-'excedroms.
  • Ithonya lombuso: Izwe noma i-methodia yezwe ikhipha izikhangiso zezindaba (umzk., i-CCTV noma i-RT yaseRussia) ngokuvamile isebenza njengamathuluzi okulandisa okusemthethweni, ilinganisela ukulandelana kwe-meya ezimele. Ngisho nasebusweni be-democracy, abasakazi bomphakathi abafana ne-BBC kumelwe basebenzise ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kuyilapho belondoloza inkululeko yomhleli.
  • vss esendaweni ekude. National Monitor: Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ivame ukugcizelela ukukhathazeka komphakathi, ukuhlanganisa imihlangano yebhodi yesikole, ukhetho lwendawo, nezenzakalo zendawo. Ngokuphambene, amaketanga esizwe avame ukusika izisebenzi zendawo kanye namaqoqo angaphakathi kude, ukunciphisa ukujula nokubaluleka kolwazi lwezezakhamuzi ezimpandeni zotshani.

Umlando Wemicikilisho Yokuhlala Kwabantu

Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yezindaba kuwukuthambekela okuthatha isikhathi eside okusheshayo ngokukhishwa kwemithetho e-1980 nango-1990. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-TeT CONTARY ka-1996 e-United States, wasusa amakhepu amaningi okuphatha, ubangela igagasi lokuhlanganisa. Namuhla, izinhlangano ezinhlanu kuphela , i-AT&T (I-Gern Media), i-Comast (NCUniversaldal), i-The Walt Disney Company, i-BacomCBS, ne- News Corp(* zilawula iziteshishi ezinkulu zezinhlelo zethelevishini, iziteshishishi, nezindaba ezweni. La mandla aphakamisa imibuzo ephathelenezezincukuthwayo lapho intebo enziswayo yemboni yezemboni yezentengiselwa.

Ithonya Ekwazisweni Okuyimbi

Imiphumela yobunikazi bokwaziswa komphakathi ifinyelela kude. Ukuba umnikazi akuthinti nje kuphela ukuthi iziphi izindaba ezilandiswayo kodwa futhi nokuthi zihlelwa kanjani, ukuthi zizokhulumani, nokuthi umphakathi ungathola yini ukwaziswa okudingekayo ekuhlonipheni ngentando yeningi.

Isitho Esinengxenye Nesihleli

Ngokuvamile ukuba ngumnini we-ofisi kulawula uhlu lomhleli wenhlangano yezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lwezeNhlolo-zincwadi lubonise ukuthi amaphephandaba abekwe ngamaketanga athambekele ekukhuthazeni abazohlolwa ngokwendlela engcono kakhulu kunamaphepha azimele. Uma abanikazi benezithakazelo zezombangazwe noma ezentengiselwano, bangabhebhethekisa izindaba ezihambisana nalokho okuthandayo, zinciphise izindaba eziwasongelayo. Lokhu kuthambekela komphakathi kungaphazamisa ukuqonda kwezindaba ezinjengenguquko yesimo sezulu, ukukhathalela impilo nenkambiso yezomnotho.

Ngenekile:

Ezimakethe ezibuswa izinkampani zezenzuzo, izimemezelo zinganciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwamaphephandaba abizayo okuhlola futhi esikhundleni sawo zigxile ekuzijabuliseni, izindaba ezidumile, noma ukuvusa imizwelo (ngokwaneliseka okuheha izilaleli kodwa okunikeza inani elincane lomphakathi. Ukuncipha kwezindaba zendawo kuye kwaba kubi kakhulu: kusukela ekuqaleni kuka 2000, amaphephandaba angaphezu koyedwa kwamahlanu eUnited States avimbe, adala "[[ amahlane aqala kabusha izingwadule " lapho izakhamuzi zintula khona intethelekiso ethembekile yendawo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa nokuthola okukhona kanye nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, kujulise ukulingana kokwaziswa.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokuthembeka

Izilaleli ziyawaqaphela amathonya okuziphilisa. Ukuhlola kukaGallup ne-Hynight Foundation kubonisa ukuthi ukuthembela emithonjeni yezindaba sekunciphile amashumi amaningi eminyaka, amaMelika amaningi akholelwa ukuthi izinhlangano zezindaba zikhohliswa noma zisetshenziswa yizithakazelo ezinamandla. Uma imithombo yezindaba ibhekwa njengethuluzi labanikazi abacebile noma izigijimi ezihlukene, izakhamuzi zingakulahla ukuphila komphakathi, zingakukholelwa ukubaluleka kwayo yonke imithombo yokwaziswa.

Ulwazi Isilo Nezikhungo Zokubekisa

Ukuba nemininingwane efakiwe kungaholela ekungeniseni izindaba, ukunciphisa ukuchayeka emibonweni ehlukahlukene. Ngisho noma kukhona izikhangiso eziningi, uma zonke ziyingxenye ye-complatete, zingahlanganyela iziqondiso zomhleli nezindaba ezikhethiwe. Zihlangene nokuhlelwa kwemithetho eqoshiwe emaqophelweni ezibalo, lokhu kungabamba abasebenzisi emagumbini lapho izinkolelo zabo ziqiniswa khona futhi zihluzwa khona. Ukuhlukana okunjalo kululaza isisekelo esidingekayo sengxoxo yentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Indaba Yokuba Umnikazi Wezindaba

Izibonelo zangempela zezwe zibonisa imiphumela ebonakalayo yezakhiwo zobumnini ekwazisweni komphakathi. Nazi izibonelo eziningana ezihlanganisa amazwe ahlukene kanye nezinga lokuphatha.

Iqembu Lokusakaza Nezindaba Zendawo ISinclair

Sinclair Broadcast Group ingumnikazi omkhulu kakhulu weziteshi zethelevishini zendawo e-United States. Ingxenye zayo esemaphakathi "ifanele-run" − ngokuvamile iziteshi ezithatha indida", zithatha iziteshi zokukhulumela emoyeni ezivela kuSinclair abaqondisi be-omnums. Ukucwaninga i-Columbia Journalism Review[ yathola ukuthi iziteshi zeSinclair ziveza intethingiza yakuqala nemibono ehlukile kontanga yabo. Lokhu kunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo imibono ekhona emiphakathini eminingi, kululaza inkulumo yezendabuko yendawo.

Izindaba Nethonya LaseMurdoch

Izindaba Corp, ezilawulwa umkhaya wakwaMurdoch, zinezindawo ezinethonya ezihlanganisa iFox News e-U.S., iTimes neLanga e-U.K., ne-Australia. Lezi ziphakamiso ziye zabekwa icala lokuguqula umbono womphakathi ngokusekela izinhloso zezombangazwe ezingaguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhokhwa kukaFox News ka-2020 U.S. nomphumela wakhe ngokuvamile kuveza iziphakamiso zokukhomba amavoti, kunezela ekungathembini ezikhungweni zentando yentando yeningi. Iziqondiso ezihlangene eziphesheya kombuso iMurdoch zibonisa indlela ubuni obungaqhuba ngayo ukulandisa okungaguquguquki emingceleni.

I - BBC: Umphakathi Wawukhokhela Izimali Kodwa Ucindezelwa Ngokwezombangazwe

INhlangano yeBritish Broadcasting ixhaswe ngemali ekhokhelwa imikhaya ekhokhelwa imali yelayisense, ecatshangelwa ukuthi iyivikela ekucindezeleni kwezentengiselwano. Nokho, isimo sayo sokubusa ``iZivumelwano ezenziwa nguhulumeni' siye saholela ekumangalelweni ngezikhathi ezithile kobandlululo lwezombangazwe kokubili ngakwesobunxele nakwesokudla. Ukuxhasa kwamuva kwezimali ukuqina nokusongela ukukhulula ukungakhokhi imali kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzimela isikhathi eside komphakathi. I-BBBC ibonisa ukuthi ukuba ukuba nobunikazi be-commercial akwenzeli ngempumelelo; ukuzimela kwezombangazwe kudinga isivikelo esingokomthetho nokubusa okusobala.

Imithombo yezindaba yomphakathi: Isibonelo sokubambisana

Ngokungafani nezindawo ezinkulu zokudayisa inkohlakalo, ezinye iziteshi zezokuxhumana zezemiphakathi yazo noma zezisebenzi ezibambisanayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Mount Eagle eKentucky [1] izikhulumela kakhulu masonto onke ezidalula ukonakala kuhulumeni wendawo(ne i-Guardian, ephethwe yi-Scott Trust Limed, ekhona kuphela ukuze ivikele ukuzimela kwephephandaba. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zokuphatha umphakathi ziveza inzuzo, ngokuvamile ziphumela ekujuleni, futhi zibangela ukuwohloka. Nokho, lezi zimbangela ukulwela ukusekela kwezezimali enkathi yokudayisa.

Izinhloso Zokuthuthukisa Ukuba Umnikazi Kwemithombo Yezindaba Ohlukile

Ukusingatha imiphumela emibi yokunakekela izinto ngokuzifaka kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene ehilela isimiso, isenzo somphakathi, nokuqaphela izilaleli.

Izinguquko Zemithetho Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Okungathembani

Ohulumeni bangafeza indima ngokuqinisa imithetho evimbela ukugcinwa kwethemba evimbela ukugxiliswa kwengqondo ngokweqile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kweziteshi zeteshi nokulinganisela ukuba nomnini we-media ezimakethe zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfuneko zokubona ngalé kokukhanya zingaphoqelela abanikazi bezindaba ukuba baveze izithakazelo zabo zezombangazwe nezezimali, ukuvumela izilaleli ukuba zenze izahlulelo ezinolwazi ngobandlululo.

Ukusekelwa Kwezindaba Zendawo Nezingazuzisi

Izimali zomphakathi, izisusa zentela, kanye nezinyathelo ezifana ne- INgxowa-mali yoBuhosho-mali ingasekela amagumbi ezindaba endawo asebenza ngokuzimele. Izinhlangano zomphakathi njenge PBS ne NPR e-U.S. zithembele engxubevange yezimali zikahulumeni neminikelo yezilaleli; ukusekela kungandisa ukufinyelela kwazo. Izimo ezinjengamaphephandaba e-Civil News Fund noma iziseke zomphakathi ziye zabonisa isithembiso ekugcineni i-operation i-operation.

Imfundo Yokufunda Nokubhala Engosini Yezindaba

Ukufundisa izibukeli ukuhlukanisa ubandlululo, ukuhlola imithombo, nokuqonda ithonya lobunikazi kubucayi. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingasungula izifundo zezezindaba ezihlanganisa izomnotho zokukhiqizwa kwezindaba. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi umnini wesiteshi uxhunyiwe kwezombangazwe, zingaqapha ukwaziswa ngezindawo zokukhipha ezizimele. Umphakathi ozisakazayo umelana kakhulu nenkulumo - ze kanye nokungahambisani.

Ukuxhasa Komphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Amazwe anjengeJalimane neJapane aye athola inzuzo enkulu yokusakaza yomphakathi esekelwe ezinkokhelweni zasekhaya noma ezinkokhelweni zikahulumeni eziqondile, ezihlelwe ukuba ziqinisekise ukuzimela komhleli. Ukwandisa izimpawu ezinjalo kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kunganikeza umthombo onokwethenjelwa wokwaziswa okungakhathalelwa izithakazelo zezentengiselwano noma zezombangazwe. Nokho, izivikelo kumelwe zibekwe endaweni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungenela kukahulumeni ezinqumweni ezihilelekile.

Ikusasa Lobunikazi Bezindaba Nokwaziswa Okuyimifantu

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha isimo semithombo yezindaba, izindlela zokuzinakekela zishintsha ngezindlela ezinikeza kokubili amathuba nezingozi zokwaziswa komphakathi.

Izici Zohlelo Lwezinombolo Nokulawula Imithetho

Iqanda lemigede yobuchwepheshe − Google, Meta, Twitter, kanye nezinye — manje lisebenza njengabagcini bamasango ukuze kusakazwe izindaba. Imithetho yabo inquma ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ezifinyelela ezigidini zezigidi zabasebenzisi, ngokuvamile zimisa ukubopha ngokunemba. Nakuba la mapulatifomu ekwazile ukuveza okuqukethwe yindalo ngendlela ehlelekile, abuye agxilise amandla phezu kwembulunga yomphakathi ngezindlela eziphikisana nobuni bezindaba obungokwesiko. Izimpikiswano zamuva ezimayelana nokudayisa nokulandisa kwezindaba eziveza izenzakalo ezintsha.

Ukuvela KoMdali Abazimele

Uphampathi, uPatreon, namanye amathuluzi okusekela intela avumela izintatheli ukuba zakhe izibukeli ngaphandle kokusekelwa yinhlangano. Lokhu kungandisa ukuhlukahluka kwamazwi, ikakhulukazi lawo avela emiphakathini encishisiwe. Nokho, laba abadali ngokuvamile abanakho ukuqondisa nokuhlola imithombo yezincwadi namaqiniso, futhi ukuthembela kwabo enkokhelweni yenkokhelo yenkokhelo kungaqinisa izisekelo zokuthola imvume. Inselele iwukuhlanganisa ukuzimela kwemithombo yezindaba ezimele nomdali nezindinganiso zesiko.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuba Umnikazi

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ukuba nemithombo yezindaba kuhlala kuhlangene kakhulu nezikhulu zezombangazwe nezezomnotho. Emazweni anjengeHungary nePoland, ama-oligarch kahulumeni athenge izikhangiso zobunikazi, ngokuphumelelayo ukwakha iproprofession yezindaba. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge izimemezeli ezingenamidaba zihlola lemiqondo futhi zisekela inkululeko yokunyathelisa. Umbono wembulunga yonke usikhumbuza ukuthi ukuba nobuni bezindaba abuyona nje impikiswano yasekhaya; kuthinta ulwazi oluvela emnyango wezindaba nolwentando yeningi.

Izinyathelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwezinombolo Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano zezindaba zendawo, amagumbi ezindaba angazuzisi, namabhuloho asendaweni ephezulu kakhulu achuma kwezinye izindawo, imithombo yezokuxhumana efuna ukuxhumana namathuluzi okunyathelisa aphansi okusiza imiphakathi yabo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iDolobha laseNew York, iChalkback (ukuhlanganisa imfundo), neTexas Tribune. Lezi zimemezelo zixhaswe kakhulu yingxube yeminikelo, iminikelo, iziphano, namalungu. Impumelelo yazo isikisela ukuthi ikusasa elinabantu abahlukahlukene kakhulu lingaba khona uma imiphakathi kanye nabaphili besebenzisa i-diastructionism engenisa ulwazi lwezembuzo hulumeni.

Ekuphetheni, ukuba nemithombo yezindaba akuyona nje into ekhathazayo kodwa ukuvimbela okuyisisekelo kwezinga lokwaziswa komphakathi okukhona. Kusukela ekuhlelweni kwegumbi lokuhlela ukuhlanganisa kuya kumthetho wesiteji sezenhlalo, ukuba umuntu kuhlela lokho abantu abakwaziyo, indlela ababheka ngayo izindaba, nendlela abahlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola ngokunemba okukhulu izakhiwo zokuzimela, ukusekela imithombo yezindaba ezimele nesendaweni, nokukhuthaza ukufunda, abafundisi, nabenzi bezimiso bangasebenzela ekutholeni ulwazi oluthe xangalelayo nomphakathi. Ikusasa lenkulumo yedemokhrasi lixhomeke ekuqapheni kwethu okuhlangene nokuzimisela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ikhonza umphakathi, hhayi nje labo abayithandayo.