Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko yokwaziswa (FOI) nemithetho kahulumeni ebonakala kahle kwakha isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Lemiklamo engokomthetho inika izakhamuzi amandla okucela nokuthatha amarekhodi awenziwa yizindikimba zomphakathi, kanjalo yenza ukuba kube nengxoxo yomphakathi efundile, ubungameli, nokulandisa. Nakuba izimiso ezingemva kwemithetho ye-FOI ziqashelwa kuyo yonke indawo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi izinselele eziphawulekayo ziyaqhubeka. Ukuqonda le migwaqo ibalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekutheni isebenza kanjani ohulumeni abavulekileyo nendlela izinhlangano ezingaqinisa ngayo ukulandisa enkathini eyandayo.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokwaziswa

Inkululeko Yolwazi (FOI) inikeza abantu ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuthola ukwaziswa okuphethwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba ukwaziswa kubekwe ngaphansi kokungavunyelwe okuthile. Okokuqala kwamiswa i-Sweden ngo-1766, imithetho ye-FOI kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yasakazekela emazweni angaphezu kuka-20 000. Inhloso engundoqo ukuthi ulwazi lukahulumeni lungabantu, futhi izakhamuzi akumelwe zithethelele isicelo sabo sokungena. Izici eziyinhloko ezivamile emibusweni eminingi ye-FOI zihlanganisa ukubekwa kwemvume yokuvula imvume, ukusabela okumisiwe, izinhlelo zobungameli ezizimele, kanye nokunxusa ngezicelo ezinqatyiwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Inhlangano ye-FOI yanamuhla yathola amandla ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States idlulisa inkululeko Yolwazi Act (FOIA) ngo-1966. Lomthetho waba yisibonelo kwezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. I-1990 yabona igagagasi lokutholwa kwe-FOI eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Latin America njengengxenye yezinguquko zentando yeningi. Eminyakeni yama-20000, amazwe anjenge-Indiya (ekungeneni eMthethweni Wolwazi, 2005) ne-Mexico (Umthetho Obonisanaka Phezulu Nonikezelo Kumthetho Kahulumeni Wolwazi, 2002) asungula amapulani athuthukile athuthukisa ukuvela kokukhanya ezizweni ezisathuthukayo.

Izinguquko Zembulunga Yonke

Naphezu kwemigomo evamile, imithetho ye-FOI ihluka kakhulu ezingeni nasebunyameni. Amanye amazwe, njengeSweden, ashaya indiva ilungelo lokuthola izincwadi ezingokomthetho kumthetho-sisekelo wawo. Ezinye zithembele ezimisweni ezizimele. Ububanzi benkululeko buyehluka futhi: ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, inqubo yezentengiselwano, kodwa ukuchaza kwazo kubanzi noma kuncane. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand neFinland avame ukukhonjwa ngenxa yokungakhululeki kwawo okulinganiselwe nokugcinwa ngokuqinile, kuyilapho amanye ebhekene nokugxekwa ngokusebenzisa ukukhululwa ekufihleni ububi.

Indima Yokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Okusobala Kukahulumeni

Ukukhanya kukahulumeni kubhekisela ekukhululekeni kwezenzo zezikhulu zomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, nokunikeza amarekhodi. Kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokulandisa ngentando yeningi ngoba kuvumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba ziqaphele izenzo zikahulumeni, zidalule ukuziphatha okubi, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso.

Izinzuzo Zokubona Imibala Emibi

  • Ukuthemba nokungafundi: Izakhamuzi zisengozini kakhulu yokwethemba ohulumeni abavulekile ngemisebenzi nangezinqumo zabo. Izimpawu zokubona ngale kwalokho ukuthi izikhulu azinalutho okumelwe zilufihle futhi zizimisele ukuhlolwa.
  • Inkohlakalo encishisiwe: Lapho izivumelwano zikahulumeni, uhlelo, kanye nezinqubo zokuthola imali kutholakala obala, amathuba okufumbathisa nokuphanga. Izindlela zokuthatha ukwaziswa ziye zahlotshaniswa nenani eliphansi lenkohlakalo emazweni anjenge Georgia ne Estonia.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukubonakala gca kuvumela ukuphawula ukusebenza kwebhentshi nemvume yezakhamuzi, okungaqhubekisela phambili ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo engcono. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunyathelisa amamaki ayizikole kanye namazinga okungenwa yizifo ezibhedlela kunika imiphakathi amandla okufuna intuthuko.
  • [ Ingxenye eqinisekisiweyo: Izakhamuzi ezifundile zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukungenela ekuhloleni komphakathi, ukuphawula ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, nokuvota ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubona qhaza kuyimfuneko yentando yeningi yokuhlukanisa.

Ukubona Ngalé Kwe - FOI

Nakuba imithetho ye-FOI iyithuluzi eliyinhloko, ukubonakala ngaphandle kuhlanganisa futhi ukuveza, imihlangano evulekile, izikhawu ezigunyaza ukubhalisa, imithetho ephikisayo, nezivikelo zokufutha ikhwela. I-evisions idinga izinqubo eziningi ezisebenza ndawonye. I-FOI isebenza njengendlela elungile yokusekela isisekelo, kodwa ngaphandle kwezindlela eziphelelisanayo, ingaba inqubo ethatha isinyathelo, ethatha isikhathi eside kunendlela yokuveza inkululeko.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ze - FOI Nokubona Ingaphandle

Izimiso eziningana ziqondisa ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwemithetho ye-FOI kanye nokuhlelwa kokubonisana okubanzi. Lezizimiso zisiza ekucaciseni amalungelo nezibopho zohulumeni nezakhamuzi.

  • Ugesi omkhulu: [ Ohulumeni kufanele baqale ngokucabanga ukuthi yonke imininingwane kufanele ifinyeleleke. Ukukhulula kumelwe kuchazwe kancinci futhi kuboniswe isithakazelo somphakathi kunokuba kusetshenziswe kakhulu lapho ukudalula kufeza khona okukhulu.
  • [[QURT:0] Idism eyimfihlo: Kunokuba linde izicelo, izinhlangano kufanele ziveze njalo ukwaziswa okuyinhloko njengokuhlela imali, ama-auncil, izivumelwano, nezincwadi zenqubo. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo kubaceli futhi kwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
  • Akufanele ukwazi: Izakhamuzi akumelwe zidingeke ukubonisa isithakazelo esithile noma isidingo sokuthola ukwaziswa. Ilungelo ligcwele yonke indawo futhi lingowabo bonke, hhayi nje lezo ezithinteka ngokuqondile ngesinqumo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukusabela okuhambisana nesikhathi: Ukwehlisa inani lokwaziswa. Imithetho ye-FOI kufanele inike isikhathi esifanelekile sokuthatha isikhathi (ivamile 20-30 izinsuku zokusebenza) ngokunwetshwa kuphela ngezimo ezingavamile. Izindikimba ezizimele kufanele ziqaphele ukuthobela.
  • I-Afford Access:[ I-Foe akufanele ibe yisithiyo. Izindawo eziningi zivumela ukuhlolwa kwamabhukwana nge-inthanethi futhi zikhokhele kuphela isikhathi sokuveza noma sokuhlola ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-waiver yabaceli bezicelo zomphakathi ivamile.
  • I-Infestment Review: Ukuphika ukungena kufanele kukhangelwe emzimbeni ozimele − njengekhomishane yolwazi noma i-ombudsman . ngaphandle kwe-impeta yokwenqaba. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kumelwe futhi kube khona njengendlela yokugcina yokukhokha.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemithetho Ye - FII Nokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Izindawo

Naphezu kokwamukela imithetho yeFOI esakazekile, izithiyo ezinkulu zinciphisa ithonya lazo.

Izenzo Eziyingozi

Ohulumeni bangakhulula izigaba ezinkulu zokwaziswa, njenge "schioder sesizwe," "izingxoxo zomphakathi," ngaphandle kokuthethelela okunzima. Uma ukukhululeka kusetshenziswa ngokungenasizo, bangavikela ukuziphatha okubi emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ukuze afihle ukuxhashazwa noma ukonakala.

Ukulibala Nezinhlansi

Izinhlangano eziningi ze-FOI zilwa nenqwaba yezicelo eziphezulu nemithombo elinganiselwe. E-United States, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zazinezicelo ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 ezilindele eminyakeni yamuva. Ukudlulisa izikhalo okubanzi kuthatha ezinye izikhawu, okwenza i-FOI ingasizi kakhulu ekubikeni izindaba noma ekuthatheni imvume.

Ukungaqapheli Nokungakwazi

Izakhamuzi zingase zingawazi amalungelo azo noma ukuthi zingazenza kanjani izicelo eziphumelelayo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingase zingakuqeqeshelwa izibopho ze-FOI futhi zingahlosile zinikeze izimpendulo ezingaphelele.

Intando Yezombangazwe

Ukukhululeka kuvame ukubhekwa njengosongo lwezikhulu ezizimele. Ngaphandle kobuholi obuqinile nempucuko yokubona ngokukhululekile, imithetho ye-FOI iba yizincwadi ezifile. Ohulumeni banganqaba ukuqoqa izindikimba zobubonisi, ukudlulisa iziqondiso zokusebenzisa imingcele, noma ukuphindisela ngokumelene nabacelayo abavumbulula amaqiniso angathandeki.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuncibilika Kwaso

Izinkinga zokulondeka zangemva kwe-99/11 ziye zaholela ekunyukeni komshoshaphansi edemokrasi eziningi. Izinhlelo zokuhlola inqwaba nezincazelo ezibanzi zezinto ezihlelwayo zibekela inselele ukuphumelela kwe-FOI. Ukulinganisela ukulondeka ngokubona ngalé kobuso kuhlala kuyinto ephikelelayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokufezwa Okuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kwembula indlela amazwe ahlukahlukene aye abhekana ngayo nalezi zinselele futhi afinyelela inzuzo yokubona engenakulinganiswa.

i-Sweden

Inkululeko yaseSweden yomthetho we-FOI (19766) umthetho wokuqala wezwe lonke. Imisa ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuthola izincwadi ezingokomthetho futhi inqabela umbuso ukuba ubeke imfihlo ngaphaya kwenkululeko yomthetho. Izakhamuzi zaseSweden nezintatheli zikwazi njalo ukufinyelela yonke into kusukela emizuzwini yekhatheyini kuya ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni wendawo. Impumelelo yalesi simiso isekelwe emikhubeni eqinile yesiko yokuthulula izigwegwe ne-ombustsme owengamele imvume.

United States

I-US Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) iye yaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola uphengululo. Ukuvubukulwa okungaqashelwayo okulula kwe-FOIA kuhlanganisa amapeper anjengePentagon, imisebenzi yokuhlukumeza ye-Bush, kanye nebizwa ngokuthi "Qanda, Don’t Tell" iyekelele. Izicelo zikahulumeni ziye zadalula izinhlelo zokuhlola indawo ezungezile, ukuphambanisa, nokuchitha kwezempi. Nokho, lesimiso siyahlupheka ngenxa yemithetho engemva yempi nempi, sinxusa inguquko. I-FOIA Development offiction ka 2016 yaqinisa ukuhlelwa kwe-'umkhalo-mvume nezinhlangano ezifunekayo ukwamukela "ukulimala okungalindelekile" ukuncitshiswa kwesilinganiso esivamile kwenkululeko.

INew Zealand

I-Ontive Information Act (OIA) ka-1982 isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi ihlanganisa nokuhlolwa okukhulu kwesithakazelo somphakathi. I-New Zealand inconywa ngamazinga ayo aphansi okwenqaba nokusabela okuphumelelayo. Ukuhlola kobulungu nokuzivuselela kwamawebhusayithi kahulumeni kuye kwayenza yaba yisibonelo. Isinqumo sika-Ombudsman ka-2010 sokukhipha amaphepha ekhatheyini enkambisweni yezemayini ephikisanayo sabonisa ukuqina kwalesimiso ngisho nasezihlokweni ezibucayi zezombangazwe.

eNdiya

I-Roight to Information (RTI) Act ka-2005 inike izigidi zamaNdiya avamile amandla okufuna ukulandisa. Abashisekeli be-RTI baye baveza ukonakala emisebenzini yomphakathi, ekuphathweni kwempahla, nasekungeniseni izikole. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokwaziswa zinikeza izikhalo ezisheshayo, futhi umthetho uye waphefumulela umthetho ofanayo eBangladesh, eNepal, naseSri Lanka. Nokho, ukusongela abashisekeli be-RTI kanye nabaphikisi abaxhasi be-byldaucracrates kusalokhu kukhathazekile kakhulu.

i-Mexico

I-Mexico’s General Law of Transparency and Access to Public Information (2015) yakha isimiso esinamandla sokubonana kwesizwe. Umthetho ugunyaza ukunyatheliswa kwezigaba ezingaphezu kuka-80 zolwazi lukahulumeni, kusukela kumaholo kuya ezivumelwaneni. I-National Institute for Transparency, Acces to Information and Personal Data Protection (NAI) iqondisa ngokuzimele futhi ibeke amafa ezinhlangano ezingahlangani. Lo hlelo luye lwanezela ekuncipheni okungalinganiswayo kwenkohlakalo.

Izinqubo Zokwenza I - FOI Ibone

Ukuze baxazulule izinselele ezichazwe ngenhla futhi bakhulise ithonya le - FOI, ohulumeni nomphakathi bangasebenzisa amasu amaningana aqinisekisiwe.

Ukuguqula Izibalo

Izicelo ze-operate ezikhomba ukuhlawulwa nokuthungatha i-FOI icela ukuba kuncishiswe izithiyo nezithiyo eziphansi. Ukwambulwa kwemininingwane yenqubo ye-inthanethi ye-inthanethi ye-data(bdidget, i-projects, i-application, i-accomps). Ukuthuthukisa ukufakwa kwezicelo zabantu ngabanye nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungasiza ekuhleleni izinhlangano, uku-redctal, nokukhipha amabhukwana ngokushekene kakhulu uma kuvikela imfihlo. Izindinganiso zokwaziswa ziqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi olukhishwayo lusebenza ngomshini futhi lungaphinde lutholakale.

Imishini ekhipha imishini esebenzayo

Kunokuba zilinde izicelo, izinhlangano kufanele zifake ukwaziswa okuthakazelelwa umphakathi. I-"Discore on Creation" ethathwe ezinye izifundazwe zase-US ifuna ukuba noma imuphi umbhalo ogciniwe ongase ucelwe ufakwe ku-inthanethi ngokushesha. Lokhu kulondoloza imithombo yemali, kuvimbele ukugcinwa kwezincwadi, futhi kubonisa ukuzimisela ukuthulula izifuba.

Ukuqeqesha Nokwakha Isakhiwo Sasedolobheni

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezibopho ze-FOI, kuhlanganise nendlela yokubona iziteshi ezikhululekile, izicelo zenqubo, nokusingatha izikhalo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele ziqhube amashabhu ezakhamuzi ngendlela yokufaka izicelo eziphumelelayo futhi zisebenzise ukwaziswa okutholakalayo. Izivikelo ze-Whistlever kanye nezindlela zokubika eziphephile zikhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baqhubekele phambili.

Ukugada Ngokuzimele

Ikhomishane yokwaziswa ezimele enamandla okuhlola ukukhononda, ukukhipha izinqumo ezibophayo, nokubeka izijeziso kubalulekile. Ukuxhasa lezi zindikimba nokuzivikela kwezombangazwe kumelwe kuqinisekiswe. Ukuhlolwa kwasikhathi sonke kwe-FOI counsence kanye nokunyatheliswa kwezincwadi zezokusebenza kwakha ukulandisa ngezinhlangano.

Imikhankaso Yokuxwayisa Umphakathi

Izakhamuzi eziningi aziwazi amalungelo azo e-FOI. Iziqondiso ezilula, ama-opera, nezinhlelo zomphakathi zingakushintsha lokho. Ukuguqula i-FOI ifundwe ezifundweni zesikole nakuhulumeni wakhona, kwakha izinhlelo zezivumelwano zesikole ezithatha isikhathi eside zohulumeni obala.

Ikusasa Lemithetho YeFAI Nokubona Izindawo Ngokubona Okusobala Kukahulumeni

Izimo eziningana ziyololonga ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenkululeko yokwaziswa nokuba sobala emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Ukukhululeka kobuchwepheshe-Drive

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza, ukufunda komshini, kanye novickchain kunikeza amathuba amasha okuthola noqinisekiswa kwamarekhodi kahulumeni. I-Al ingasiza ekutholeni ukwaziswa okungenayo, kanti izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile zingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kukhishwe ngesikhathi esihleliwe. Nokho, ohulumeni kumelwe baqaphele "ukugeza okuvulekile""-----"ukuveza ukubonakala ngaphandle kuyilapho kufihla ukwaziswa okugxekayo nge-algomistry eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuxazulula Amathemba Omphakathi

Izizukulwane ezisanda kukhula ngezokuxhumana kanye nokulungisa kwangempela kulindele ukutholakala ngokushesha kokwaziswa kukahulumeni. Isidingo so "ukukhanya okunganqamuki" sizoshukumisela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe imikhuba eminingi esebenzayo neyokuthumba komngane. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nezindaba zamalungelo abantu ziyobangela ukuba isakhamuzi sifune ukuthola ukuhlolwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezenzo ezingalungile zamaphoyisa.

Izindinganiso Zembulunga Yonke Nokulandisa

Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke njenge-Oup Governmentary (OGP) neZizwe Ezihlangene zikhuthaza imikhuba emihle kakhulu. Amazwe angaba ngu-80 manje ahlanganyela kuyi-OGP, enza amalungiselelo aqinisa i-FOI kanye nokwengamela. Ukwanda kwenkohlakalo enqamule i-FoI kanye nokungakhokhi intela kudinga imizamo yokubonana kwembulunga yonke, njengokubhalisa okuzuzisayo nokushintshanisa ulwazi lwentela. Imithetho ye-FOI kumelwe ivumelane nalendawo ehlangene.

Ukulinganisela Isikhathi Sokuba Wedwa Nokukhululeka

Ukwanda kokwaziswa komuntu siqu okuphethwe ohulumeni kudala ukungezwani phakathi kokubona ngapha namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Imithetho ye-FOI idinga kakhulu ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokuvikela ukwaziswa, njengokufihla imininingwane yomuntu siqu ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Izimiso ezintsha njenge-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) iye yathonya indlela iziphathimandla zomphakathi ezisingatha ngayo izicelo ze-FOI ezingase zihlanganise ulwazi lomuntu siqu.

Ukumelana Nokumelana Nezimo Nokubhekana Nezingqinamba

Akuzona zonke izimo ezikhuthazayo, ngoba ohulumeni abagunyazi basebenzisa ukuqapha okungokwemishini nezinsongo ezingokomthetho ukuze bacindezele ukubonakala ngaphandle. Kwabanye abaholi bentando yeningi baye bahlasela izindikimba zezikhulu ezizimele nezincwadi. Ukuvikela amalungelo eFAI kuyodinga ukuqapha nomphakathi wesizwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwenkululeko yokwaziswa kanye nokubonana kukahulumeni kuyi-social engokomthetho kanye nenani lentando yeningi. Imithetho ye-FOI inikeza imishini e-procedrodual yokungena emarekhodini ezwe, kuyilapho ukuveza obala kuyisiko elibanzi lokukhulula okwenza leyo mithetho ibe nengqondo. Ndawonye, yenza izakhamuzi zibe nesibopho sokuphatha, zihlanganyele ekubuseni, futhi zithembe izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Nokho imithetho iyodwa ayinele. I-FOI esebenzayo ixhomeke enhlanganiseleni yomthetho oqinile, ukuqondisa okuzimele, ukusekela imali eyanele, ukuqaphela umphakathi, nentando yezombangazwe. Ukuhlolwa kwecala eSweden, e-New Zealand, e-India, nase-Mexico kubonisa ukuthi impumelelo ingenzeka, kodwa futhi izinselele zikhona .ukumelana nokulondeka kwesizwe nokukhomba. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokwethemba komphakathi kushintshashintsha, uhulumeni kumelwe aqhubeke evumelanisa inqubo yabo yokubona kahle ukuze kuhlangane nesidingo sesakhamuzi. Isithembiso senkululeko yokwaziswa singafezeka ngokugcwele, kuqiniseki ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka uyinceku yabantu futhi awukho inkosi yabo.