Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Kuhlolwe Ukuqondisa

Ukushintsha inqubo kushintsha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla cishe ukusuka emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo nokudla esikudlayo ukuze siqinise izimakethe zezimali kanye nokuphepha kwemisebenzi. Nokho imithetho ebonakala inengqondo ephepheni ingaveza imiphumela engalindelekile, ibeke izindleko ezingalinganiyo, noma ihluleke ukushintsha ukuziphatha. Ukulawula komthetho kuyimpatho eyingozi. Ngakho - ke inikeza ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze kucwengisiswe imithetho engcono, ukuklama okungcono, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yomphakathi ehloselwe ukuba inikezwe ngempela. Ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokuqinile, imithetho ibeka izingozi zokuba inguquko ngaphandle komthwalo wamademoni.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokulinganisa nezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenza komthetho. Sithola amasuntswana amisiwe athathwe ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-ECD kanye U.S. i-Agency yeSikhungo Sendawo Ezungezile[, kanye nezifundo ezithathwe ezifundweni zezezezezendaba zangempela. Ngokuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi, abaqondisi, ababophi ababoli, nezakhamuzi zingasunduzela ukukhomba i-schebo, ukubusa okunezene.

Ukuqonda Ukuphumelela Kwezimiso

Ukusebenza okulawulayo akuwona umqondo owodwa kodwa umqondo owe-omillion. Phakathi nawo, kubhekisela ezingeni umthetho ofeza ngalo izinjongo zawo ezimisiwe. Nokho, lezozinhloso zivame ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi (ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho, izinga lemvelo, impilo yomphakathi, ukulinganisela, nokulawula. Izimiso eziphumelela ngempela kumelwe zenzeke ngokwezimiso eziningana:

  • Isandla esivulekile: Ingabe lomthetho uveza ushintsho olufunekayo ekuziphatheni noma umphumela?
  • [ ukufeza kahle : Ingabe izinzuzo zomthetho zivunyelaniswe ngezindleko ezibekwa emphakathini?
  • ukwenzeka [: Ingabe imithwalo nezinzuzo zabelwa kahle ngamaqembu ahlukene?
  • Ukuguqula[: Ingabe umthetho ungavumelana nezimo ezishintshayo noma ulwazi olusha?
  • Ligitamiza: Ingabe umthetho ubhekwa njengolungile nonengqondo kulabo abathintekile?

Lemilinganiso ivame ukudlulana. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho olawulayo obekwe phambili kakhulu ungafeza ukusebenza okukhulu kodwa ngezindleko zokuvumelana nokusebenza. Ukuhlola kumelwe kulinganisele lokhu kucindezeleka, kusebenzisa inhlanganisela yemigqa kanye nezindlela ezithatha isithombe esigcwele. i-OECD’s ye-Apligilitic Outlook igcizelela ukuthi impumelelo akumelwe ihlolwe ngokuvumelana okusheshayo kuphela kodwa nangemiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside kanye nezinga lenqubo yokubuyisela unyawo ngokwayo.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuhlola

Ama-metrics ahumusha imigomo yokuqondisa ku-bictors. Akukho metric eyodwa eyanele; i-stagnex iyadingeka ukuze kuthathwe izici eziningi zokuphumelela. Ngezansi kusetshenziswa kakhulu imigomo, enwetshwe ngezibonelo nangomongo.

Izinga Lokuncintisana

Ukulandelana kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu: kulinganisa isilinganiso sezinhlangano ezilawulwayo ezinamathela kumthetho. Amazinga aphakeme okulalela asikisela ukuthi umthetho uklanywe kahle, uphoqelelwe, futhi wamukeleka. Ukuzithoba kungabonisa ukuklanywa okungafanelekile, ukuphoqelelwa okungenamandla, noma izimfuneko ezingekho ngqiqweni. Nokho, ukuvuma kukodwa kungakhohlisa. Umthetho ohlanganiswe kalula ungase ungaqhubeki ngenguquko enenjongo, kuyilapho umthetho onzima ohambisana nokulalela ngokulinganisela ungasadala izinzuzo ezinkulu zenethi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sisebe sobusekeri ne-Exchange Commission ivumelana nezimfuneko ze-revolution; amazinga aphakeme eshalo aliqiniseki ukuthi abanizi ukuthi empeleni basebenzisa ulwazi.

Ithonya Lemiphumela

Ukuphuma kwemitapo kudlula ukuvumelana nokulinganiswa koshintsho lwangempela emhlabeni. Kungase kube ukwehla kokugxilisa ingqondo noma ukululama kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Kuzimiso zokuphepha, kungaba kunciphiswana ukulimala emsebenzini noma ukufa kwezimoto. Ukuphuma kwemigqa kungukulinganisa okuqondile kokuthi umthetho uyasebenza yini. Nokho, kudinga ukulawula ezinye izici ezithonya umphumela, inselele evame ukudinga izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulinganisela. Ukuhlola kwamuva kwe-Ceac Air Act kunikeza isibonelo esisazi kahle: ngokuqhathanisa izinga lomoya phambi nangemva kwezimiso ezinkulu, inhlangano elinganisela ukuthi i-Actscromast yezinkulungwane zeminyaka yokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ukuhlaziya izindleko zokulungisa izindleko (CBA)

I-CBA iqhathanisa ingqikithi yezindleko zezomnotho zemithetho (izindleko zokulawula, imithwalo yokusebenza, ukulahlekelwa umkhiqizo) nezinzuzo zayo eziphelele (intuthuko engokwempilo, inzuzo yendawo ezungezile, incishisiwe izingozi). Zombili izindleko nezinzuzo ziboniswa ngokwemali lapho kungenzeka khona, ivumela ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwenhlala- kahle yezenhlalo yezenhlalo yezenhlalo. I-CBA iyikhothalo lokuhlola okulawulayo emazweni amaningi, kodwa inezikhawulo ezilinganiselwe. Izimpikiswana ngezindinganiso ezingakholeki (umk, isithunzi somuntu) futhi ingathatha indiva ukunciphiswa kwenani nokungabaza. Naphezu kwalezi zimpikiswano, i-CBA ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuqhathanisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ihhovisi lokulawula nokuhlela imali eU.S. i-Ondrealmes.

Ukudla Kwamathikithi

Ama-quantitentive metric adinga ukuhlanganiswa nokufakwa kokwaziswa okungahluziwe yi-."Umphumela we-Takelder" ngokuhlola, ukukhulumela komphakathi, noma ukuhlola imihlangano(-"i-aspect") yembula imiphumela engahlongozwanga, ukubhula izithiyo, nokuqonda ngokulunga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuncane kwezebhizinisi kungabonisa ukuthi imfuneko yokubika ingeyodwa kangangokuba inqanda ukuthobela, ngisho noma umthetho ngokwawo unengqondo. I-Mality Authority in the UK iqhuba njalo izimpawu ze-post ezihlanganisa ukwaziswa okungalinganiyo nezingxoxo.

Ukuhlola Kwesikhathi Eside Nezikhathi

Izimiso eziningi ziveza imiphumela edlulayo eminyakeni eminingi noma amashumi eminyaka. Ucwaningo lwezindela lulandelela izimpawu ezifanayo ezilawulwayo noma izindawo zezwe phakathi nesikhathi eside, luvumela abahloli ukuba baqaphele ukuthambekela ngaphambi nangemva kwemithetho. Ama-tem-semetameter angahlukanisa umphumela wokulawula kwezinye izinguquko zezomnotho noma zezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi abahlola ithonya le-Dodd-Frank Act eyingozi ebhange baye basebenzisa amashumi eminyaka emininingwane emali elinganayo ukuze balinganisele ushintsho lwezimali nasemsebenzini wokuhweba. Lezi zifundo zidinga ukukhomba okubalulekile ukuze bagweme ukuphikiswa kwemithetho ebhangekile.

Eminye Imithombo Yemali: Ukuvumelana, Ukwaneliseka, Nokubuyisela Ingqondo

Ngalé kwezilinganiso eziphakathi ngenhla, izilawuli ziyanda ukuba zilinganise ngokulinganayo] futhi umthetho ungathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abasengozini. Lokhu kungabanjwa ngokuncishiswa kwenani labantu abangaphansi kwezindleko noma imiphumela. [ Ukwenziwa kwemali [ukusebenza] okungalinganiswa kakhulu] ngokuhlola okungakhokhwa (umz., amadollar ngakunye ukuphila okugciniwe) noma ngokuqhathanisa ukusebenza okulawulwayo ngamaza ahlukene. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] kunzima ukulinganisa kodwa kungalinganiswa ngesivinini noma ngesivinini sokulungisa noma ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso somthetho.

Izindlela Zokuhlola

Ukukhetha indlela yokuhlola efanele kuxhomeke emongweni wokuhlola, ukutholakala kokwaziswa, nemibuzo ebuzwayo. Izindlela ngokuvamile zilandelana kusukela ekulinganiseni kuya ekuhlolweni, kanye nokuthatha izindlela ezixubile ngokuvamile zibangela ukuqonda okucebe kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokuhlanganisa

Izindlela zokwehlisa zixhomeke emininingwaneni yenani nasezibaloni. Amandla azo ukulingana nokulingana, kodwa zidinga ukwaziswa okulinganayo nokucaciswa kahle kwesibonelo.

Umklamo Ongokwengqondo

Ngoba ukulingwa okungahleliwe akuvamile ukufinyelela ezimisweni (awukwazi ukwabela ezinye izifemu ukuba ziqondiswe futhi zingaqondiswa ezinye), abahloli basebenzisa izindlela eziyisikhala. [FTP]] iqhathanisa i-diffinence-informations[[ iqhathanisa iqembu elilawulwayo neqembu elingalawulwayo elilawulwayo ngaphambi nangemva kokushintsha kwenqubo. [FLT:]] [FLT:] Renstinnity [ amaphutha emingcele (umklomo, izinga lokungcola elibangela imithetho eqinile) ukulinganisela imiphumela. [FLT] Izingamethombo ze-'screctumment [FFFF:5] [FL]]

Ukulingisa Kwezomnotho Nezifanekiso

Izimonyo ezivamile kanye nemishini yezimiso zingalingisa imiphumela yokulawula ngomkhakha wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, igesi eshisa kakhulu ye-EPA enikeza imibiko yohlelo isebenzisa izimo zezomnotho ukulinganisela imiphumela yesilinganiso sobukhulu be-macro-gass. Lemifashini inamandla okubikezela kodwa ixhomeke kakhulu emibonweni yokuziphatha nobuchwepheshe. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ngaseceleni kwemiboniso ye-bentshi.

Ukuhlola Nemininingwane Eqondisayo

Ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezilawulwayo kungaveza ukuthotshelwa nomphumela ngentengo ephansi. Amarekhodi ezisebenzi zezomthetho − njengemithende yentela, imibiko yokungcola, noma ukuhlola ukuphepha − nikeza ukwaziswa okucebile okuthatha isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuyinhloko. Ukuhlanganisa ama-data okuqondisa ezinhlanganweni (umzkk., amarekhodi empilo kanye nokuhlola indawo ezungezile) kwenza ukuba kuhlolwe izinto ezinamandla kodwa kukhuthazwe ukukhathazeka yimfihlo okumelwe kulungiswe.

Izindlela Ezifanele

Izindlela zobuthakathi zihlola i- “ukwenzi” kanye "kungani” kuvela uhlolo-lwazi. Zibalulekile ekuqondeni izinqubo zokufeza nokuthola okuhlangenwe nakho.

Izingxoxo Ezingapheli

Izingxoxo ezilungiselelwe abaqondisi, abameleli bezemboni, amaqembu afundisayo, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithintekile zingaveza izithiyo zokulalela, ukubheka okulungile, nemiphumela engalindelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izingxoxo nabanikazi bamabhizinisi abancane ngemva kokumiswa komthetho omusha wokuphepha kokudla zingaveza ukuthi izindleko zemishini yokuhlola zidlula kude izinzuzo zokuphepha kokudla ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo othile. Ukuqonda okunjalo kungazisa ukukhulula noma izimfuneko ezicushiwe.

Amaqembu okunaka

Amaqembu agxilayo ahlanganisa amaqembu amancane, ahlukahlukene ababambi bemidanti ukuze bahlole imibono yabo. Awusizo ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlolwa imithetho eqondisayo noma lapho kuhlolwa ukuthi kungani ukuvuma kuphansi. Ukubambisana kweqembu ngokuvamile kuveza imibono engeke ivele engxoxweni ngayinye.

Ukuhlola Icala

Ezimweni ezijulile ukuhlola kokusetshenziswa komthetho othile kunikeza ubufakazi obucebile, obuhlelwe ngokwemongo. Ukuhlolwa kwendaba kungabonisa indlela ukulawula kwedolobha okusha kokulawula okuthinte ngayo ukuziphatha komnikazi wendawo, ukutholakala kwezindlu, nokwaneliseka okukhulu eminyakeni emibili. ECD yendawo yokuhlolwa kwezendaba [ inikeza izibonelo eziningi ezikwemikhakha, kufaka kokubili ukungenela okuphumelelayo nokungalawuleki.

Izindlela Ezixubile: Ukuhlanganisa Okungcono Kakhulu Kokubili

Ngokwandayo, amapulani asekela ulwembu lwezindlela ezixubile: ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okunesilinganiso sokulinganisela imiphumela ebangelwa yi-ausus nokuhlukanisa imiklamo, bese usebenzisa uphendlo lwe-quative ukuchaza lezozinqubo nokuhlukanisa izinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ugwayi weFDA kungahlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi okuphazamisayo kokuhlola amazinga okubhema nezingxoxo zezikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi nabathengisi bakagwayi. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisa ukwethenjwa kokwaziswa futhi kunikeze iziluleko ezisebenzayo.

Izinselele Ekuhlukaniseni

Ngisho noma kunezilinganiso ezingcono kakhulu, ukuhlaziya ukuhleleka kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemininingwane Nemfanelo

Ukuhlola kokuqondisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukwaziswa okungekho noma okungafinyeleleki. Ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kwebhizinisi, amarekhodi ezinhlangano ezihlukene, noma izikhathi ezimfushane zokulinganisela zingalinganisela ukuhlaziywa. Emazweni asathuthuka, ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo kokulalela kungalahleka ngokuphelele. Abasubathi ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe bathembele kumaphepha okuvota noma amasampula amancane, okuletha ukungaqiniseki. Ukuveza.

Iminikelo Nezikhali Ezilwayo

Ukuhlukanisa ithonya lendlela yokulawula kwezinye izinguquko zezezomnotho − imijikelezo yezomnotho, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ezinye izinqubo , kuyaziwa kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwendlela esemthethweni yokuzimela (obekwenzeke ngaphandle komthetho), i-causal esabelweni ihlala iqinile. Izindlela zokuqonda izinto ziyasiza kodwa zincike eziminyeni (umz., izimo ezingafani) ezingase zingabambeki.

Isikhathi Nemiphumela Enamandla

Imithetho eminingi iveza imiphumela ngemva kokuthatha isikhathi eside. Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zivame ukuthatha iminyaka ukuveza intuthuko engenakulungiseka empilweni yemvelo. Izimiso zemali zingavimbela izinkinga ezaziyokwenzeka ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka (noma zingaze zenzeke). Ukuhlola okwenziwa kusaqala kakhulu kungathola imiphumela, kuyilapho kulinde izingozi ezinde kakhulu ngokusebenzisa imininingwane ephelelwe isikhathi. Imiphumela eguquguqukayo (umz., izimboni ezizama ukugwema ukuthobela) zingayiguqula futhi indawo elawulayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukumelana Nokuhlasela Nokugoma Kwababaleki

Izinhlangano ezilawulwayo zingamelana nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa noma zibike ngokuhleleka ukuze zinciphise ukuncishiswa kwezindlela ezicatshangelwayo zokuvumelana nemiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, amafemu angaphansi kokukhipha imishini angabonakala ephumelela kakhulu kunayo. Ama-epistle azimele kanye nokuqinisekisa kwesithathu kunganciphisa ukugembulela kodwa kwenezele izindleko.

Ukuzingelwa Kwezombangazwe Nezeziqu

Ukuhlola okubonisa ukuthi umthetho awuphumeleli kungaba yinkinga kwezombangazwe. Izimo eziphuthumayo zingabhekana nokucindezela kokukhipha imiphumela emihle kuphela, noma ukuhlelwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kunganqanyulwa uma okutholiwe kungamukeleki. I-institution inertia ingavimbela ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola okutholakele ekuvuseleleni imithetho. Ukwakha isiko lokuhlola kudinga ukuhola nokuzinikela isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekuhlolweni Kwamacala

Ukuhlola okungokoqobo kwezwe kubonisa indlela inkolelo-lwazi esetshenziswa ngayo. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo ziqokomisa imigqa ehlukene nezindlela ezisebenzayo.

I - dec - tract Yomoya Ohlanzekile (Indlela Yokuvuselela Ingqondo)

Umthetho we-U.S. Cease Air Act uye waba esinye sezimiso ezihlolwa kakhulu emlandweni. Ukuhlolwa kwe-EPA okuthatha isikhathi esidlule kusebenzisa inhlanganisela yemininingwane yokulalela i-others, ukuhlola izinga lomoya (ukuveza isilinganiso), kanye nokulawula impilo. Ukuhlola okungokophawu olusha kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-1970 no-202020, loMthetho uvimbele ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi okungu-200 000 ngonyaka. Ukuhlolwa kwancikekile ekulinganiseni umehluko okhona phakathi nomehluko wokungcola okusezingenisweni ezisezingeni elihlukene, kanye nokuncitshiswa kwezindleko zezentengo ezibonisa izinzuzo ezinkulu ngengxenye engu-30, lobufakazi buye basetshenziswa ekuthetheleleni ukuncitshiswa okulandelayo nokubekwa kwezindinganiso zomoya.

Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank (Umthetho wezezimali)

Idlule ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, uDodd-Frank ehloselwe ukunciphisa izingozi zesimiso nokuvikela abathengi. Ukuhlola kuye kwagxila ezilinganisweni ezinjengezilinganiso zenhloko-mali, izingozi, kanye nenani lokuhluleka kwamabhange. Ukuhlola kokusebenzisa i-akhawunti yebhanki kanye nokubuyela komnyombo we-Reunion divsuinmentation eklanywe ngomklamo womphakathi owengeziwe otholakele ukuthi ukuqondisa okuseduze ngaphansi kwe-Dodd-Frank kunciphiswe izingozi kodwa futhi kwandisa izindleko zamabhange amancane. Izingxoxo eziphambili zembula ukuthi amabhange omphakathi ashikasasi ezama ukubika umthwalo, kufaka phambili isenzo sosizo sonyaka ka-2018. Indaba ibonisa indlela ukuhlola okulinganisela nokwehlisa isilinganiso okungazisa ngayo ukulungiswa kwe-provition.

Ugwayi Ulawula Ukungcola (Ukuvuselelwa Kwempilo)

Lapho iFDA ithola igunya lokulawula imikhiqizo kagwayi ngo- 2009, yasebenzisa imingcele yokukhangisa, izimpawu zesixwayiso, kanye nokuvinjelwa kokunambitheka. Abadali baye basebenzisa izithombe zesikhathi eziphazamisekile ezinemininingwane yesitolo ukuze babonise ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokunambitheka kwentsha kuncishisiwe nge-40%. Ukuhlolwa kokudayisa namaqembu aqondiswe entsha enikeziwe anikezwa umongo: ukuvinjelwa kwakuphumelela ngoba basusa ukunambitheka okukhangayo, kodwa intsha yamane yashintshela ekuthengeni nge-i - Internet. Lokhu kuthola kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni ukugcinwa kokungavunyelwe kokusetshenziswa kwe-commerce. Uhlelo lwe-FDA [[FLT:] Uhlelo lwezentengo yeze-D [[FLT:] [FLT]] olugunya intsha enikeza izimali zokuthi i-ondleka emuva kwenkambiso.

I - GDPR (Ukwamukelwa Kwemfihlo)

I-European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation, ephumelela ngo-2018, ehloselwe ukuqinisa amalungelo emininingwane eyimfihlo. Ukuphumelela kwayo kuyinselele ngenxa yokwakheka kokwaziswa okusemhlabeni wonke. Ama-metric ahlanganisa inani lezaziso zokudilika kokwaziswa, amaface, nokuhlola okubekwa ngabathengi. Ukuhlola okuxubile okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwemibiko edidayo (okwandayo) ngezingxoxo zezikhulu zomuntu siqu kwathola ukuthi lomthetho wandisa ukuqapha kodwa futhi wakha nemithwalo yokulalela izimboni ezincane. Ukuhlolwa kwaqokomisa isidingo sokufakwa kwemithetho ehlelekile nokuvumelana kweminyango ehlangene nezingamalungu.

Isiphetho: Kubaphathi Abanobuqili

Ukuqeda ukuphumelela kokulawula akuyona inqubo eyodwa kodwa isibopho esiqhubekayo. Njengoba ukunkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho nezimiso zemvelo kwanamuhla kukhula, kanjalo nesidingo sokuhlola okuqinile, okucace gca. Izindlela kanye nezinqubo ezichazwe kulesi sihloko zenza kube nokuhlola okunenani lokuthobela nokuncitshiswa kwezindleko ukuhlanganisa imiklamo ye-engingspire-eperria nezingxoxo zabasekeli be-athonsi ye-"ne" ne-accot ekwazi ukuvumelana nomosfectal. Akukho thuluzi eliphelele. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zihlanganisa ukufinyelela, ukuvuma ukungaqiniseki, nokufuna ngentshiseko ubufakazi obungaqiniseki.

Izinselele zokutholakala kokwaziswa, ukuphiwa, nokumelana nezombangazwe zingokoqobo, kodwa azinakunqotshwa. Ohulumeni bangafaka izakhiwo zemininingwane, bagunyaze izilinganiso ezizimele, futhi bakhe izinqubo zokuzivumelanisa ezivumela iziqondiso ukuba zishintshe. Umgomo wokugcina awukona ukuthola isinqumo sokugcina emyalezweni kodwa ukusungula inqubo esebenzayo yokufunda nokuthuthukisa. Ukuzivumela okuhlolwa kahle kungazuza ukwethenjwa, kudlulisele imiphumela, futhi kukhonze isithakazelo somphakathi ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu kunemithetho engakhangwanga.